17_guide to Asbestos for Industry

7/27/2019 17_guide to Asbestos for Industry

1/73

A Guide to

Asbestos for Industry

Thomas OConnellSeries Editor

N.C. Department of LaborDivision of Occupational Safety and Health

1101 Mail Service CenterRaleigh, NC 27699-1101

Cherie K. BerryCommissioner of Labor


2/73

To obtain additional copies of this book, or if you have ques-

tions about N.C. occupational safety and health standardsor rules, please contact:

N.C. Department of LaborBureau of Education, Training and Technical Assistance

1101 Mail Service CenterRaleigh, NC 27699-1101

Phone: (919) 807-2875 or 1-800-NC-LABOR

____________________Additional sources of information are listed

on the inside back cover of this book.____________________

The projected cost of the OSHNC program for federal fiscal year 20022003 is $13,130,589.Federal funding provides approximately 37 percent ($4,920,000) of this total.

Printed 8/99, 1M

N.C. Department of LaborOccupational Safety and Health Program

Cherie K. BerryCommissioner of Labor

OSHA State Plan Designee

Allen McNeelyDeputy Commissioner for Safety and Health

Kevin BeauregardAssistant Deputy Commissioner for Safety and Health

This guide is intended to be consistent with all existingOSHA standards; therefore, if an area is considered bythe reader to be inconsistent with a standard, then the

OSHA standard should be followed.


3/73

ContentsPage

Forew ord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Part I Asbestos Standardfor the Construction Industry

S ect ion 1

Import a nt Fa ct s a bout Asbest os . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

S ect ion 2

P rovisions of the S t a nda rd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

S ect ion 3

Met hods of C omplia nce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Part II Asbestos Standardfor General Industry

S ect ion 1

Import a nt Fa ct s a bout Asbest os . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

S ect ion 2

P rovisions of the S t a nda rd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

S ect ion 3

Met hods of C omplia nce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Addit iona l Informa t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

iii


4/73

ForewordOnce we thought a sbestos wa s th e perfect m a teria l to

dea l w ith m a ny m odern const ruction needs. It s tough,high-tensile str ength a nd i ts a bil ity to withst a nd hea t

a nd chemica l st ress were considered grea t a ssets.

Toda y w e know t ha t t hose desira ble propert ies can

come a t a great health cost . We know now th a t inha ling

a sbestos fi bers ca n ca use disa bling a nd fa ta l disea ses.

To protect w orkers fr om exposur e to a sbest os, employ-

ers a re req uired t o limit employee exposure to a sbestos.A Gu ide to Asbestos for I ndu st r yexa mines how to

w ork a round a sbestos safely, pa rt icularly dur ing a ba te-

ment procedures. The seriousness of th e thr eat t ha t a ir-

born e asbestos poses to workers hea lth is a lso

examined.

In Nort h C a rolina , N.C. D epart ment of La bor inspec-

t ors enforce t he federa l Occupa tiona l S a fety a nd H ealt hAct (OSH A) t hrough a st a t e pla n a pproved by t he U .S.

Depa rt ment of La bor. The N.C. D epa rt ment of La bor s

Division of Occupa tiona l Sa fety a nd H ealth (OSH NC)

offers ma ny educa t iona l progra ms t o t he public a nd

produces publica t ions, in cluding t his guide, to help

inform people a bout t heir right s a nd r esponsibilit ies

regar ding occupat iona l safety a nd hea lth.

When looking t hr ough this gu ide, plea se remember

OS H As mission is grea t er th a n just t o enforce regula -

t ions. An equa lly import a nt goa l is t o help citizens fi nd

w a ys t o creat e safe w orkplaces. Everyone profi ts w hen

ma na gers a nd employees w ork t ogether for sa fety. This

booklet , like t he ot her educa t iona l ma t eria ls produced

by t he N.C. Depa rt ment of La bor, ca n help.

Ch erie K. B erry

Comm issioner of La bor

iv


5/73

v

NoteThis guide is ba sed upon t he U .S. Depa rt ment of

La bor s Occupat iona l Sa fety a nd H ealth Administr a -t ions booklet s Asbestos Standar d for th e Constr ucti on

Indust rya nd Asbestos Standar d for Gener al I nd ustr y.

Most of th e ma t erial is ta ken directly from t hose publi-

ca t ions, a lthough some sta t e specifi c cha nges ha ve been

ma de by J . E dgar G eddie, P h.D., hea l th s ta nda rds

offi cer w ith t he Nort h C a rolina Division of Occupa tiona l

Sa fety a nd H ea lth, to reflect t he OSH A progra m in

North C a rolina . This booklet is int ended t o provide ageneric overview of t he st a nda rds-rela t ed topic a nd is

not int ended to a lter or determ ine complia nce responsi-

bilities. G enera lly spea king, 29 C FR 1910 sta nda rds

a pply t o genera l industr y a nd 29 CF R 1926 sta nda rds

a pply t o t he const ruct ion indu st ry. How ever, in

insta nces where there a re gaps in covera ge, sta nda rds

ma y a pply a cross bounda ries.The booklet is divided int o tw o distinct pa rt s. The

f irs t par t d iscusses t he Asbestos S t a nda rd for t he

C onst ruct ion In dust ry. The second pa rt fol low s w ith

t he Asbestos St a nda rd for G enera l Indust ry. The

Nort h C a rol ina Depa r t ment of La bor ha s combined

t he key pa rt s of th ese t w o publica t ions a nd offers

th em in th is guide , A Gu i de to Asbestos for I ndustr y.

This guide is intended to be consistent with allexisting OSHA standards; therefore, if an area isconsidered by the reader to be inconsistent witha standard, then the OSHA standard should befollowed.


6/73

P a r t I

Asbestos Standard for theConstruction Industry


7/73

This pa ge int entiona lly left bla nk.


8/73

Section 1

I m po r t a n t F a ct s a bou t A sbest os

Background

Asbest os is t he generic term for a group of na t ura lly

occurring fi brous minera ls w ith high t ensile str ength ,

fl exibility, a nd resista nce t o therma l, chemica l, an d elec-

t rica l cond itions.

In t he const ruction indust ry, a sbestos is found ininst a lled products such a s shing les, fl oor t iles, cement

pipe a nd sh eet , roofi ng felts, insula t ion, ceiling tiles,

fi re-resista nt dry w a ll, an d a coust ica l product s. (S ee

t a ble 1 for a pa rt ia l l ist of a sbest os-cont a ining products

a nd building ma terials tha t h a ve been used over t he

la st 80 yea rs in th e U nited S t a t es.) Very few a sbest os-

cont a ining product s a re curr ently being inst a lled.

Conseq uent ly, most w orker exposures occur dur ing

th e remova l of a sbestos and th e renova tion a nd ma inte-

na nce of buildings a nd st ructures cont a ining a sbestos.

Asbest os fi bers ent er th e body by t he inha la t ion or

ingest ion of a irborn e pa rt icles th a t become embedded in

t he tissues of th e respira t ory or digestive syst ems.

E xposure to a sbestos ca n ca use disa bling or fa t a l

disea ses, such a s a sbestosis, a n emphy sema -like condi-

t ion; lung ca ncer; mesot helioma , a ca ncerous tum or t ha t

sprea ds r a pidly in t he cells of membra nes covering t he

lungs a nd body orga ns; a nd ga str ointest ina l ca ncer. The

sym ptoms of these disea ses genera lly do not a ppear for

20 or more yea rs a fter init ia l exposure.

OSH A bega n r egula t ing w orkpla ce a sbest os exposure

in 1970, a dopt ing a perm issible exposure limit (P E L) t oregula t e w orker exposures. Over th e yea rs, more infor-

ma t ion on t he a dverse healt h effects of a sbest os expo-

sure ha s become a va ila ble, prompting th e agency to

3


9/73

revise th e a sbestos sta nda rd severa l t imes to bett er

protect w orkers. On August 10, 1994, OS H A issued a

revised fi na l sta nda rd regula ting a sbestos exposure in

a ll indust ries. The new ly revised sta nda rd for t he con-struction industry low ers t he P E L, cutt ing it in ha lf

from 0.2 fi bers per cubic cent imeter of a ir (f/cc) t o 0.1

f/cc. The st a nda rd beca me effective October 11, 1994;

however, va rious provisions ha ve la t er sta rt up da t es for

complia nce. (S ee Occupa t iona l Exposur e to Asbest os,

Tit le 29 Code of Feder a l Regu la t ions (CFR) 1926.1101

for specifi c da tes.)

Approxima tely 3.2 million w orkers in new const ruc-

tion, building renova tion, a nd ma intena nce a nd

custodial1 w ork in buildings a nd indust ria l facilities

a re affected by the new sta nda rd. OSH A estima tes,

conserva tively, th a t a bout 42 addit iona l ca ncer dea th s

per y ear w ill be avoided in a ll industr ies, in a ddition t o

the lives sa ved of those periphera lly exposed to asbestos

a nd t he lives sa ved by ear lier OSH A sta nda rds.

Regulatory Review

OSH A a nd t he En vironm enta l P rotect ion Agency

(E PA) ha ve promulga ted increa singly more st ringent

a sbest os regula t ions. OSH A ha s revised t he genera l

indust ry sta nda rd (29 CFR 1910.1001) a nd t he

const ru ct ion ind ust ry st a nd a rd (29 CF R 1926. 1101,referred to a s th e asbestos standar din t his guide) for

a sbestos. These sta nda rds prima rily a ddress potent ial

w orkpla ce exposures t o a sbest os, w heth er resulting

from t he ma nufa ctu re of a sbest os cont a ining products

(29 CFR 1910.1101) or fr om the ins t a lla t ion or remova l

of a sbest os cont a ining building m a t erials (29 CFR

1926.1101).

4

__________1. P ure cust odia l work in ma nufa ctu ring fa cilities is covered by

the genera l industry a sbestos s t a ndard.


10/73

E PA sta nda rds ha ve prima rily a ddressed th e remova l

of a sbestos from school buildings t hr ough t he Asbestos

H a za rd E mergen cy R esponse Act (AH E RA) (40 C FR

763, Subpa rt E ). AH E RA requires specifi c inspect ionprocedures, development of ma na gement plan s, selec-

t ion of response a ct ions, recordkeeping, a nd t ra ining.

