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Topic 3
1750-1783
1763 – Treaty of Paris
1770 – Boston
Massacre
1775 –Battles fought at Lexington & Concord
1765 –Stamp Act protests
1774 –First
Continental Congress
Meets 1765
–Stamp Act protests
1754 –French & Indian War
1773 –Boston Tea Party
1776 -Declaration of Independence
Topic 3
1750-1783
1763 – Treaty of Paris
1770 – Boston
Massacre
1775 –Battles fought at Lexington & Concord
1765 –Stamp Act protests
1774 –First
Continental Congress
Meets 1765
–Stamp Act protests
1754 –French & Indian War
1773 –Boston Tea Party
1776 -Declaration of Independence
Essential Question: When is war justified? By the mid-1700s, European powers were fighting to grow their empires in the Americas. War broke out—the French and Indian War—between Britain, France, and several Native American tribes. The British won, but victory came at a cost. To pay for the war, Parliament imposed new taxes on the colonies, and widespread protests broke out. The American Revolution was not only a fight to break from Britain. It was also a fight for a radically new society and an experimental form of government: democracy. As colonists grew increasingly angered by British policies, they faced a difficult decision. Should they break from Britain and go to war? Some people were eager to fight. Others remained loyal to the British crown. Many were undecided, too. When do you think it is right to go to war? When do you think war should be avoided? Make a list of reasons that you think justify going to war. Then make a second list of reasons that you think do not justify going to war. To help you get started, consider the following reasons wars are often fought:
• to secure land or gain resources • to stand up for ideas • to defend against aggressors • to help allies • to protect a way of life
List of reasons that you think justify going to war. List of reasons that you think do not justify
going to war.
Putting it all together: What is your opinion on war?
Topic 3:1
The French & Indian War
Causes of the French and Indian War
In this lesson, you will learn about the French and Indian War. Many different Native American tribes were affected by this war between the French and the British colonists. Both the French and the British wanted Native Americans to fight on their side.
Think about what may have caused this war and make some predictions. Also, what factors might persuade a Native American tribe to choose a side in this war? What could the French or British offer in return for their help?
Write your response in one paragraph and share it with a partner.
3:1
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B. Wolfe planned a surprise attack and quietly climbed at night with a force of 4,000 British troops.
C. By the time the fierce fighting was over, both Montcalm and Wolfe lay dead.
D. Quebec surrendered to the British. British Make Huge Gains A. Britain and France signed the Treaty of Paris of
1763, marking the end of French power in North America.
B. Britain gained Canada and all French lands east of the Mississippi River except New Orleans.
C. Spain, which had entered the war on the French side in 1762, gave up Florida to Britain.
D. In return, Spain received all French land west of the Mississippi, including the city of New Orleans.
E. Spain retained control of its Central and South America.
F. After years of fighting, peace returned to North America. Yet, in a few short years, a new conflict would break out. This time, the struggle would pit Britain against its own 13 colonies.
3:1 The French & Indian War
Objective: The Importance of the Ohio River Valley A. By the 1740s, English traders were crossing the
Appalachian Mountains, into the Ohio River Valley. B. Settlers tried to take over the profitable French
trade with the Indians. C. France was determined to stop the British from
expanding westward. D. The Ohio River was important to the French
because it provided a vital link between their claims along the Great Lakes and their settlements along the Mississippi River.
Ohio Valley Native Americans Choose Allies: The French A. France had built strong alliances with Native
American groups such as the Algonquins and the Hurons.
B. Most French in North America were trappers and traders and they did not destroy Indian hunting grounds by clearing forests for farms.
C. Also, many French trappers married Native American women and adopted their ways.
Ohio Valley Native Americans Choose Allies: The British A. Many British settlers were farmers whom usually
ignored Indian rights by felling trees and clearing land for crops.
