18-1 Levels of Development What are developed nations and less developed countries? What are...
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18-1 Levels of Development What are developed nations and less developed countries? What are developed nations and less developed countries? How can we
18-1 Levels of Development What are developed nations and less
developed countries? What are developed nations and less developed
countries? How can we measure development? How can we measure
development? What are the characteristics of developed and less
developed countries? What are the characteristics of developed and
less developed countries? How do we rank levels of development? How
do we rank levels of development?
Slide 2
Development is the process by which a nation improves the
economic, political, and social well- being of its people.
Developed Nations and Less Developed Countries Developed Nations
Developed nations are nations with higher average levels of
material well-being.Developed nations are nations with higher
average levels of material well-being. Less Developed Countries
Less developed countries (LDCs) are countries with low levels of
material well-being (most countries in the world). 3 billion people
or half of the worlds population lives in extreme poverty. 1
billion people live on less than $1 a day (the price of a
pop).
Slide 3
Slide 4
Measuring Development Per Capita GDP Per capita GDP is a
measurement of a nation's GDP divided by its total population.
Considered the best measure of economic well-being.Per capita GDP
is a measurement of a nation's GDP divided by its total population.
Considered the best measure of economic well-being. Energy
Consumption How much energy a nation consumes depends on its level
of industrialization (oil, gas, etc.)How much energy a nation
consumes depends on its level of industrialization (oil, gas,
etc.)
Slide 5
Measuring Development Labor Force If a nation's labor force is
mostly devoted to subsistence agriculture, or raising enough food
to feed only their families, there are fewer workers available for
industry.If a nation's labor force is mostly devoted to subsistence
agriculture, or raising enough food to feed only their families,
there are fewer workers available for industry.
Slide 6
Measuring Development Consumer Goods The quantity of consumer
goods a nation produces per capita can also indicate its level of
development.The quantity of consumer goods a nation produces per
capita can also indicate its level of development.
Slide 7
Measuring Development Literacy A country's literacy rate is the
proportion of the population over age 15 that can read and write.
Near 100% in U.S.A country's literacy rate is the proportion of the
population over age 15 that can read and write. Near 100% in
U.S.
Slide 8
Measuring Development Life Expectancy Life expectancy is the
average expected life span of an individual. It indicates how well
an economic system supports life (nutrition, healthcare are
key).Life expectancy is the average expected life span of an
individual. It indicates how well an economic system supports life
(nutrition, healthcare are key).
Slide 9
Measuring Development Infant Mortality Rate A country's infant
mortality rate indicates the number of deaths that occur in the
first year of life per 1,000 live births (LDCs its 62 on average).A
country's infant mortality rate indicates the number of deaths that
occur in the first year of life per 1,000 live births (LDCs its 62
on average).
Slide 10
Characteristics of Developed Nations High per capita GDPs, high
consumer spending. High per capita GDPs, high consumer spending.
High agricultural output. (1 U.S. farmer feeds 80 people). High
agricultural output. (1 U.S. farmer feeds 80 people). High life
expectancy, low infant mortality, high literacy. High life
expectancy, low infant mortality, high literacy. Developed nations
have infrastructure. Infrastructure is the services and facilities
necessary for an economy to function (roads, banks, airports, power
plants, school, etc.). Developed nations have infrastructure.
Infrastructure is the services and facilities necessary for an
economy to function (roads, banks, airports, power plants, school,
etc.).
Slide 11
Characteristics of Less Developed Countries Low per capita
GDPs, low energy consumption, low consumer spending. Low per capita
GDPs, low energy consumption, low consumer spending. High
unemployment - 20% or more. High unemployment - 20% or more. Labor
force of subsistence farmers. Labor force of subsistence farmers.
Low literacy rates, low life expectancy, high infant mortality rate
due to malnutrition and poor healthcare. Low literacy rates, low
life expectancy, high infant mortality rate due to malnutrition and
poor healthcare.
Slide 12
LDCs and HDCs Example LDCs: DR of Congo GDP per capita=$348 DR
of Congo GDP per capita=$348 Liberia GDP per capita=$456 Liberia
GDP per capita=$456 Afghanistan GDP per capita=$956 Afghanistan GDP
per capita=$956 Haiti GDP per capita=$1,235 Haiti GDP per
capita=$1,235 Example Developed Nations: U.S.A. GDP per
capita=$52,839 U.S.A. GDP per capita=$52,839 Australia GDP per
capita=$43,042 Australia GDP per capita=$43,042 Norway GDP per
capita=$55,398 Norway GDP per capita=$55,398 Japan GDP per
capita=$37,135 Japan GDP per capita=$37,135
Slide 13
Section 1 Assessment 1. Which of the following is a
characteristic of a developing country? (a) a high per capita GDP
(b) a high number of people employed in industry (c) a low literacy
rate (d) low levels of disease 2. Less developed countries have
higher infant mortality rates because (a) adult literacy rates are
high. (b) their infrastructure is strong. (c) life expectancies are
high. (d) nutrition and health care are poor.
