1789-1815

1789-1815

What were the causes and effects of the French Revolution, and how did

the revolution lead to the Napoleonic era?

The French Revolution and Napoleon

FOCU

SPart III https://

mrfee.wikispaces.com

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgEnkGEq34w

(6.4) I. The Age of Napoleon A) Napoleon Rises to Power

B) Napoleon Reforms France

C) Napoleon Builds an Empire

D) Napoleon’s Empire Faces Challenges

E) Napoleon Falls From Power

F) Leaders Meet at the Congress of Vienna

A) Napoleon Rises to Power

Napoleon born in Corsica, 1769 When the revolution began in

1789, he was a ambitious lieutenant

Favored Jacobins and republican rule

Early success with French military against British forces in 1793

Victories against Austria and Italy

Victories Cloud Losses

In order to disrupt British trade with India, Napoleon led expedition to Egypt in 1798

A) Napoleon Rises to Power

Plans to defeat Britain (in Egypt) backfired, but hid many of the stories associated with conflict with network of spies and censors -How did he do this?

Returned to France in late 1799

Victories Cloud Losses

Overthrew weak Directory and set up a three-man board known as the Consulate, then another constitution is drafted

Napoleon takes title of First Consul, and in 1802 names himself consul for life

A) Napoleon Rises to Power By 1804, Napoleon has

acquired enough power to assume the title Emperor of the French

Invites the pope to preside over his coronation

Takes crown from pope’s hands and places it on his own head, symbolizing that he own his throne to no one but himself

Napoleon Crowns Himself Emperor

For all practical purposes, the French Revolution had

ended and the Age of Napoleon had begun

Worth Remembering… At each step of his rise to

power, Napoleon held a plebiscite (popular vote) by ballot

Each time the French voters strongly supported him

While the people theoretically had a say in government through their votes, Napoleon still held absolute power

Often referred to a democratic despotism








The slogans of liberty, equality, and fraternity replaced with order, security, and efficiency

Napoleon controlled prices, encouraged new industry, built roads and canals

Set up system of public schools under strict gov’t control, ensured well-trained officials and military officers

Consolidation of Power by Strengthening Central Government


Backs off from social reforms promoted by the revolution

Makes peace with the Catholic Church in the Concordat of 1801, kept the Church under state control but recognizes religious freedom for Catholics

Revolutionaries denounce agreement, Catholics welcome it

Religious & Civic Reforms


Napoleon wins supports across all the classes

Encourages émigrés to return, as long as they take oath of loyalty

Peasants allowed to keep lands bought from Church and nobles during the revolution

Napoleon opens jobs to all, based on talent not aristocracy

Religious & Civic Reforms


The Napoleonic Code is a new code of laws

Included Enlightenment principles: equality of all citizens before the laws, religious toleration, and abolition of feudalism

His most lasting reform…

Can you see why Napoleon valued order and authority over individual rights?

Undid some reforms: women lost most of the rights they recently had gained, male heads of households regained complete authority over their wives and children








Now that the homeland is secure, Napoleon returns to the field of battle

“I grew up on the field of battle, and a man such as I cares little for the life of a million men”

Valued rapid movements and made effective use of large armies

Developed new plan for each battle, opposing generals could never anticipate what his next move would be

“One Napoleon = 40,000 troops”

The Period of 1804 to 1812


Required 55,000 soldiers and money, also funds to prepare for war in Europe

President Thomas Jefferson saw French control over New Orleans as obstacle to westward expansion

Did he make a mistake in 1803?

Sent James Monroe to France as envoy with authority to buy New Orleans for $3 million

Napoleon offered entire territory for $15m, but had 2nd thoughts

When Napoleon took the throne, slave revolt in French-controlled Haiti


Napoleon annexed (brought into his empire): the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy, Germany

Abolishes the Holy Roman Empire

Creates a 38-member Confederation of the Rhine

Cuts Prussian territory in half, turning part of old Poland into the Grand Duchy of Warsaw

The Map of Europe is Redrawn

Napoleon controls much of Europe through forceful

diplomacy


Places friends and relatives on the thrones of Europe

Forces alliances on various European powers

Overthrow monarchs, then sign treaties with new rulers

Napoleon’s success boosts spirit of nationalism at home

Large parades, cheering crowds, celebrations and grandeur

Napoleon controls much of Europe through forceful diplomacy


Britain remains outside Napoleon’s European empire

Britain had small army, but major force on the seas

Napoleon prepares to invade England in 1805

Battle of Trafalgar, off southwest coast of Spain, British smash the French fleet

Napoleon Strikes Britain


Napoleon wages economic warfare through the Continental System, which then closes European ports to British goods

Britain responds with its own blockade, neutral ships are seized

Napoleon Strikes Britain


British attacks on American ships (who were neutral) and eventually trigger the War of 1812

British trade may have declined, but their navy keeps vital trade routes open to the Americas and India

Trade restrictions create scarcity of goods in Europe, sending prices soaring and intensifying resentment against French power

Napoleon Cannot Conquer Britain







D) Napoleon’s Empire Faces

Challenges At first Europeans welcome the

ideas of the French Revolution Eventually saw Napoleon and

his armies as foreign oppressors

Europeans resented the Continental System and any efforts to impose French culture on them

