Process ControlContentsContributorsIntroductionList of Abbreviations

1 Control Theory1.1 Control Basics1.2 Control Modes-PID Controllers1.3 Control Modes-PID Variations1.4 Control Modes-Closed-Loop Response1.5 Control Systems-Cascade Loops1.6 Expert Systems-Artificial Intelligence1.7 Expert Systems-Neural Networks1.8 Feedback and Feedforward Control1.9 Interaction and Decoupling1.10 Model-Based Control1.11 Modeling and Simulation of Processes1.12 Nonlinear and Adaptive Control1.13 Optimizing Control1.14 Process Gains, Time Lags, Reaction Curves1.15 Ratio Control1.16 Relative Gain Calculations1.17 Selective, Override, and Limit Controls1.18 Self-Tuning Controllers1.19 Stability Analysis, Transfer Functions1.20 Statistical Process Control1.21 Tuning PID Controllers1.22 Tuning by Computer

2 Controllers, Transmitters, Converters, and Relays2.1 Analog versus Digital Instruments2.2 Electronic versus Pneumatic Instruments2.3 Controllers-Electronic Analog and Digital2.4 Controllers-Pneumatic2.5 Converters2.6 Function Generators, Computing Relays2.7 Telemetering Systems2.8 Thermostats and Humidostats2.9 Transmitters-Electronic and Intelligent 2.10 Transmitters-Fiber-Optic Transmission2.11 Transmitters-Pneumatic

3 Control Centers, Panels, and Displays3.1 Annunciators and Alarms3.2 Control Centers and Panels3.3 Digital Readouts3.4 Human Engineering3.5 Indicators, Analog Displays 3.6 Lights3.7 Recorders, Oscillographs, Loggers, Tape Recorders3.8 Speech Synthesis and Voice Recognition3.9 Switches, Pushbuttons, Keyboards3.10 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) and Uninterruptible Voltage Supplies (UVS)

4 Control Valves, On-Off and Throttling4.1 Actuators: Digital, Electric, Hydraulic, Solenoid 4.2 Actuators: Pneumatic4.3 Accessories and Positioners4.4 Ball Valves4.5 Butterfly Valves4.6 Digital Valves4.7 Globe Valves4.8 Pinch Valves4.9 Plug Valves4.10 Saunders Diaphragm Valves4.11 Sliding Gate Valves4.12 Special Valve Designs4.13 Valves: Application and Selection4.14 Valves: Capacity Testing4.15 Valves: Characteristics and Rangeability4.16 Valves: Noise Calculation and Reduction4.17 Valve Sizing

5 Regulators and Other Throttling Devices5.1 Dampers5.2 Electric Energy Modulation5.3 Pumps As Control Elements5.4 Regulators-Flow5.5 Regulators-Level5.6 Regulators-Pressure5.7 Regulators-Temperature5.8 Variable-Speed Drives

6 PLCs and Other Logic Devices6.1 Binary Logic Diagrams for Process Operation6.2 Fuzzy Logic Control6.3 Ladder Diagrams6.4 Optimization of Logic Circuits6.5 PLC-Programmable Logic Controllers6.6 PLC-Software Advances6.7 Relays6.8 Solid-State Logic Elements6.9 Time Delay Relays6.10 Timers and Programming Timers

7 DCS and Computer-Based Systems7.1 Computer-Algorithms, Languages, Programs 7.2 Computers-Analog, Hybrid, Simulation 7.3 Computers-Hierarchical Control7.4 Computers-Memory7.5 Computers-Optimization of Empirical Processes7.6 Computers-PCs in Process Control7.7 DCS-Basic Packages7.8 DCS-Cost Estimating7.9 DCS-Data Highways, Fieldbuses, Multiplexers, and Remote Terminal Units7.10 DCS-CRT Displays7.11 DCS-Flowsheet Symbols7.12 DCS-I/O Hardware and Setpoint Stations7.13 DCS-Supervisory Computer Tasks and Configurations 7.14 DCS-System Integration with PLCs and Computers7.15 Fiber-optic Local Area Networks; MAP and TOP7.16 Fieldbuses, MAP/TOP, and Network Protocols7.17 Printers, Operator Interfaces, Workstations7.18 Wiring Practices and Signal Conditioning

8 Process Control Systems8.1 Airhandler and Building Conditioning Controls8.2 Batch Control Description and Terminology8.3 Batch Processes and Their Automation8.4 Blending and Ratio Controls8.5 Boiler Control and Optimization8.6 Centrifuge Controls8.7 Chiller Control and Optimization8.8 Clean-Room Controls and Optimization8.9 Compressor Controls and Optimization8.10 Cooling Tower Control and Optimization8.11 Crystallizer Controls8.12 Distillation: Basic Controls8.13 Distillation: Advances Controls8.14 Distillation: Relative Gain Calculations8.15 Dryer Controls8.16 Evaporator Controls8.17 Extruder Controls8.18 Fan Controls8.19 Furnace and Reformer Controls8.20 Heat Exchanger, Condenser and Evaporator Controls8.21 ORP Controls8.22 pH Control8.23 Pump Controls and Optimization8.24 Reactors: Control and Optimization8.25 Reactors: Recipe Charging and Batch Automation8.26 Reactors: Simulation and Modeling8.27 Rolling Mill Controls8.28 Steam Turbine Controls8.29 Water Treatment Controls

AppendixA.1 International System of UnitsA.2 Engineering Conversion FactorsA.3 Chemical Resistance of Materials A.4 Composition of Metallic and Other MaterialsA.5 Steam and Water TablesA.6 Friction Loss in PipesA.7 Tank VolumesA.8 Partial List of Suppliers

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