In dividua ls perform ing inspect ions, w riting m a na ge-

ment pla ns, designing a sbest os a ba t ement projects,

supervising a sbestos remova l project s, or r emoving

a sbestos from school buildings m ust receive specifi c

E PA-a pproved t ra ining a nd be accredited in t he sta t e

w here th ey perform t he work. In North C a rolina , sta n-

da rds a t lea st a s s tr ingent a s those in AHE RA a re

enforced th rough the Asbest os Ha za rd Ma na gement

P rogra m (N.C . G en. S t a t . 130A-444 et seq. (1989)).

The Asbestos Ha za rd Ma na gement P rogra m (rules of

opera t ion a ppea r a t 10 NC AC 7C.0600 et seq .), is imple-

mented by th e N.C. D epa rt ment of Environment, H ealth,

a nd Na tura l Resources, D ivision of E pidemiology. Ina ddition t o a sbestos remova l from schools, t he law rela tes

to a sbestos cont rol in other public a rea s not otherw ise

covered by OSH A. B a sica lly, t he progra m (1) limit s

a sbestos in public a rea s more stringently t ha n w ould

OSH A regula t ions , (2) req uires permits t o be secured for

ea ch a sbestos remova l project , a nd (3) req uires people

enga ged in a sbestos ma na gement a ctivities to be a ccred-ited. Requirement s for a ccredita t ion a re specifi ed for

seven ca tegories of a sbestos ma na gement personnel.

Additiona lly, Nort h C a rolina requires tha t a ll a sbestos-

rela ted project s in st a t e-own ed or public school buildings

follow the S pecifi ca t ion for Asbestos Aba tement pla n

developed by th e N.C. Depa rt ment of Administr a t ion,

St a te C onstr uction Offi ce.

EPA sta nda rds regula te a irborne a sbestos fi bers t ha t

ma y be relea sed into the environment during ma nufa c-

t urin g or building d emolition a nd /or r enova t ion a ct ivi-

t ies a s w ell a s disposa l of a sbest os-cont a ining w a st e

5


11/73

ma t eria ls. Air emission of a sbest os is a lso regulat ed.

S uch regulat ion is t hrough th e Na t iona l E mission

St a nda rds for H a zar dous Air P ol luta nts (NES HAP )

(40 CF R 61, Su bpa rt s A, B , a nd M). The NE S H APis enforced in Nort h C a rolina by t he D ivision of

E nvironm enta l Ma na gement (see Additiona l

In form a t ion in t his publica t ion). In pa rt icula r, th is

progra m r equires notifi ca tion of a ll demolit ion w ork.

Work Classification

The origina l a sbest os in const ruction st a nda rd(29 CFR 1926.58) ha d a n exempt ion for sm a ll-sca le,

short-dura tion activities but did not defi ne this term .

This exemption permit t ed employers t o perform cert a in

a ct ivit ies w ithout ha ving to implement t he extensive

engineering cont rols t ha t w ere required und er

pa ra gra ph (e)(6).

The revised st a nd a rd (29 CFR 1926.1101) elimina t edth e am biguity a ssociat ed with th is exemption a nd

cla ssifi ed a sbestos const ru ct ion w ork int o one of four

cla sses or ca t egories. This cla ssifi ca t ion scheme is ba sed

on t he na tur e of the w ork a ctivity a nd t he type of

a sbest os ma t eria l involved. The cla ssifi ca t ion sy st em

for a sbestos const ruction w ork clear ly spells out ma nda -

t ory, simple, technologica l work pra ctices t o follow t o

reduce w orker exposures. Four cla sses of const ruct iona ctivity a re ma tched w ith increasingly stringent cont rol

requirements.2

Cl ass Ia sbestos w ork, the most potentia l ly h a za rdous

cla ss of a sbestos jobs, involves the remova l of th erma l

syst em insula t ion a nd spra yed-on or t row eled-on

surfa cing a sbest os-cont a ining ma t erials or presumed

6

__________2. See Appendix elsewh ere in t his publicat ion for a list of provi-

sions broken down by w ork clas sifi ca tion.


12/73

a sbest os-cont a ining ma t eria ls.3 Therma l system insula -

t ion includes a sbest os-cont a ining ma t eria ls a pplied t o

pipes, boilers, t a nks, ducts , or oth er st ructura l compo-

nents t o prevent heat loss or ga in. Sur fa cing ma terialsinclude decora t ive pla st er on ceilings, a coust ica l

a sbestos-cont a ining ma t eria ls on decking, or fi reproof-

ing on str uct ura l members.

Class I Iw ork includes th e remova l of ot her t ypes of

a sbestos-cont a ining ma terials tha t a re not t herma l sys-

t em insula t ion, such a s resilient fl ooring a nd roofi ng

ma t eria ls cont a ining a sbest os. E xa mples of Class I Iw ork include remova l of fl oor or ceiling t iles, siding,

roofi ng, or tr a nsite pa nels.

Class I I Ia sbestos w ork includes repa ir a nd ma inte-

na nce opera t ions w here a sbestos-cont a ining or

presumed a sbest os-cont a ining ma t erials a re distu rbed.

Class I Vopera t ions include cust odia l a ct ivit ies w here

employees clean up a sbest os-cont a ining w a st e a nddebris. This includes dust ing cont a mina t ed surfa ces,

va cuuming cont a mina t ed ca rpet s, mopping fl oors, a nd

clean ing up a sbestos-cont a ining or presumed a sbestos-

cont a ining ma terials from t herma l system insulat ion.

Scope and Application

The a sbest os st a nda rd for t he const ruction indust ry(29 CF R 1926.1101) regu la t es a sbest os exposur e from

a ct ivities including, but n ot limit ed to, t he follow ing:

demolishing or sa lvaging st ructures w here

a sbestos is present;

removing or enca psula ting a sbest os-cont a ining

materia ls ;

7

__________3. This includes th erma l system insula tion an d surfa cing ma teri-

a l found in buildings cons tr ucted before 1981.


13/73

const ructing, a ltering, repa iring, ma inta ining, or

renova t ing a sbestos-cont a ining st ructures or sub-

stra tes ;

installing asbestos-containing products;

clea nin g up a sbest os spills/emerg encies; a nd

t ra nsport ing, disposing, storing, cont a ining, a nd

housekeeping involving a sbestos or a sbestos-

cont a ining products on a const ru ct ion sit e.

8


14/73

9

Subdivision

GenericN

ame

Asbestos(%)

DatesofUse

Binder/Sizing

Surfacingm

aterial

sprayed-or

195

19351970

sodium

silicate,

troweled-on

portlandcement,

organicbinders

Preformed

thermal

batts,block

s,

and

insulating

products

pipecovering

85%magne

sia

15

19261949

m

agnesium

carbonate

calcium

silicate

68

19491971

calcium

silicate

Textiles

cloth

blankets(fi

re)

100

1910present

none

felts:

9095

1920present

cotton/wool

bluestripe

80

1920present

cotton

redstripe

90

1920present

cotton

greenstripe

95

1920present

cotton

sheets

5095

1920present

cotton/wool

cord/rope/yarn

80100

1920present

cotton/wool

tubing

8085

1920present

cotton/wool

tape/strip

90

1920present

cotton/wool

curtains

(theater,w

elding)

6065

1945present

cotton

Table1

As

bestos-Con

taining

Ma

teria

lsF

oun

dinBu

ilding

s


15/73

10

Cementitio

us

extrusionp

anels:

8

19651977

p

ortlandcement

concrete-likeproducts

corrugated

2045

1930present

p

ortlandcement

flat

4050

1930present

p

ortlandcement

flexible

3050

1930present

p

ortlandcement

flexiblepe

rforated

3050

1930present

p

ortlandcement

laminated

(outersu

rface)

3550

1930present

p

ortlandcement

rooftiles

2030

1930present

p

ortlandcement

clapboardandshingles:

clapboard

1215

19441945

p

ortlandcement

sidingshi

ngles

1214

unknownpresent

p

ortlandcement

roofingsh

ingles

2032

unknownpresent

p

ortlandcement

pipe

2015

1935present

p

ortlandcement

Paperprod

ucts

corrugated

:

hightemp

erature

90

1935present

sodium

silicate

moderate

temperature

3570

1910present

starch

indented

98

1935present

cottonandorganicbinder

millboard

8085

1925present

starch,

lime,

clay

Roofingfelts

smoothsur

face

1015

1910present

a

sphalt

mineralsurface

1015

1910present

a

sphalt

shingles

1

19711974

a

sphalt

pipeline

10

1920present

a

sphalt


16/73

Section 2

P r ov i si on s of t h e St a n da r dOS H A sets out severa l provisions employers m ust fol-

low t o comply w ith t he a sbest os st a nda rd. The a gency

ha s est a blished str ict exposure limits a nd requirement s

for exposure a ssessment , medica l surveilla nce, record -

keeping , competent persons, 4 regula ted area s , a nd

ha za rd communica tion.

Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

E mployers m ust ensure th a t n o employee is exposed

t o a n a irborn e concent ra t ion of a sbestos in excess of 0.1

f/cc a s a n 8-hour t ime-w eigh ted a ver a ge (TWA).

OS H A a lso esta blished a n excurs ion limit (E L) for

a sbest os. Em ployers must ensure th a t no employee is

exposed to a n a irborne concent ra t ion of a sbestos inexcess of 1 f/cc a s a vera ged over a sa mpling period of 30

minutes.

Exposure Assessments and Monitoring

E mployers mu st a ssess a ll a sbest os opera t ions for

t heir pot entia l t o genera te a irborne fi bers. Em ployers

must use exposure monitoring da t a t o a ssess employeeexposures.

I n i t i a l Exp osu r e Assessm en ts

The designa t ed competent person mus t a ssess

exposures imm edia t ely before or a s t he opera t ion

begins t o determ ine expect ed exposur es. The

a ssessment must be done in t ime to comply w ith a l ls ta nda rd requirements t r iggered by exposure dat a or

11

__________4. The sta nda rd defi nes competen t per sona s one wh o can ident ify

existing asbestos ha za rds in the workplace a nd w ho has t he aut hori-ty to correct these haza rds.