Slide 14
Section 1 Assessment 1. Which of the following is a
characteristic of a developing country? (a) a high per capita GDP
(b) a high number of people employed in industry (c) a low literacy
rate (d) low levels of disease 2. Less developed countries have
higher infant mortality rates because (a) adult literacy rates are
high. (b) their infrastructure is strong. (c) life expectancies are
high. (d) nutrition and health care are poor.
Slide 15
18-2 Issues in Development What are the causes and effects of
rapid population growth? What are the causes and effects of rapid
population growth? How do supplies of resources and physical
capital influence development? How do supplies of resources and
physical capital influence development? How important is human
capital to development? How important is human capital to
development? Why are political factors and debt obstacles to
development? Why are political factors and debt obstacles to
development?
Slide 16
Population Density Imagine what this classroom would be like if
we added 5 new students every day, but we kept the same amount of
desks, books, etc. that would not increase as fast as the
population. Imagine what this classroom would be like if we added 5
new students every day, but we kept the same amount of desks,
books, etc. that would not increase as fast as the population.
Slide 17
Rapid Population Growth The population growth rate is the
increase in a countrys population in a given year expressed as a
percentage of the population figure at the start of the year. The
population growth rate is the increase in a countrys population in
a given year expressed as a percentage of the population figure at
the start of the year. If a countrys population doubles, it must
also double the following if it is to maintain its current level of
development: If a countrys population doubles, it must also double
the following if it is to maintain its current level of
development: Employment opportunities Employment opportunities
Health facilities Health facilities Teachers and schoolrooms
Teachers and schoolrooms Industrial output Industrial output
Agricultural production Agricultural production Exports and imports
Exports and imports
Slide 18
Resource Distribution and Physical Capital Resource
Distribution In parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, physical
geography makes development more difficult.In parts of Africa,
Asia, and Latin America, physical geography makes development more
difficult. Only about 10 percent of the worlds land is arable, or
suitable for producing crops.Only about 10 percent of the worlds
land is arable, or suitable for producing crops. Physical Capital
The lack of economic activity typical of LDCs is due in part to a
lack of physical capital. Subsistence agriculture provides little
opportunity for individuals or families to save.
Slide 19
Human Capital When a country fails to invest in human capital,
the supplies of skilled workers, industry leaders, entrepreneurs,
government leaders, doctors, and other professionals is limited.
Health and Nutrition Health and Nutrition Proper food and nutrition
are necessary for physical and mental growth and development.
Inadequate nutrition is called malnutrition. Proper food and
nutrition are necessary for physical and mental growth and
development. Inadequate nutrition is called malnutrition. Education
and Training Education and Training To be able to use technology
and move beyond mere subsistence, a nation must have an educated
work force. To be able to use technology and move beyond mere
subsistence, a nation must have an educated work force. Brain Drain
Brain Drain The scientists, engineers, teachers, and entrepreneurs
of LDCs are often enticed to the benefits of living in a developed
nation. The loss of educated citizens to the developed world is
called brain drain. The scientists, engineers, teachers, and
entrepreneurs of LDCs are often enticed to the benefits of living
in a developed nation. The loss of educated citizens to the
developed world is called brain drain.
Slide 20
Political Factors and Debt From Colonial Dependency to Central
Planning From Colonial Dependency to Central Planning Many LDCs are
former colonies of European powers. Their dependency on their
colonizers for manufactured goods hindered their own development.
Several LDCs turned to central planning after gaining their
independence in an effort to modernize quickly. Many LDCs are
former colonies of European powers. Their dependency on their
colonizers for manufactured goods hindered their own development.
Several LDCs turned to central planning after gaining their
independence in an effort to modernize quickly. Government
Corruption Government Corruption Corruption in the governments of
many LDCs holds back development. Corruption in the governments of
many LDCs holds back development. Political Instability Political
Instability Civil wars and social unrest prevent the necessary
social stability required for sustained development. Civil wars and
social unrest prevent the necessary social stability required for
sustained development. Debt Debt Rising oil prices in the 1970s and
a strong U.S. dollar have made it hard for many LDCs to repay
loans. Rising oil prices in the 1970s and a strong U.S. dollar have
made it hard for many LDCs to repay loans.
Slide 21
Section 2 Assessment 1. How does human capital contribute to
development? (a) financiers lend money to developing countries (b)
foreigners make investments in another country (c) a skilled work
force encourages foreign investment (d) people invest their money
in local resources for growth 2. How do factors like climate,
mineral resources, and rainfall have an impact on development? (a)
Technology can be used to allocate resources differently. (b) Poor
climate and rainfall and lack of mineral resources can make
development difficult. (c) A country with good climate and
resources has no trouble becoming fully developed. (d) These
factors seldom have any positive or negative affect on
development.
Slide 22
Section 2 Assessment 1. How does human capital contribute to
development? (a) financiers lend money to developing countries (b)
foreigners make investments in another country (c) a skilled work
force encourages foreign investment (d) people invest their money
in local resources for growth 2. How do factors like climate,
mineral resources, and rainfall have an impact on development? (a)
Technology can be used to allocate resources differently. (b) Poor
climate and rainfall and lack of mineral resources can make
development difficult. (c) A country with good climate and
resources has no trouble becoming fully developed. (d) These
factors seldom have any positive or negative affect on
development.