B. English trader and official, William Johnson, helped gain Iroquois support for Britain.
C. He had an Indian wife, Molly Brant, sister to Mohawk chief Thayendanegea, known as Joseph Brant.
D. Britain managed to convince the powerful Iroquois nations to join with them because they were old enemies of the Algonquin and the Huron peoples.
The French and Indian War Begins in the Ohio Valley A. Four times between 1689 and 1754, France and
Great Britain fought for power in Europe and North America.
B. British settlers called the conflict the French and Indian War because it pitted them against France and its Native American allies.
C. The French and Indian War was part of a larger war called the Seven Years' War that involved conflicts not just in North America but also in Europe and Asia.
D. In North America, the Ohio River Valley was at the center of the dispute.
Washington Heads to Ohio A. Washington was only 22 years old when he took
part in the Ohio Valley conflict. B. In 1753, the governor of Virginia sent Washington
to deliver a letter to the French asking them to withdraw from the Ohio Valley.
C. The French refused. After Washington returned from this mission, the governor of Virginia sent him west again.
D. This time Washington’s assignment was to build a fort where the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers meet to form the Ohio River (present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania).
E. The French had just completed Fort Duquesne (doo KAYN) at the very spot where Washington hoped to build his fort.
Defeat at Fort Necessity A. Determined to carry out his orders, Washington
hurried on. B. The Iroquois helped the British launch a surprise
attack against the French, as well as the French allies, the Algonquins.
C. Washington and his men built a makeshift stockade they named Fort Necessity.
D. Soon, a force of 700 French and Indians surrounded the fort; outnumbered, the Virginians surrendered.
E. The French released Washington, and he returned home a hero.
A Meeting in Albany A. While Washington was fighting the French,
delegates from seven colonies gathered in Albany, New York.
B. One purpose was to cement the alliance with the Iroquois, who were willing to help the British fight the French and their Native American allies.
C. Another goal was to plan a united colonial defense to defeat the French.
D. Benjamin Franklin, the delegate from Pennsylvania, proposed the Albany Plan of Union.
Albany Plan of Union A. The plan was an attempt to create “one general
government” for the British colonies. It called for a Grand Council made up of representatives from each colony. The council would make laws, raise taxes, and set up the defense of the colonies.
B. When the plan was submitted to the colonial assemblies, not one approved it.
C. None of the colonies wanted to give up any of its powers to a central council.
D. A disappointed Benjamin Franklin expressed his frustration at the failure of his plan:
British Defeats in the Ohio Valley A. In 1755, General Edward Braddock led British and
colonial troops in an attack against Fort Duquesne. B. Braddock had little experience at fighting in the
forests of North America; often moving slowly and noisily through the forests.
C. Sharpshooters hid in the forest and picked off British soldiers, whose bright red uniforms made easy targets.
D. Almost half the British were killed or wounded, including General Braddock.
E. Washington, too, was nearly killed. British Setbacks at Lake Ontario and Lake George A. During the next two years, the war continued to go
badly for the British. B. The French won important victories, capturing Fort
Oswego on Lake Ontario and Fort William Henry on Lake George.
C. All these defeats put a serious strain on the alliances with the Iroquois who had been counting on the British to protect them from the French.
D. The Iroquois faced increasing danger from enemy tribes, who fought them for prisoners and goods.
Quebec and New France Fall A. In 1757, William Pitt became prime minister. B. Under Pitt’s leadership, the tide of battle turned. C. In 1758, Louisbourg, the most important fort in
French Canada, was captured. D. That year, the British also seized Fort Duquesne,
which they renamed Fort Pitt after the British leader.
E. The city of Pittsburgh later grew up on the site of Fort Pitt.
The War Turns in Favor of the British A. Pitt sent General James Wolfe to take Quebec,
capital of New France. B. Quebec was vital to the defense of New France
because without it, the French could not supply their forts farther up the St. Lawrence River.
C. Quebec was well defended, sitting on the edge of the Plains of Abraham, on top of a steep cliff high above the St. Lawrence.