17/73

t he lack of a n ega t ive exposur e a ssessment 5 a nd t o pro-

vide t he necessa ry informa t ion t o ensure a ll cont rol

syst ems a re a ppropria t e a nd w ork properly.

The initia l exposure a ssessment m ust be based on t he

following:

t he results of employee exposur e monitoring;6

a ll observa t ions, inform a tion, or ca lcula tions indi-

ca t ing employee exposure t o a sbestos, including

a ny previous monitoring; a nd

t he presumption t ha t employees perform ing ClassIa sbest os w ork a re exposed in excess of t he P E L

a nd E L unt il exposure monitoring proves they a re

not.

N ega t i ve Ex posu r e Assessm en t s

For a ny specifi c a sbest os job th a t tr a ined employees

perform , employers m a y sh ow th a t exposure w ill bebelow th e P E L by performing a n a ssessment a nd con-

fi rm ing it by th e follow ing:

objective da ta demonstr a ting a n a sbestos-

cont a ining ma t eria l or a ct ivit ies involving it ca n-

not relea se a irborne fi bers in excess of th e P E L

a n d E L ;

historica l da t a from prior m onitoring for similara sbestos jobs performed w ith in 12 mont hs of t he

curr ent job a nd obta ined during w ork opera t ions

condu ct ed under simila r condit ions;

employees t ra ining a nd experience were no more

extensive for previous jobs tha n t ra ining for

curr ent employees; a nd

12

__________5. A nega tive exposure a ssessment demonstr a tes th a t employee

exposure during a n opera tion is consist ently below th e P E L.

6. U nless there ha s been a nega tive exposure a ssessment. I n cer-ta in less ha za rdous opera tions, the employer ma y be exempt frommonit oring. S ee 29 CF R 1926.1101 for s pecifi c requir ement s.


18/73

da ta show a high degree of cert a inty t ha t employee

exposures w ill not exceed t he P E L a nd E L und er

curr ent condit ions, a nd curr ent initia l exposure

monitoring used breat hing zone a ir sa mples repre-sen t ing the 8-hour TWA a nd 30-min ut e shor t -t erm

exposur es for ea ch employee in t hose opera t ions

most likely t o result in exposure over t he P E L for

the ent ire a sbestos job.

Exposu r e M on i t or i n g

E mployee exposure mea surement s must be ma de from

brea thing zone a ir sa mples represent ing t he 8-hour TWA

a nd 30-minut e short -t erm exposures for each employee.

E mployers m ust t a ke one or more sa mples represent -

ing full-sh ift exposure to det erm ine t he 8-hour TWA

exposure in ea ch w ork a rea . To det ermine sh ort -t erm

employee exposur es, employers mu st t a ke one or m ore

sa mples represent ing 30-min ut e exposur es for t he oper-

a t ions most likely t o expose employees a bove th e E L in

ea ch w ork a rea .

E mployers mu st a llow a ffect ed employees a nd t heir

designa t ed represent a t ives t o observe a ny employee

exposure monit oring . When observa t ion r equires ent ry

into a regulat ed ar ea, t he employer must provide a nd

require th e use of protect ive clot hing a nd eq uipment .

Per i od i c Mon i t or i n g

For Cl ass Ia nd I Ijobs, employers must monitor ea ch

employee working in a regula ted a rea da ily, unless a neg-

a t ive exposure a ssessment for t he entire opera t ion

a lrea dy exists a nd nothing ha s cha nged. When a ll

employees use supplied-a ir respira tors opera ted in posi-

t ive-pressure mode, however, employers ma y discont inueda ily m onitoring. Note tha t for employees performing

Cl ass Iw ork u sing cont rol methods not recommended in

th e sta nda rd, employers must cont inue da ily m onitoring,

even when employees use supplied-air respirators.

13


19/73

For opera tions ot her th a n Cl ass Ia nd Class I I ,

employers m ust monitor a ll work w here exposures ca n

possibly exceed t he P E L oft en enough to va lida t e the

exposur e prediction.

I f periodic monit orin g sh ow s employee exposures

below th e P E L a nd E L, the employer ma y discont inue

monitoring for t he represent ed employees.

Ad d i t i on a l M on i t or i n g

Cha nges in processes, cont rol eq uipment , level of per-

sonnel experience, or w ork pra ct ices th a t could result innew or a dditiona l exposures above the P E L or E L,

rega rdless of a previous n ega t ive exposure a ssessment

for a specifi c job, require a ddit iona l monit oring .

Medical Surveillance

E mployers m ust provide a medica l surveilla nce pro-

gra m for a ll employees wh o, for a combined t ot a l of 30or m ore da ys per yea r, enga ge in Class I , I I , or I I Iwork;

or a re exposed a t or a bove th e P E L or EL ; or w ho wea r

negative-pressure respirators.

A licensed physicia n m ust perform or supervise a ll

medica l exa ms a nd procedures, provided a t no cost t o

employees a nd a t a reasonable t ime an d pla ce.

E mployers must ma ke medica l exam s a nd consulta -

t ions a va ila ble t o employees

s prior t o employee a ssignment to a n a rea w here

nega tive-pressure respira t ors a re w orn,

s w ithin 10 w orking da ys a fter the 30th da y of

exposure for employees a ssigned to a n a rea w here

exposure is a t or a bove th e P E L for 30 or m oreda ys per yea r,

s a t lea st a nnua l ly therea f ter, and

s w hen t he exam ining physician suggests th em more

frequently.

14


20/73

I f t he employee w a s exa mined w ithin t he pa st 12

months a nd t ha t exam meets t he cr i ter ia of the

sta nda rd, a noth er medica l exam is not r equired.

Medica l exa ms m ust include th e follow ing:

s a medica l an d w ork history,

s completion of a st a nda rdized quest ionna ire w ith

the in it ia l exa m (S ee 29 CF R 1926.1101, Append ix

D, P a rt 1) a nd a n a bbrevia ted sta nda rdized

questionna ire w ith a nnua l exam s (See 29 CF R

1926.1101, Appendix D , P a r t 2),s a physica l exa m focusing on t he pulmona ry a nd

ga stroint estina l systems, a nd

s a ny other exa ms or t ests suggested by t he exam in-

ing physicia n.

E mployers m ust provide t he exa mining physicia n

s a copy of OSH As a sbest os sta nda rd a nd itsappendices,

s a description of th e a ffected employees d ut ies

rela t ing t o exposure,

s t he employees represent a t ive exposur e level or

a nt icipa ted exposure level,

s a description of a ny persona l protect ive equipmenta nd respirat ory equipment used, and

s inform a t ion from previous medica l exa ms n ot

oth erwise a va ila ble.

It is th e employer s responsibilit y t o obt a in the physi-

cia ns w rit t en opinion, cont a ining result s of th e medica l

exa m a nd

s a ny medica l condit ions of t he employee th a t

increa se hea lth risks from a sbest os exposure,

s a ny r ecomm ended limit a t ions on th e employee or

protect ive equipment used,

15


21/73

s a sta tement t ha t th e employee ha s been informed

of the results of the medica l exa m a nd a ny m edica l

condit ions result ing from a sbestos exposur e, a nd

s a sta tement t ha t th e employee ha s been informed

of th e increa sed risk of lung ca ncer from t he com-

bined effect of smoking a nd a sbestos exposure.

The physicia n m ust not r evea l in t he w ritt en opinion

specifi c fi ndings or dia gnoses unr ela ted t o occupa t iona l

exposur e to a sbest os. The employer must provide a copy

of th e phy sicia ns w rit t en opinion t o t he a ffect ed

employee wit hin 30 da ys a fter r eceipt.

Recordkeeping

Ob jec t i ve D a t a Recor ds

Where employers use object ive da t a t o demonst ra t e

t ha t product s ma de from or cont a ining asbestos ca nnot

relea se fi bers in concent ra tions a t or a bove the P E L orE L, th ey must keep an a ccura te record for a s long a s it

is relied on a nd in clude

t he exempt product ;

t he source of th e object ive da t a ;

t he testing protocol, test results, a nd a na lysis of

th e ma t erial for relea se of a sbest os;

a description of th e exempt opera t ion a nd su pport

d a t a ; a n d

oth er dat a releva nt to opera tions, ma terials ,

processes, or employee exposures.

M on i t or i n g Recor d s

E mployers mu st keep records of a ll employeeexposure monit oring for a t lea st 30 yea rs, including

th e dat e of mea surement ;

t he opera t ion involving a sbest os exposure th a t w a s

monitored;

16


22/73

sa mpling and a na lytica l methods used a nd

evidence of t heir a ccura cy;

th e number, dura tion, a nd r esults of sa mples ta ken;

t he t ype of prot ect ive devices w orn ; a nd

t he na me, socia l secur ity num ber, a nd exposures of

the represent ed employees.

E mployers mu st ma ke exposure records a va i la ble

w hen r equest ed by a ffect ed employees, form er

employees, th eir designa t ed represent a t ives, a nd/or

t he comm issioner of la bor or h is designee.

M ed i ca l Su r vei l l a n ce Recor d s

E mployers m ust keep a ll medica l surveilla nce records

for the du ra t ion of the employees employm ent plus 30

yea rs, including

t he employees na me a nd socia l securit y nu mber;

t he employees medica l exa m r esults, including the

medica l history, quest ionn a ires, responses, test

results, a nd physicia ns r ecomm enda t ions;

t he phy sicia ns w rit t en opinions;

a ny employee medica l complaint s rela t ed to

a sbestos exposure; a nd

a copy of t he inform a tion provided t o the exam in-

ing physicia n.

E mployee medica l surveilla nce records m ust be a va il-

a ble t o t he subject employee, a ny one ha ving specifi c

w rit t en consent of th a t employee, a nd/or t he

commiss ioner of la bor or h is designee.

Oth er Recor dk eep i n g Requ i r em en t s

E mployers must ma inta in a l l employee tr a ining

records for one yea r beyond t he la st da t e of employment

for ea ch employee.