Other countries begin their own movements of nationalism

Nationalism Works Against Napoleon


Challenges Resistance to French rule in

other countries results in rebellion

Napoleon introduces reforms seeking to undermine the Spanish Catholic Church

Spain resists and French respond with brutal repression, only incites Spanish nationalism


Spanish patriots conduct guerilla warfare (“little war”)

Guerilla bands ambush French supply trains, forcing Napoleon to keep large numbers of soldiers in Spain, he needed elsewhere


Challenges Spain’s success inspires Austria Austria seeks revenge for

crushing loss to Napoleon in 1805 1809: Battle of Wagram (2 days),

300,000 troops, flat battlefield, extensive use of artillery

34,000 French causalities, 42,000 Austrian causalities, and many wounded


Austria surrenders lands populated by more than 3,000,000

A stepping stone is secured for his next target: Russia


Challenges Tsar Alexander I once an

ally of Napoleon Agreed to divide Europe if

Alexander helped Napoleon in his Continental System

Napoleon enlarged the Grand Duchy of Warsaw (modern-day Poland) on the borders of Russia

The Alliance Between Napoleon and Russia

Napoleon responds to tsar’s action of withdrawing support from Continental System by assembling army of soldiers from 20 nations, known as the Grand Army


Challenges June 24, 1812: Napoleon

invades Russia with 600,000 soldiers and 50,000 horses

Russians retreat eastward, burning crops and villages behind them

Scorched-earth policy leaves French soldiers hungry and cold as winter arrives

The Russian Winter Stops the Grand Army

Napoleon enters Moscow in September and realizes he will not be able to feed and supply his army through the long Russian winter – In October he turns homeward!


Challenges Napoleon began

invasion with 600,000 troops, but only 20,000 survived

Many died, others deserted

Napoleon rushes to Paris to raise new forces to defend France

Suddenly, the people begin to doubt his ability to lead

The 1,000 Mile Retreat Begins

It’s all downhill from here…








Disaster in Russia brings new alliance between Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia

1813: Napoleon is defeated in the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig (3 day war)

New Alliance Scores Victories

Casualties (on all sides) estimated between 80,000 - 100,000

Napoleon returns to Paris in defeat

Video: Napoleon's Lost Army

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46MX4BohOzw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46MX4BohOzw

E) Napoleon Falls From Power Napoleon withdraws to

Paris with less than 70,000 troops, officers deserting

April 11, 1814: Napoleon abdicated (stepped down) from power

Exiled to Elba, an island in the Mediterranean with 12,000 inhabitants

Napoleon Abdicates…Briefly

Given sovereignty over the island and allowed to retain title of emperor

Within 2 months, he organizes military and infrastructure on the island

E) Napoleon Falls From Power “Bring back the monarchy!”

With Napoleon out of the way, Louis XVIII recognized as king of France

Agreed to accept Napoleonic Code and honor land settlements, but many émigrés returning to France with revenge on their mind

Economic depression and fear of a return to the old regime rekindles loyalty to Napoleon

Look Who’s Back In Power

March 1815: Allies gather in Vienna for peace conference

Napoleon escapes from exile and returns to France

E) Napoleon Falls From Power Napoleon returns to Paris

for 100 days of rule Within sixty days of his

return, he amasses army of 200,000 troops

Chooses to go on the offensive against oncoming Britain and Prussian armies

It Was A Short-Lived Return

June 18, 1815: opposing armies meet near Waterloo in Belgium

Napoleon forced to abdicate (again) and sent into exile on a lonely island in the South Atlantic (St. Helena)

E) Napoleon Falls From Power Died alone in 1821 He saw himself as “the

revolution on horseback” Others considered him a

traitor to the revolution

Napoleon’s Legacy

How did Napoleon impact France and

Europe?Sparks nationalism all across Europe for

years to come








Met from Sept 1814 to June 1815

Huge gathering of leaders, diplomats and royalty

Chief goal was to create a lasting peace by establishing a balance of power and protecting the system of monarchy

Goal was to restore stability and order in Europe

However, each leader pursued his own goals


France was “ringed” with strong countries

Turned back the clock to 1792 by promoting the principle of legitimacy (restoring the hereditary monarchies that the French Revolution/ Napoleon had unseated)

The Map of Europe Was Redrawn

This also put Louis XVIII back on the French throne…again

Later restored monarchs in Portugal, Spain and Italy


To protect the new order, Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain extend wartime alliance into the postwar era

Quadruple Alliance pledges to act together to maintain balance of power and to suppress revolutionary uprisings

Also agreed on the Concert of Europe, powers would meet periodically to discuss any problems

Their decisions influenced European politics for the next 100 years, but neglected the force of nationalism

Congress Fails to See Traps Ahead

A) People should never take part in political revolution

B) People should take part in political revolution only if their family is in danger.

C) People should take part in political revolution only if their basic human rights are not met.

D) People should take part in political revolution

At this point, has your thinking changed?….

Which of the following statements do you most

agree with?

Documents

1789-1815