Climbing Cliffs to Attack Quebec A. French general, the Marquis de Montcalm, had only
a few soldiers guarding the cliff because the French thought that it was too steep to climb.
“Everyone cries a union is necessary. But when they come to the manner and form of the union, their weak noodles are perfectly distracted.” —Benjamin Franklin, in a letter to Massachusetts Governor William Shirley, 1755
B. Wolfe planned a surprise attack and quietly climbed at __________ with a force of 4,000 British troops.
C. By the time the fierce fighting was over, both Montcalm and Wolfe lay __________.
D. __________ surrendered to the British. British Make Huge Gains A. Britain and France signed the Treaty of Paris of
__________, marking the end of French power in North America.
B. Britain gained Canada and all French lands ______ of the Mississippi River except New Orleans.
C. Spain, which had entered the war on the French side in 1762, gave up __________ to Britain.
D. In return, Spain received all French land __________ of the Mississippi, including the city of New Orleans.
E. Spain retained control of its Central and South __________.
F. After years of fighting, peace returned to North America. Yet, in a few short years, a new conflict would break out. This time, the struggle would pit __________ against its own __________ colonies.
3:1 The French & Indian War
Objective: The Importance of the Ohio River Valley A. By the 1740s, English traders were crossing the
__________ Mountains, into the Ohio River Valley. B. Settlers tried to take over the profitable French
__________ with the Indians. C. France was determined to stop the British from
expanding __________. D. The Ohio River was important to the French
because it provided a vital link between their __________ along the Great Lakes and their __________ along the Mississippi River.
Ohio Valley Native Americans Choose Allies: The French A. France had built strong __________ with Native
American groups such as the Algonquins and the Hurons.
B. Most French in North America were __________ and traders and they did not destroy Indian hunting grounds by clearing forests for farms.
C. Also, many French trappers __________ Native American women and adopted their ways.
Ohio Valley Native Americans Choose Allies: The British A. Many British settlers were __________ whom
usually __________ Indian rights by felling trees and clearing land for crops.
B. English trader and official, William __________, helped gain Iroquois support for Britain.
C. He had an Indian wife, Molly Brant, __________ to Mohawk chief Thayendanegea, known as Joseph Brant.
D. Britain managed to convince the powerful _______ nations to join with them because they were old enemies of the Algonquin and the Huron peoples.
The French and Indian War Begins in the Ohio Valley A. __________ times between 1689 and 1754, France
and Great Britain fought for power in Europe and North America.
B. British settlers called the conflict the __________ and __________ War because it pitted them against France and its Native American allies.
C. The French and Indian War was part of a larger war called the __________ Years' War that involved conflicts not just in North America but also in Europe and Asia.
D. In North America, the __________ River Valley was at the center of the dispute.
Washington Heads to Ohio A. Washington was only __________ years old when
he took part in the Ohio Valley conflict. B. In 1753, the governor of Virginia sent Washington
to deliver a __________ to the French asking them to withdraw from the Ohio Valley.
C. The French __________. After Washington returned from this mission, the governor of Virginia sent him west again.
D. This time Washington’s assignment was to build a __________ where the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers meet to form the Ohio River (present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania).
E. The French had just completed Fort ____________ at the very spot where Washington hoped to build his fort.
Defeat at Fort Necessity A. Determined to carry out his __________,
Washington hurried on. B. The Iroquois helped the British launch a surprise
__________ against the French, as well as the French allies, the Algonquins.
C. Washington and his men built a makeshift stockade they named Fort ____________________.
D. Soon, a force of __________ French and Indians surrounded the fort; outnumbered, the Virginians surrendered.
E. The French released Washington, and he returned home a __________.
A Meeting in Albany A. While Washington was fighting the French,
delegates from seven colonies gathered in __________ , New York.
B. One purpose was to cement the __________ with the Iroquois, who were willing to help the British fight the French and their Native American allies.