17


23/73

Where da t a demonst ra t e presumed a sbest os-cont a in-

ing ma t eria ls do not cont a in a sbest os, building own ers

or employers m ust keep th e record s for a s long a s they

rely on th em. B uilding ow ners must ma inta in writ t ennotifi ca tions on t he identifi ca tion, loca tion, a nd q ua nt i ty

of a ny a sbest os-cont a ining or presumed a sbestos-

cont a ining m a terials for t he dura tion of ow nership a nd

t ra nsfer t he record s to successive ow ners.

When a n employer cea ses to do business w ith out a

successor t o keep th e records , t he employer m ust notify

t he director of th e Nat iona l Inst itut e for Occupa t iona lSa fety a nd H ea lth (NIOSH ) a t lea st 90 da ys prior to

th eir disposa l a nd tr a nsmit t hem as requested.

Competent Person Requirements

On a ll const ruction sites w ith a sbestos opera t ions,

employers must na me a competent person, qua lifi ed

a nd a uth orized to ensure worker sa fety a nd health , a srequired by Subpa rt C , Genera l Sa fety a nd H ea l th

P rovisions for C onst ru ction (29 CFR 1926.20). U nd er

t hese requirement s for sa fet y a nd hea lth prevention

progra ms, t he competent person must frequently

inspect job sites, ma t erials, a nd equ ipment .

In a ddition, for Cl ass Ijobs th e competent person

must inspect onsite a t lea st once during ea ch w ork shifta nd upon employee request . For Cl ass I Ia nd I I Ijobs,

t he competent person mus t in spect often enough to

a ssess cha nging conditions a nd upon employee request.

At w orksit es w here employees perform Cl ass Ior I I

a sbest os w ork, t he competent person must supervise

th e setup a nd ensure the integrity of regulat ed

a rea s, enclosures, or other cont a inment s by onsiteinspection;

setu p procedures t o cont rol ent ry t o a nd exit from

th e enclosure or a rea ;

18


24/73

a ll employee exposure monitoring, ensu ring it is

properly cond ucted;

use of required protect ive clothing a nd eq uipment

by employees w orking w ithin t he enclosur e and /or

using glove ba gs;7

proper set up, remova l, a nd perform a nce of

engineering cont rols, w ork pra ct ices, a nd persona l

protect ive equipment t hr ough onsit e inspect ions;

employee use of hy giene fa cilities a nd req uired

decont a mina t ion procedures; a ndnotifi ca tion requirements.

The competent person mu st a t t end a comprehens ive

t ra ining course for cont ra ct ors a nd supervisors cert ifi ed

by t he U .S. E nvironm enta l P rotect ion Agency (E PA) or

a st a te-a pproved t ra ining provider or a course tha t is

equiva lent in lengt h a nd cont ent.

For Class I I Ia nd I Va sbestos work, tra ining must

include a course equiva lent in lengt h a nd cont ent t o t he

16-hour Opera t ions a nd Ma int ena nce course

developed by t he E PA for m a intena nce a nd custodia l

workers.8

Regulated Areas

A regulat ed a rea is a ma rked off site w here employ-

ees w ork w ith a sbestos, including a ny a djoining a rea (s)

w here debris and w a ste from a sbestos work

a ccumula t es or w here a irborne concent ra t ions of

a sbestos exceed or ca n possibly exceed t he P E L.

All Class I , I I , a nd I I Ia sbestos work or a ny oth er

opera t ions w here a irborne a sbestos exceeds t he P E L

19

__________7. A pla stic ba g-like enclosure affi xed a round a n a sbestos-

conta ining ma teria l , with glove-like appenda ges thr ough w hichma terials a nd tools may be han dled.

8. For m ore specifi c informa t ion, see 40 C FR 763.92(a )(2).


25/73

must be done wit hin regula ted a reas. Only a uth orized

personnel9 ma y en ter. The designa ted competent person

supervises a ll a sbestos work performed in t he a rea . (S ee

the competent person requirement s previously discussedin t his sect ion.)

E mployers must ma rk off th e regula ted a rea in a ny

ma nner t ha t m inimizes th e num ber of people w ithin t he

a rea a nd prot ect s people out side the a rea from exposure

t o a irborne a sbestos. Critica l ba rriers10 or n egat ive-

pressure enclosures ma y ma rk off the regula t ed ar ea.

P osted wa rning signs dema rca t ing the a rea must be

easily r ea da ble a nd un dersta nda ble. The signs m ust

bea r t he follow ing informa t ion:

E mployers m ust supply a respira t or t o a ll people

entering r egula t ed a rea s. (S ee respira t ory prot ect ion

requirement s in Section 3.) E mployees must not ea t ,dr ink, sm oke, chew t oba cco or gu m, or a pply cosm etics

in regula ted ar eas.

An employer performing w ork in a regulat ed a rea

mus t inform ot her employers onsit e of th e

na tur e of the w ork,

regula ted ar ea requirement s, a nd

20

__________9. Any person perm itt ed by the employer a nd req uired by w ork

dut ies to be present in regula ted a reas.

10. P last ic sheeting placed over a ll openings t o the w ork a rea toprevent a irborne asbestos from migra ting t o a n a dja cent a rea.

DANGER

ASBESTOS

CANCER AND LUNG DISEASE HAZARD

AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY

RESPIRATORY AND PROTECTIVE

CLOTHING ARE REQUIRED IN THIS AREA


26/73

mea sures t a ken to prot ect onsit e employees.

The cont ra ct or crea t ing or cont rolling t he source of

a sbestos cont a mina tion must a ba te the ha za rds. All

employers w ith employees w orking nea r r egula ted

a rea s must a ssess ea ch da y t he enclosures integrity or

t he effect iveness of cont rol met hods t o prevent a irborne

a sbestos from m igrat ing.

A genera l cont ra ctor on a const ru ct ion project mu st

oversee a ll a sbest os w ork, even t hough he or sh e ma y

not be t he designa ted competent person. As supervisor

of th e ent ire project , th e genera l cont ra ctor det erminesw hether a sbestos cont ra ctors comply w ith t he sta nda rd

a nd ensures t hey correct a ny problems.

Communication of Hazards

N ot i fica t i on Requ i r em en ts

The comm unica t ion of a sbest os ha za rds is vita l toprevent furt her overexposure. Most a sbestos-rela t ed

const ru ct ion involves previously inst a lled bu ilding

ma t eria ls. B uilding ow ners often a re the only or best

source of inform a t ion concern ing t hem. The ow ners a nd

employers of pot ent ia lly exposed employees ha ve specif-

ic duties under t he sta nda rd.

B efore beginning w ork, building owners must ident ifya t th e worksite a ll th erma l system insulat ion, spra yed or

t roweled-on surfa cing ma teria ls in buildings, a nd resilient

fl ooring ma teria l inst a lled before 1981 a nd/or presumed

a sbestos-cont a ining ma teria l (PACM). B uilding ow ners

a lso must notify, in w rit ing, the follow ing people of the

presence, loca t ions, a nd qua nt ity of a sbestos-cont a ining or

presumed a sbestos-cont a ining ma terials:

prospect ive employers a pplying or bidding for w ork

in or a dja cent t o a reas cont a ining a sbestos,

t he ow ner s employees wh o w ork in or nea rby

these a rea s ,

21


27/73

other employers on multi-employer w orksit es w ith

employees w orking in or a dja cent t o t he a rea , an d

t ena nt s w ho w ill occupy the a rea s cont a ining such

materia ls .

All employers discovering a sbestos-cont a ining ma t e-

ria ls on a w orksite must noti fy t he building owner a nd

other employers onsit e w ith in 24 hours of its presence,

loca t ion, a nd q ua nt ity. Em ployers a lso must inform

building own ers a nd employees w orking in nea rby

a rea s of the preca ut ions t a ken t o confi ne a irborne

a sbest os. Within 10 da ys of project complet ion, employ-ers must inform building ow ners a nd oth er employers

onsite of the curr ent loca t ions a nd q ua nt ity of rema in-

ing asbestos-cont a ining ma terials a nd a ny fi na l moni-

t oring results.

At a ny t ime, employers or building ow ners m a y

demonst ra te t ha t a presumed a sbestos-cont a ining

ma t eria l does not cont a in a sbestos by inspecting t hema t eria l (conducted a ccording t o the r equirements of

t he Asbestos Hazar d Emer gency Response Act(AHERA)

(40 CF R 763, Su bpa rt E )) a nd by perform ing t ests t o

prove asbestos is not present .11

E mployers d o not h a ve to inform employees of th e

presence of a sbestos-free building ma teria ls; however,

employers must reta in the informa tion, da ta , an da na lysis support ing t he determ ina t ion. (S ee recordkeep-

ing requiremen t s in S ect ion 1 of this publica t ion for

more specifi c inform a t ion.)

S i g n s

At t he ent ra nce t o mecha nica l rooms or a rea s

cont a ining t herma l system insulat ion a nd surfa cinga sbest os-cont a ining ma t eria ls, t he building own er must

post signs ident ifying t he ma t erial present , its specifi c

22

__________11. S ee 29 CF R 1926.1101 for s pecifi c test ing r equirem ent s.


28/73

loca t ion, a nd a ppropria t e w ork pra ct ices t ha t ensur e it

is not distur bed.

E mployers must post w a rning signs in regula ted a reas

t o inform employees of the da ngers a nd necessa ry pro-

t ect ive st eps to ta ke before ent ering. (S ee t he regula t ed

a rea requirement s elsewh ere in th is publica t ion.)

Labe l s

E mployers must a tt a ch w a rning labels to al l products

a nd cont a iners of a sbest os, including w a ste cont a iners,

a nd a ll inst a lled a sbestos product s, w hen possible.La bels must be print ed in la rge, bold let t ers on a

cont ra sting ba ckground a nd used in a ccorda nce w ith

OSHAs H azard Communi cat ion Standard(29 CF R

1910.1200). All la bels mu st cont a in a w a rn ing st a t e-

ment a gainst breat hing asbestos fi bers a nd conta in the

following legend:

La bels ar e not required w here

a sbest os is present in concent ra tions less tha n 1

percent by w eight , or

a bonding a gent , coa ting, or binder h a s a l tered

a sbestos fi bers, prohibit ing t he relea se of a irborne

a sbestos over t he P E L or E L during reasona ble

use, ha ndling, st ora ge, disposa l, processing, or

transportat ion.

