1750•Agricultural Society–Simple life and homes–Food grown for consumption–Clothes made by hand–Simple tools

Why Were the British 1st?Started about 1750……

•Natural Resources!– Coal for power– Iron for building

•Human ResourcesAgricultural Boom – Use of different soils– Crop rotation– Use of horses– Invention of seed drill– Physical size of animals increased– Enclosure farming – fencing land

Population Explosion– Decline in death rates– Reduced risk of famine– Stronger/healthier babies

from better eating– Deadly diseases in decline

•New Technology–Scientific Revolution•Attention on physical world & managing it

–Social Revolution•Enlightenment thinking

–Political Revolution

• Economic

– Capital ($$)•Accumulated by business class•Invest in mines, railroads, and factories

• Economic

– Demand•Population explosion increased demand•General economic prosperity to allow purchases

• Political & Social Conditions

–Stable government–Strong navy for protection–Upper middle class allowed wealth to spread

–Religious groups that encouraged thrift & hard work–Worldly problems more of a

concern than life after death–Energies devoted to material

achievements

• Political & Social Conditions – cont…

Textile

1. A cloth, especially one manufactured by weaving or knitting; a fabric.

2. Fiber or yarn forweaving or knittinginto cloth.

Changes in Textile IndustryInnovations:• John Kay: Flying Shuttle – cloth weaving• James Hargreaves: Spinning Jenny –

spun thread• Richard Awkwright: water power to speed up spinning

Start of Factories• New machines too large &

expensive for homes.• First, built next to streams to run

on water power. Later, steam engines powered by coal.• Many workers with machines

produced increased quantities of lower priced goods.

Transportation•Railroads• Turnpikes• Steamboats and Ships

Urbanization•Movement of people to city• Looking for jobs• Coal and iron mines grew

cities• Factories made cities grow

The Factory System

•Rigid discipline:–Set schedule–Long hours (12 to 16 per

day)–Dangerous conditions

The Factory System•Women workers– Easier to manage– Paid less than men for same

job– Still had to care for family and

home

The Factory System

•Child labor– Small and quick– Family needed money– No education

The New Middle Class• Merchants, inventors, or skilled

artisans• “Rags to Riches”• Nice home, dressed and ate well• Political involvement• Servants• “Get ahead” attitude that was not

sympathetic to the poor

Thomas Malthus• “Essay on the Principle of

Population”• Population increasing faster than

food supply• Only checks on population growth are war, disease, and famine.

Laissez-Faire Economics• Government should not

interfere with the free operation of the economy• “Hands off approach”

Utilitarians• “The greatest happiness for the

greatest number” of citizens• Laws or actions judged by their

“utility”• Individual freedoms• Government intervention in

some instances

Socialism• The people as a whole would

own and run the “means of production,” not private individuals• Condemned the evils of

industrial capitalism

Utopia

•No difference between rich and poor• Self-sufficient

communities• Fighting would end

Karl Marx• Scientific Socialism• Condemned the idea of Utopia• “The Communist Manifesto” –

economics the driving force in history• “the history of class struggles”

between “haves” and “have-nots”

Spread of the Industrial Revolution

Britain…..Belgium…..Germany…..France…..United States….Japan…..Canada…..Australia…..New Zealand…..

Results• Not all countries had

necessary resources• Social changes• Fierce competition• “Shrinking of the World”• Pollution

New Methods of Production

• Interchangeable parts•Assembly line

Technology• Steel:–Henry Bessemer – purified iron

ore–Lighter, harder, more durable

than iron–Produced cheaply

•Chemicals–Medicine–First artificial food

(margarine)–Perfume–Soap!!–Dynamite

•Electricity–Electric light bulb–Batteries–Cables to carry electicity–Power transformers–AC Current

More…..• Transportation:–Internal combustion engine–Cars & gasoline–Airplanes

• Communication:–Telegraph–Telephone–Radio

BIG Business• Lots of money needed!!• Corporations – business owned by

many investors• Monopolies – Companies that

controlled all aspects of industry or areas of the economy• Cartel – An association to fix prices, set

production quotas, or divide a market

Need for Regulation?

Captains of Industry Or

Robber Barons?

Life during the Industrial Revolution

• Medicine:–Germ discovery–Vaccines–Pasteurization–Insects can

cause illness

–Anesthesia–Sterilization–Sanitation–Antiseptics

Cities• Increasing

population• Slums• Tenements• More wealth• Shopping areas• Trolley lines• Suburbia

• Sidewalks• Paved streets• Electric street

lights• Sewers• Clean water• Skyscrapers

Working-ClassProblems:• Low wages• Long hours• Unsafe

conditions• Threat of

unemployment• Child labor

Solutions:• Right to vote• Organized Unions• Bargaining• Laws regulating

conditions, hours, child labor

Changing Attitudes & Values

• Social Order• Middle Class• Rights for Women–Suffrage: The right to vote

• Public Education – late 1800’s• Higher Education