When building owners or employers ident ify previously

insta lled a sbest os or presumed a sbest os-cont a ining

ma terials , la bels or signs must be at ta ched or posted t o

inform employees w hich m a teria ls cont a in a sbest os.

DANGER

CONTAINS ASBESTOS FIBERS

AVOID CREATING DUST

CANCER AND LUNG DISEASE HAZARD

23


29/73

At t a ched la bels must be clea rly noticea ble a nd

readable.

Employee Information and Training

Gener a l Tr a i n i n g Requ i r em en t s

E mployers mu st , a t no cost t o employees, provide a

tr a ining progra m for a l l employees insta l ling a nd h a n-

dling a sbestos-cont a ining products a nd for employees

performing Cl ass Ithrough I Va sbestos opera t ions.

E mployees must receive tra ining prior t o or a t initia l

a ssignment a nd a t lea st a nnua lly therea f ter.Tra ining courses must be ea sily u nderst a nda ble for

employees a nd m ust inform th em of

w a ys t o recognize asbestos;

t he a dverse hea lth effect s of a sbestos exposure;

t he rela t ionship bet w een smoking a nd a sbest os in

ca using lung can cer;

opera tions th a t could result in a sbest os exposure

a nd t he import a nce of protect ive cont rols t o min i-

mize exposur e;

t he purpose, proper use, fi t ting instr uct ion, a nd

limita tions of respira t ors;

t he a ppropria t e w ork pra ct ices for perform inga sbestos jobs, medica l surveilla nce progra m

requirements;

th e cont ents of the sta nda rd;

t he na mes, ad dresses, a nd phone numbers of pub-

lic hea lth orga niza t ions t ha t provide inform a t ion

a nd m a teria ls or conduct sm oking cessat ion

progra ms; a nd

sign a nd la bel requirement s a nd t he mea ning of

legends on them.

24


30/73

The employer a lso must provide, a t no cost t o employ-

ees, wr i t ten ma terials rela ting t o employee tr a ining a nd

self-help smoking cessa t ion progra ms.

Add i t i on a l Tr a i n i n g Ba sed on Wor k C l a ss

For Cl ass Iopera tions a nd Class I Iopera tions t ha t

req uire th e use of crit ica l bar riers (or equ iva lent isola -

t ion methods) a nd /or nega t ive pressu re enclosures,

tr a ining m ust be equiva lent in curriculum, meth od, a nd

lengt h t o t he E PA Model Accredit a t ion P la n (MAP )

a sbest os a ba t ement w orker tr a ining (40 C FR 763,

S ubpa rt E , Appendix C). For employees performing

Class I Iopera t ions involving one generic ca t egory of

building ma t eria ls cont a ining a sbest os (e.g. , roofi ng,

fl ooring, or siding ma teria ls or t ra nsite pa nels), tra ining

ma y be covered in a n eight -hour course t ha t in cludes

ha nd s-on experience.

For Class I I Iopera t ions, tr a ining must be equ ivalent

in curr iculum a nd m eth od t o t he 16-hour Opera t ionsa nd Ma intena nce course developed by E PA for m a inte-

na nce a nd cust odia l w orkers w hose w ork disturbs

a sbest os-cont a ining ma t eria ls (S ee 40 C FR 763.92). The

course must include ha nd s-on t ra ining on proper r espi-

ra tor use a nd w ork pra ctices.

For Class I Vopera tions, tr a ining must be equiva lent

in curriculum a nd meth od to EPA a w a reness tra ining.12Tra ining m ust focus on t he loca t ions of a sbestos-

cont a ining or presumed a sbest os-cont a ining ma teria ls

a nd t he wa ys to recognize da ma ge a nd deteriora tion

a nd a void exposure. The course must be at lea st tw o

hours in length .

E mployers mu st provide th e comm issioner of la bor or

his designee a l l informa tion a nd t ra ining ma terials a srequested.

25

__________12. See 29 CFR 1926.1101 for more information.


31/73

Section 3

M et h ods of Com p l i a n ceCon t r ol M easu r es

For a ll covered w ork, employers m ust use t he follow -

ing cont rol meth ods to comply w ith t he P E L a nd E L:

s loca l exha ust vent i la t ion equipped w i th H E PA

filter13 dus t collect ion sy st ems,

s enclosur e or isola t ion of processes producinga sbestos dust ,

s ventila tion of the regulat ed ar ea t o move cont a mi-

na ted a ir a w a y from t he employees brea th ing zone

a nd t ow a rd a fi ltra tion or collect ion device

equipped w ith a H E PA fi lter, an d

s fea sible engineering a nd w ork pra ct ice cont rols t o

redu ce exposur e to the lowest possible levels,

supplement ed by respira t ors t o rea ch t he P E L or

E L or low er.

E mployers m ust use th e follow ing engineering con-

t rols a nd w ork pra ctices for a ll opera t ions r ega rdless of

exposure levels:

s

va cuum clea ners equipped w ith H E PA fi lters tocollect a ll a sbestos-cont a ining or presumed

a sbestos-cont a ining debris a nd dust ;

s w et m ethods or w ett ing a gents t o cont rol employee

exposures, except w hen in fea sible (e.g., due t o the

crea t ion of electr ica l ha za rds, equipment ma lfunc-

tion, a nd slipping ha za rds); an d

s prompt clea nup a nd d isposa l in lea k-t ight cont a in-ers of asbestos-cont a mina t ed w a st es a nd debris.

26

__________13. High-effi ciency par ticula te a ir (H E P A) fi lter capa ble of tr a p-

ping a nd r eta ining a t lea st 99.97 percent of a ll monodispersed pa rt i-cles of 0.3 micrometers in dia met er.


32/73

The follow ing w ork pra ct ices a nd engineering

cont rols a re prohibitedfor a ll a sbest os-relat ed w ork

or w ork th a t dist urbs a sbestos or presumed a sbest os-

cont a ining ma t eria ls, rega rdless of mea sured exposurelevels or t he results of initia l exposure a ssessment s:

s high-speed abr a sive disc sa w s not equipped wit h a

point -of-cut vent ila t or or enclosur e wit h H E PA-

fi l tered exhaust a i r ;

s compressed a ir t o remove a sbestos or a sbestos-

cont a ining ma teria ls , unless the compressed a ir is

used wit h a n enclosed vent i la t ion syst em;

s dry sw eeping, shoveling, or oth er dry clea nup of

dust a nd debris; a nd

s employee rota t ion t o redu ce exposur e.

In a ddition, OS H As a sbest os sta nda rd esta blished

specifi c req uirement s for ea ch cla ss of a sbestos w ork in

construction.

Cl a ss I Wor k

A designa t ed competent person mu st supervise a ll

Cl ass Iw ork, including insta lling a nd opera t ing the

cont rol system. E mployers m ust pla ce critica l ba rriers

over a ll openings t o regulat ed a rea s or use a nother

ba rrier or isola t ion m ethod to prevent a irborne a sbestosfrom migra t ing for

s a ll Cl ass Ijobs removing more tha n 25 linea r or

10 squa re feet of t herma l system insula t ion or sur-

facing ma terial ,

s a ll ot her Cl ass Ijobs w ithout a nega tive exposure

a ssessment , a nd

s w here employees a re w orking in a reas a dja cent to

a Cl ass Iregula ted area .

Oth erw ise, employers m ust perform perimeter a rea

surveilla nce during each w ork shift . No a sbest os dust

27


33/73

should be visible. P erimeter m onitoring must show t ha t

clear a nce levels a re met (a s cont a ined in 40 CFR 763,

S ubpa rt E of th e EP A Asbestos in Schools rule) or t ha t

perimeter a rea levels ar e no great er th a n ba ckgroundlevels.

For a l l Cl ass Ijobs

s H VAC syst ems must be isola t ed in t he regula ted

a rea by sealing w ith a double la yer of 6 mil pla stic

or t he equiva lent ,

s impermea ble dropcloths mu st be pla ced onsurfa ces benea t h a ll remova l activity,

s a ll object s w ithin t he regula t ed a rea must be cov-

ered w ith secured impermea ble dropcloths or pla s-

tic sheet ing, an d

s for jobs w ithout a nega t ive exposure a ssessment

or w here exposure monit oring show s t he P E L is

exceeded, employers m ust ventila t e th e regulat eda rea to move the conta minat ed a ir aw a y from

th e employee brea th ing zone an d towa rd a H E PA

fi ltr a t ion or collect ion device.

In a ddit ion, employees perform ing Cl ass Iw ork must

use one or m ore of th e follow ing cont rol met hods. (For

t he specifi ca t ions, l imita t ions, a nd r ecomm ended work

pra ct ices of these required cont rol met hods, refer t oOccupa t iona l E xposur e t o Asbest os, 29 CFR 1926.1101.)

s nega t ive-pressure enclosure syst ems mu st be used

w here th e confi gura tion of the w ork a rea m a kes i t

impossible t o erect t he enclosur e,

s glove bag syst ems ca n be used to remove a sbestos-

cont a ining or presumed a sbest os-cont a ining ma t e-

ria ls from str a ight r uns of piping,

s glove ba g sy st ems ca n be used for piping bend s if

ma nufa ctur ed for t ha t purpose,

28


34/73

s nega t ive-pressure glove ba g syst ems ca n be used t o

remove a sbestos or presumed a sbestos-cont a ining

ma teria ls from piping,

s nega t ive-pressure glove box syst ems ca n be used t o

remove a sbestos or presumed a sbestos-cont a ining

ma teria ls from pipe runs,

s w a ter spra y process syst ems ma y be used t o remove

a sbestos or presumed a sbestos-cont a ining ma teria ls

from cold-line piping if employees carr ying out the

process ha ve completed a 40-hour t ra ining course on

its use in a ddition t o tr a ining required for a llemployees performing Cl ass Iw ork, or

s a sma ll w a lk-in enclosure tha t a ccomm oda tes no

more tha n t w o people (mini-enclosur e) ma y be

used if th e dist urba nce or r emova l ca n be

completely cont a ined by t he enclosure.

E mployers m a y use different or m odifi ed engineeringa nd w ork pra ct ice cont rols if t he follow ing provisions

a re met :

s t he cont rol meth od encloses, cont a ins, or isola t es

the process or source of a irborn e a sbestos dust , or

ca ptures a nd r edirect s t he dust before it enters

int o the employees brea t hing zone;

s a certifi ed industr ia l hygienist or l icensed profes-siona l engineer q ua lifi ed a s a project designer

evalua tes t he work a rea , the projected w ork pra c-

tices, an d t he engineering cont rols a nd cert ifi es, in

w ri t ing, tha t ba sed on evalua t ions and da ta the

pla nned cont rol met hod a dequa tely reduces direct

a nd indirect employee exposure to or below t he

P E L un der w orst -ca se condit ions. The pla nn ed

cont rol meth od a lso must prevent a sbest os cont a m-

inat ion outside th e regula ted a rea, a s measured by

sa mpling meeting t he requ irement s of EP As

Asbestos in S chools ru le or perimet er m onit oring ;

a nd

29


35/73

s before using a lterna t ive meth ods t o remove more

th a n 25 linea r or 10 squa re feet of therm a l system

insulat ion or surfa cing ma teria l , employers must

send a copy of the eva lua t ion a nd certifi ca t ion t oth e Nort h C a rolina Depa rt ment of La bor, D ivision

of Occupat iona l Sa fety a nd H ea lth.

Cl ass I I Wor k

The competent person m ust supervise a ll Class I I

w ork. E mployers must use critica l ba rriers over a ll

openings to the regula ted a rea or a nother ba rr ier or

isola t ion m ethod to prevent a irborne a sbest os from

migra ting for

a ll indoor Class I Ijobs w ithout a nega t ive exposure

assessment,

w here cha nging condit ions indica t e exposure a bove

the P EL , or

w here a sbestos-cont a ining ma t eria ls a re not

removed substa nt ial ly int a ct .

Oth erw ise, employers m ust perform perimeter a rea

monitoring t o verify t ha t t he ba rrier w orks properly.

Im perm ea ble dropclot hs m ust be pla ced on a ll sur fa ces

benea t h remova l a ctivities.

All Class I Ia sbestos work ca n use the sa me w orkpractices an d requirements a s Cl ass Ia sbestos jobs.

Alternatively, Cl ass I Iw ork can be performed more ea s-

ily using simple work pra ctices set out in th e sta nda rd

for specifi c jobs.

For removing vinyl and a spha lt fl ooring ma terials

cont a ining a sbest os or insta lled in buildings const ruct-

ed before 1981 a nd not verifi ed a s a sbestos-free,

employers m ust ensure th a t employees

do not sa nd fl ooring or its ba cking,

do not rip up resilient sheetin g,

30


36/73

do not dry sw eep,

do not use mecha nica l chipping unless perform ed

in a nega t ive-pressure enclosure,

use va cuums equipped wit h H E PA fi lters to clea n

floors,

use w et met hods w hen removing r esilient sh eet ing

by cutting,

use wet meth ods t o scra pe residua l a dhesives

a nd/or ba cking,

remove tiles int a ct , unless impossible,

ma y omit w ett ing w hen t i les a re hea ted an d

removed inta ct , a nd

a ssume resilient fl ooring ma t eria ls, including

a ssoci a t ed ma s t i c a nd ba ck ing , a r e a sbes tos-

cont a ining, unless a n industr ial hy gienist

determ ines th em t o be a sbestos-free.

To remove a sbestos-cont a ining r oofi ng m a t eria ls,

employers m ust ensure th a t employees

remove them int a ct ;

use w et m ethods w hen possible;

cont inuously mist cut t ing ma chines during use,

unless th e compet ent person determines m isting t obe unsa fe;

immedia t ely H E PA va cuum a ll loose dust a long

th e cut;

low er a s soon a s possible or by t he end of th e work

shift a ny unw ra pped or unba gged roofi ng ma terial

to t he ground via a covered, dust -t ight chut e,cra ne, or hoist ;

tr a nsfer unw ra pped ma terials to a closed

recept a cle to prevent dispersing t he dust w hen

low ered; a nd

31


37/73

isola t e roof-level hea ting a nd vent ila t ion a ir inta ke

sources or shu t d ow n t he vent ila tion system.

When removing cement itious a sbestos-cont a ining

siding a nd sh ingles or t ra nsite pa nels, employers must

ensure th a t employees

do not cut , a bra de, or br eak siding, shingles, or

tr a nsite pa nels unless m ethods less likely t o result

in a sbest os fi ber relea se ca nnot be used;

spra y each pa nel or shingle w ith a mended w a ter14

before removing ;low er t o th e ground a ny un w ra pped or unba gged

pan els or shingles via a covered dust -t ight chut e,

cra ne, or h oist , or pla ce th em in a n impervious

w a ste bag or w ra p th em in pla stic sheeting, as

soon a s possible or by t he end of the w ork sh ift;

a nd

cut na ils w i th fl a t , sharp instruments .

When r emoving a sbestos-cont a ining ga skets, employ-

ers must ensur e t ha t employees

remove gaskets w ithin glove ba gs if th ey a re visi-

bly det eriora ted a nd un likely t o be removed int a ct ,

thoroughly w et the ga skets w i th a mended w a ter

prior t o removing,

immedia tely place th e wet ga skets in a disposa l

cont a iner, a nd

scra pe using w et m ethods t o remove residue.

For remova l of a ny oth er Class I Iasbestos-containing

ma t eria l , employers m ust ensure employees

32

__________14. Wa ter t o which surfa cta nt (a w etting a gent) has been a dded

to increa se the a bility of the liquid to penetr a te a nd a sbestos-con-ta ining ma teria l .


38/73

do not cut, a bra de, or brea k th e ma terial unless

meth ods less likely t o result in a sbest os fi ber

relea se ca nnot be used,

thoroughly w et t he mat eria l wi th a mended w a ter

before a nd du ring removal,

remove the ma teria l int a ct , if possible, a nd

immedia tely ba g or w ra p removed a sbestos-cont a in-

ing ma terials or keep them w et until tra nsferred to

a closed recepta cle a t the end of th e work shift.

E mployers m a y use different or m odifi ed engineeringa nd w ork pra ct ice cont rols if

t hey ca n demonstr a te by employee exposure da t a

during t he use of such met hods an d under similar

condit ions t ha t employee exposure w ill not exceed

th e P E L under a ny a nt icipa ted circumst a nces, or

th e competent person eva luat es the w ork a rea, t he

project ed w ork pra ct ices, a nd the engineering con-

tr ols an d certifi es, in w rit ing, tha t th ey wil l reduce

a ll employee exposure to below t he P E L un der

expected condit ions. The eva lua t ion m ust be ba sed

on exposure da t a for cond itions closely resembling

those of th e cur rent job a nd for employees w ith

equiva lent t ra ining a nd experience.

Cl ass I I I Wor k

E mployers must use w et meth ods a nd loca l exha ust

ventila tion, w hen feasible, during Class I I Iwork.

Where drilling, cut ting, a bra ding, sa nding, chipping,

brea king, or sa w ing therma l system insula tion or sur-

fa cing m a t eria ls occurs, employers m ust use imperm e-

a ble dropclot hs a s w ell a s m ini-enclosures, glove ba g

syst ems, or oth er effect ive isola t ion m eth ods. Where no

nega t ive exposure a ssessment exists or monitoring

shows t he P E L is exceeded, employers mu st cont a in t he

a rea w ith impermea ble dropcloth s a nd plast ic ba rriers

or other isola t ion m ethods a nd ensur e tha t employees

33


39/73

w ea r respira t ors. (S ee a lso respira t or requirement s

elsew here in t his sect ion.)

Cl ass I V Wor kEmployees conducting Class I Va sbest os w ork must

ha ve a t t ended a n a sbestos a w a reness tra ining progra m.

E mployees must use wet methods a nd H E PA va cuums

t o prompt ly clea n a sbestos-cont a ining or presumed

a sbestos-cont a ining debris. When clea ning debris a nd

w a ste in regula ted a reas, employees must w ear respira -

tors. In a reas w here th erma l system insulat ion or sur-

fa cing ma t eria l is present , employees must a ssume tha t

a l l w a ste a nd debris cont a in a sbestos.

Respiratory Protection

Respira t ors must be used during

s a ll Cl ass Ia sbestos jobs;

s a ll Class I Iw ork w here a n a sbest os-cont a ining

ma terial is not removed substa nt ial ly int a ct ;

s a ll Class I Ia nd I I Iw ork not using w et meth ods;

s a ll Class I Ia nd I I Iw ork w ithout a nega t ive expo-

sure a ssessment ;

s a ll Class I I Ijobs w here therma l system insula tion or

surfacing asbestos-containing or presumed asbestos-cont a ining ma teria l is cut , abra ded, or broken;

s a ll Class I Vw ork within a regula ted area w here

respira t ors a re required;

s a ll w ork w here employees a re exposed a bove th e

P EL or EL; and

s emergencies.

E mployers mu st provide respira t ors a t no cost to

employees, select ing t he a ppropria t e type from a mong

th ose a pproved by th e Mine Sa fety a nd H ealth

Administr a t ion (MSH A) a nd NIOS H .

34


40/73

For a ll employees performing Cl ass Iw ork in regula t-

ed ar ea s a nd for jobs w ithout a nega tive exposure

a ssessment , employers mu st provide full-fa cepiece

supplied-a ir respira tors opera t ed in pressure-dema ndmode an d equipped w ith a n a uxilia ry positive-pressure,

self-contained breathing apparatus.15

E mployers m ust provide ha lf-ma sk purifying respira -

t ors, ot her t ha n disposa ble respira t ors, equipped w ith

high -effi ciency fi lters for Class I Ia nd I I Ia sbestos jobs

w ithout a negat ive exposure a ssessment a nd for Class

I I Ijobs wh ere w ork disturbs t herma l system insulat ionor surfa cing a sbestos-cont a ining or presumed a sbestos-

cont a ining ma terials .

If a pa rt icula r job is not covered a bove a nd exposures

a re above the P E L or E L, the asbestos s ta nda rd,

Occupa t iona l E xposur e t o Asbest os, 29 CFR 1926.1101,

cont a ins a t a ble specifying t ypes of respira t ors t o use.

E mployers must instit ut e a r espira t ory protect ionprogra m in a ccorda nce w ith R espira t ory P rotect ion, 29

CFR 1910.134. E mployers mu st perm it employees using

fi lter respira tors to cha nge the fi l ter element s w hen

brea t hing resist a nce increa ses; employers must ma in-

ta in a n a dequa te supply of fi l ters for t his purpose.

E mployers must perm it employees w ear ing respira t ors

to lea ve w ork a reas t o w a sh th eir fa ces a nd respira tor

fa cepieces a s necessar y t o prevent skin irrita t ion.

E mployers must ensure th a t th e respira tors issued

ha ve the lea st possible fa cepiece lea ka ge a nd fi t

properly. F or employees w ea ring nega t ive-pressure

respira tors, employers must perform either qua nt ita t ive

or qua li ta t ive face fi t t ests w ith t he ini t ia l fi t t ing a nd a t

lea st every six month s follow ing. The qua lit a t ive fi t

35

__________15. U nless th e competent person determines w ear ing such a

respira tor is not fea sible, in wh ich case a t ight-fi tt ing pow ered a ir-purifying respirat or m a y be w orn.


41/73

t ests ca n be used only for fi t t esting of ha lf-ma sk respi-

ra t ors w here th ey a re perm itt ed or for full-fa cepiece a ir-

purifying respirat ors w here they a re w orn a t levels

w here ha lf-fa cepiece a ir-purifying respira tors a repermitt ed. E mployers must conduct qua lita t ive a nd

qua nt i ta t ive fi t t ests in a ccorda nce w ith Occupat iona l

E xposure t o Asbes tos (29 C FR 1926.1101, Appendix C )

a nd use t he t ests t o select fa cepieces th a t provide the

req uired prot ect ion. (See ta ble 2.)

E mployers must not a ssign a ny employee, w ho ba sed

on t he most r ecent physica l exa m a nd t he exa miningphysicia ns r ecomm enda t ions w ould be una ble to funct ion

norma lly, to t a sks requiring respira tor use. E mployers

must a ssign such employees to other jobs or g ive them

the opport unit y to t ra nsfer to different positions in the

sa me geogra phica l a rea a nd w ith t he sam e seniority,

sta tus, pa y ra te, and job benefi ts a s before tra nsferring,

if such positions a re a va ila ble.

36

Table 2

Asbest osResp i r a t or Sel ect i on

Airborne Type of Respirator Required Fit TestConcentration (minimum requirements) Required

Not in excess H a lf-ma sk a ir-pur ifying respira t or See 29 CFRof 1 f/cc equipped w it h high-effi ciency fi lt ers. 1926.1101(10 X P E L) Appendix C

Not in excess Full fa cepiece a ir-pur ifying respira tor S ee 29 C FRof 5 f/cc equipped w it h high-effi ciency fi lt ers. 1926.1101(50 X P E L) Appendix C

Not in excess P ow er ed a ir -pur ify in g r espir a tor (P AP R ) S ee 29 C FRof 10 f/cc equipped w it h high-effi ciency fi lt ers. 1910.134(100 X P E L )

Su pplied-a ir r espira tor opera ted incontinuous fl ow m ode.

Not in excess Full fa cepiece supplied-a ir respira tor S ee 29 CFRof 100 f/cc opera t ed in pressure dema nd mode. 1910.134

(1,000 X P E L )

G rea ter t ha n Full fa cepiece supplied-a ir respira tor See 29 CFR100 f/cc or opera t ed in pressure dema nd mode 1910.134unknow n equipped w it h a n a uxilia ry posit ive-con cen t ra t ion pr es su re self-con t a in ed b rea t h in g

appara tus .


42/73

Protective Clothing

E mployers m ust provide and r equire t he use of pro-

t ect ive clot hing , such a s covera lls or simila r w hole-body

clothin g, hea d coverin gs, gloves, a nd foot coverin gs, for

a ny employee exposed t o a irborn e a sbestos exceed-

ing the P EL or E L,

w ork w ithout a nega t ive exposure a ssessment , or

a ny employee performing Cl ass Iw ork involving

the remova l of over 25 linea r or 10 sq ua re feet of

th erma l syst em insula tion or surfa cing a sbest os-

cont a ining or presumed a sbest os-cont a ining ma t e-

rials.

E mployers must launder cont a mina ted cloth ing t o

prevent t he relea se of a irborn e a sbestos in excess of th e

P E L or E L. Any employer w ho gives cont a mina t ed

cloth ing t o a not her person for la undering m ust inform

him or h er of th e cont a mina tion.

E mployers must t ra nsport cont a mina t ed clot hing in

sea led, imperm ea ble ba gs or ot her closed imperm ea ble

cont a iners bea ring a ppropriat e la bels. (S ee t he

Communica t ion of H a za rds in S ect ion 2 of t his publica -

t ion for la bel requirement s.)

The competent person m ust examine employee w ork-

suits a t lea st once per w orkshift for r ips or t ea rs. Rips

or t ear s found w hile t he employee is w orking must be

mended immedia t ely or else t he w orksuits m ust be

repla ced immedia t ely.

Hygiene Facilities

D econ t a m i na t i on Requ i r em en t s f or C l a ss I Asbest os Wor k

For employees perform ing Cl ass Iasbestos jobs

involving over 25 linea r or 10 squa re feet of therm a l

syst em insula t ion or surfa cing a sbest os-cont a ining or

37


43/73

presumed a sbest os-cont a ining m a t erials, employers

must crea te a deconta minat ion a rea a dja cent to and

connect ed wit h t he regula t ed ar ea. E mployees must

enter an d exit t he regula ted a rea t hrough th e decont a -minat ion area .

The decont a mina tion a rea must be composed of a n

equipment room, shower a rea , a nd clean room in series.

The equipment room m ust be supplied w ith imperme-

a ble, la beled ba gs a nd cont a iners to store an d dispose of

cont a mina t ed prot ect ive equipment . S hower fa cili ties

must be adja cent t o both th e equipment a nd cleanrooms, un less w ork is perform ed out doors or t his

a rra ngement is impra ctica l . If so, employers must

ensure th a t employees remove a sbest os cont a mina t ion

from t heir w orksuits in t he equ ipment room using a

H E PA va cuum before proceeding t o a shower n ona dja -

cent t o t he work ar ea; or remove t heir cont a mina t ed

w orksuits in t he equipment room, don clea n w orksuits,

a nd proceed to a show er n ona dja cent t o th e work a rea.

The clea n room m ust ha ve a locker or a ppropria t e

st ora ge cont a iner for ea ch employee unless work is per-

form ed out doors or t his a rra ngement is not possible. In

such a ca se, employees ma y clea n protect ive clot hing

w ith a port a ble H E PA va cuum before leaving t he regu-

lat ed a rea. E mployees t hen must cha nge int o street

cloth ing in clea n cha nge a rea s.

B efore ent ering the regula t ed a rea , employees must

enter th e decont a mina tion a rea th rough t he clea n r oom;

remove a nd deposit st reet cloth ing w ithin a provided

locker; an d put on protective clot hing a nd r espira t ory

prot ect ion before leav ing t he clea n a rea . To ent er t he

regulat ed a rea , employees must pa ss th rough the equip-

ment room.

B efore exiting t he regula t ed a rea , employees must

remove al l gross cont a mina tion a nd debris a nd t hen

remove their protect ive clot hing in t he equipment room,

38


44/73

depositin g t he clothing in la beled, impermea ble ba gs or

cont a iners. Em ployees mu st shower before entering t he

clean room t o cha nge into st reet clothing .

When employees consu me food or bevera ges a t t he

Cl ass Iw orksite, employers m ust provide lunch a rea s

w ith a irborne a sbestos levels below th e P E L a nd E L.

D econ t a m i na t i on Requ i r em en t s f or O th er C l a ss I

an d C l a ss I I an d I I I Asbest o s Wor k w i t h ou t a

N ega t i ve Ex posu r e Assessm en t a n d Wh er e

Ex posu r es Ex ceed t h e PE L

E mployers must esta blish a n equipment a rea

a dja cent to the regula ted a rea for t he decont a mina tion

of employees a nd t heir equipment . The a rea must be

covered by a n imperm ea ble dropclot h on t he fl oor or

horizont a l w ork surfa ce a nd m ust be la rge enough t o

a ccomm oda t e equipment clea ning a nd persona l protec-

tive equipment remova l w ithout spreading cont a mina -

t ion beyond t he a rea . B efore removing w ork cloth ing,

employees must clea n it w ith a H E PA va cuum. All

equipment a nd t he surfa ces of cont a iners fi lled w ith

a sbest os-cont a ining ma t eria ls must be clea ned prior t o

remova l. Em ployers m ust ensure employees enter a nd

exit the regulat ed a rea t hrough th e equipment a rea.

D econ t a m i na t i on Requ i r em en t s f or C l a ss I V Wor k

E mployers m ust ensure employees perform ing Class

I Vw ork with in a regula ted a rea comply w ith th e

hy giene pra ct ices req uired of employees performing

w ork with higher classifi ca tions in tha t regula ted ar ea.

Oth erw ise, employees clea ning up t herma l syst em insu-

la t ion or a sbest os-cont a ining debris must use decont a m-

ina t ion fa cilit ies required for Class I Ia nd I I Iwork

w here exposure exceeds t he P E L or no nega t ive expo-

sure assessment exist s.

39


45/73

40

Entran

ce

Clean

Room

Shower

Room

Equipment

Room

Loading

Area

Work

Area

HEPA

Exhaust

System

Loadingpersonnel

towearrespirators

Insideworkers

neverexit

throughloading

areatooutside

A

irLock

Plastic

Barriers

4"min.

4"min.

12"min.

S

ealed

u

pwall

and

a

cross

top

TopView

Figure

1

Decon

tam

ina

tion

Area

Arrangemen

t


46/73

41

Smok i n g

E mployers m ust ensure th a t employees perform ing

a ny cla ss of a sbestos w ork do not smoke in a ny w ork

a rea w ith a sbestos exposure.

Housekeeping

Asbest os w a st e, scra p, debris, bags, cont a iners,

equipment , a nd cont a mina t ed cloth ing consigned for

disposa l mu st be collected a nd disposed of in sea led,

la beled, impermea ble bag s or ot her closed, la beled

imperm eable cont a iners. Em ployees mu st use H E PA-

fi ltered va cuuming equipment a nd must empty i t so a s

t o minimize asbestos reent ry into th e workpla ce.

All vinyl a nd a spha lt fl ooring ma terial must r ema in

inta ct unless th e building ow ner demonstr a tes tha t t he

fl ooring does not cont a in a sbest os. Sa nding fl ooring

ma t eria l is prohibited. Em ployees st ripping fi nishes

must use w et m ethods a nd low a bra sion pads a t speeds

low er t ha n 300 revolutions per minut e. B urn ishing or

dry buffi ng ma y be done only on fl ooring w ith enough

fi nish t ha t the pad cannot conta ct the fl ooring ma teria l .

E mployees must not dust , sweep, or va cuum w ithout a

HE PA fi lter in a n a rea conta ining th erma l system insu-

la t ion or surfa cing ma t erial or visibly deteriora t ed

a sbest os-cont a ining ma t eria ls. E mployees must prompt-ly clea n a nd dispose of dust a nd debris in lea k-t ight con-

tainers .


47/73



48/73

P a rt I I

Asbestos Standard forGeneral Industry


49/73



50/73

Section 1

I m po r t a n t F a ct s a bou t A sbest os

Introduction

Asbest os is a w idely used, minera l-ba sed ma teria l

th a t is resista nt to heat a nd corrosive chemica ls.

D epending on th e chemica l composit ion, fi bers ma y

ra nge in t extur e from coa rse t o silky. The propert ies

th a t m a ke a sbestos fi bers so va luable to industr y a re itshigh-t ensile str ength , fl exibilit y, hea t a nd chemica l

resist a nce, a nd good frict iona l propert ies. (S ee t a ble 1

for a pa rt ia l list of a sbest os-cont a ining product s a nd

building ma terials t ha t ha ve been used over t he la st 80

yea rs in th e U ni ted St a tes .)

Asbest os fi bers ent er th e body by inh a la t ion of

a irborne pa rt icles or by ingest ion a nd ca n become

embedded in t he t issues of the respira tory or digest ive

syst ems. Yea rs of exposure to asbestos ca n ca use

num erous disa bling or fa t a l disea ses. Among t hese dis-

ea ses a re a sbestosis, a n emphysema -like cond ition; lung

ca ncer; mesoth elioma , a can cerous tum or t ha t sprea ds

ra pidly in the cells of membra nes covering t he lungs

a nd body organ s; an d ga stroint estina l ca ncer.

S ince 1972, how ever, th e Occupa t iona l Sa fety a nd

H ea lth Administ ra t ion (OSH A) ha s regula ted a sbestos

exposure in genera l indust ry, th ereby ca using a signifi -

ca nt decline in t he use of a sbestos-cont a ining ma t eria ls.

The revised st a nda rd cont inues to protect w orkers, in

genera l, wh o ar e exposed to a sbest os-cont a ining ma t eri-

a ls but now includes provisions t ha t a pply to w orkers

perform ing bra ke a nd clut ch repa ir a nd t o t hose doinghousekeeping in buildings a nd fa cilit ies w here a sbestos-

cont a ining ma terials exist .

45


51/73

This port ion of t he booklet cont a ins a n overview of

OS H As w orker protect ion req uirement s for exposure t o

a sbest os in genera l indust ry a nd describes th e st eps a n

employer m ust t a ke to reduce th e levels of a sbestos int he w orkpla ce. The revised ru le low ers t he permissible

exposure limit (P E L), cont a ins ma nda tory m ethods of

cont rol for bra ke a nd clut ch r epa irs, a nd provides t ra in-

ing provisions for m a intena nce a nd custodia l w orkers.

(OSH A ha s developed a separa te st a nda rd for a sbestos

in th e const ruction indust ry; see P a rt I of th is guide.)

Scope and Application

OSH As revised st a nda rds for a sbest os w ere

developed in recognit ion of the va st ly different

cond itions preva iling in t he w orkpla ces for genera l

indust ry (29 Code of Federa l Regula t ions (CF R) P a rt

1910.1001), for t he shipya rd indust ry (29 C FR P a rt

1915), a nd for th e const ruction indust ry (29 C FR P a rt

1926.1101). The in forma t ion in t h is sect ion a pplies

t o a ll occupa t iona l exposure to a sbestos in genera l

industry.

More tha n 685,000 w orkers in genera l indu st ry,

mostly in a uto repair, ar e affected by th e new sta nda rd.

OSH A estima tes, conserva tively, tha t a bout 42

a dditiona l ca ncer dea th s per yea r w ill be a voided in a ll

indust ries, in a ddition t o t he lives sa ved of t hoseperiphera lly exposed to a sbestos a nd th e lives sa ved by

ea rl ier OSHA sta nda rds.

46


52/73

47

Subdivision

GenericN

ame

Asbestos(%)

DatesofUse

Binder/Sizing

Surfacingm

aterial

sprayed-or

195

19351970

sodium

silicate,

troweled-on

portlandcement,

organicbinders

Preformed

thermal

batts,block

s,

and

insulating

products

pipecovering

85%magne

sia

15

19261949

m

agnesium

carbonate

calcium

silicate

68

19491971

calcium

silicate

Textiles

cloth

blankets(fi

re)

100

1910present

none

felts:

9095

1920present

cotton/wool

bluestripe

80

1920present

cotton

redstripe

90

1920present

cotton

greenstripe

95

1920present

cotton

sheets

5095

1920present

cotton/wool

cord/rope/yarn

80100

1920present

cotton/wool

tubing

8085

1920present

cotton/wool

tape/strip

90

1920present

cotton/wool

curtains

(theater,w

elding)

6065

1945present

cotton

Table1

As

bestos-Con

taining

Ma

teria

lsF

oun

dinBu

ilding

s


53/73

48

Cementitio

us

extrusionp

anels:

8

19651977

p

ortlandcement

concrete-likeproducts

corrugated

2045

1930present

p

ortlandcement

flat

4050

1930present

p

ortlandcement

flexible

3050

1930present

p

ortlandcement

flexiblepe

rforated

3050

1930present

p

ortlandcement

laminated

(outersu

rface)

3550

1930present

p

ortlandcement

rooftiles

2030

1930present

p

ortlandcement

clapboardandshingles:

clapboard

1215

19441945

p

ortlandcement

sidingshi

ngles

1214

unknownpresent

p

ortlandcement

roofingsh

ingles

2032

unknownpresent

p

ortlandcement

pipe

2015

1935present

p

ortlandcement

Paperprod

ucts

corrugated

:

hightemp

erature

90

1935present

sodium

silicate

moderate

temperature

3570

1910present

starch

indented

98

1935present

cottonandorganicbinder

millboard

8085

1925present

starch,

lime,

clay

Roofingfelts

smoothsur

face

1015

1910present

a

sphalt

mineralsurface

1015

1910present

a

sphalt

shingles

1

19711974

a

sphalt

pipeline

10

1920present

a

sphalt


54/73

Section 2

P r ov i si on s of t h e St a n da r dOS H A sets out severa l provisions employers m ust fol-

low t o comply w ith t he a sbest os st a nda rd. The a gency

ha s esta blished st rict exposure limit s a nd guidelines for

exposure monitoring, medical surveillance, recordkeep-

ing, regula ted a reas, a nd commun ica tion of ha za rds.

Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)Time-Wei ghted Aver age (TWA)The employer sh a ll

ensure th a t n o employee is exposed to a n a irborn e con-

cent ra t ion of a sbestos in excess of 0.1 fi ber per cubic

cent imet er of a ir (0.1 f/cc) a s a vera ged over a n 8-hour

day.

Excur sion L im i t (EL )The employer sha ll ensure

t ha t no employee is exposed to a n a irborne concent ra -t ion of a sbest os in excess of 1.0 fi ber per cubic cent ime-

t er of a ir (1 f/cc) a s a vera ged over a sa mpling period of

30 minu t es.

OSH A ha s a dopted th e term excursion limit to

refer t o t he short -t erm perm issible exposur e limit t o be

consistent w ith t he t erminology used by t he America n

Conference of G overnment a l In dust ria l H ygienists(ACGIH).

Exposure Monitoring

E xcept for bra ke a nd clut ch repa ir w here a preferred

cont rol method is used, ea ch employer w ho ha s a w ork-

pla ce or w ork opera t ion covered by this sta nda rd must

a ssess a ll a sbestos opera t ions for t heir potentia l to gen-era te a irborn e fi bers. Where exposure ma y exceed t he

P E L, employee exposure mea surement s m ust be ma de

from brea thing zone a ir sa mples represent ing t he 8-hour

TWA a nd 30-minute E L for ea ch employee.

49


55/73

In itia l monitoring a lso must be perform ed for a ll

employees w ho a re, or m a y r easona bly be expect ed to

be, exposed to a irborne concent ra t ions of a sbestos a t or

a bove th e P E L a nd /or E L u nless: (1) monitoring result scond ucted a ft er Ma rch 31, 1992, meet a ll other

st a nda rd-rela t ed requirement s; a nd (2) th e collected

da ta demonstr a te th a t a sbestos is not capa ble of being

relea sed in a irborne concent ra t ions a t or a bove t he P E L

a nd/or E L w hen m a teria ls a re being processed, used, or

ha ndled. If initia l monitoring indica tes t ha t exposures

a re a bove the P E L a nd/or E L, periodic monitoring m ust

be conducted a t intervals no grea ter t ha n every six

month s. If eit her initia l or periodic monitoring st a t isti-

ca lly indica tes t ha t employee exposures a re below t he

P E L a nd/or E L, t he employer m a y d iscont inue monitor-

ing for those employees w hose exposures a re represent -

ed by such monit oring .

The employer mu st r einit ia t e monitoring w henever

t here ha s been a cha nge in t he production, process, con-t rol equipment , personnel, or w ork pra ct ices tha t

Documents

17_guide to Asbestos for Industry