C. Another goal was to plan a __________ colonial defense to defeat the French.
D. Benjamin Franklin, the delegate from Pennsylvania, __________ the Albany Plan of Union.
Albany Plan of Union A. The plan was an attempt to __________ “one
general government” for the British colonies. It called for a Grand Council made up of representatives from each colony. The council would make laws, raise taxes, and set up the __________ of the colonies.
B. When the plan was submitted to the colonial assemblies, not one __________ it.
C. None of the colonies wanted to give up any of its __________ to a central council.
D. A disappointed Benjamin Franklin expressed his frustration at the __________ of his plan:
British Defeats in the Ohio Valley A. In 1755, General Edward Braddock led British and
colonial troops in an attack against Fort _________. B. Braddock had little experience at fighting in the
forests of North America; often moving slowly and __________ through the forests.
C. Sharpshooters hid in the forest and picked off British soldiers, whose bright __________ uniforms made easy targets.
D. Almost half the British were __________ or wounded, including General Braddock.
E. Washington, too, was nearly killed. British Setbacks at Lake Ontario and Lake George A. During the next two years, the war continued to go
badly for the British. B. The French won important victories, capturing Fort
Oswego on Lake Ontario and Fort William Henry on Lake __________.
C. All these defeats put a serious strain on the alliances with the Iroquois who had been counting on the British to __________ them from the French.
D. The Iroquois faced increasing danger from enemy tribes, who fought them for prisoners and _______.
Quebec and New France Fall A. In 1757, William __________ became prime
minister. B. Under Pitt’s leadership, the tide of battle turned. C. In 1758, Louisbourg, the most important fort in
French Canada, was __________. D. That year, the British also seized Fort Duquesne,
which they renamed Fort __________ after the British leader.
E. The city of __________________ later grew up on the site of Fort Pitt.
The War Turns in Favor of the British A. Pitt sent General James Wolfe to take __________,
capital of New France. B. Quebec was vital to the defense of New France
because without it, the French could not _________ their forts farther up the St. Lawrence River.
C. Quebec was well defended, sitting on the edge of the __________ of Abraham, on top of a steep cliff high above the St. Lawrence.
Climbing Cliffs to Attack Quebec A. French general, the Marquis de Montcalm, had only
a few soldiers guarding the __________ because the French thought that it was too steep to climb.
“Everyone cries a union is necessary. But when they come to the manner and form of the union, their weak noodles are perfectly distracted.” —Benjamin Franklin, in a letter to Massachusetts Governor William Shirley, 1755
Albany Plan of Union Draw Ben Franklin’s Political Cartoon
.
By the early 1750s, Pennsylvania's frontier was in trouble again. The colonists had pushed the Indians from their land, sometimes killing them in the process. As white settlers pushed further west, the Indians started to fight back more forcefully. They did so with the help of French soldiers, who supplied guns. Franklin believed that in order for the colonies to effectively protect their frontiers, they needed to unite. On May 4, 1754, Franklin published an essay arguing for unification. With the essay he published a drawing showing a snake cut into pieces. The caption under the picture read "JOIN OR DIE." This, probably America's first political cartoon in a newspaper, later became an important symbol of the United States. In the summer, Franklin attended a meeting of the colonies called by the British government to work out a common defense for the frontier. At the meeting, Franklin proposed a plan for the colonies to unite; on July 10, after a week of debate, the meeting voted to approve his plan. Unfortunately, the governments of the colonies rejected the plan their own representatives had created. Though the Albany Plan of Union, as it was called, never came into being, it introduced the idea of a continental union to many people and would later be a model for the Articles of Confederation.
ANALYZING IMAGES: This cartoon, originally drawn by Benjamin Franklin, promoted his Albany Plan of Union. How does the cartoon express the need for a government
capable of representing the colonies?
The French & Indian War
Causes Effects
Treaty of Paris of 1763 Directions: Label the map accordingly.
Treaty that officially ended the French and Indian War. The British gained control over the area west of the 13 British Colonies to the Mississippi River. The French agreed to no longer support any colonies in North America, including all of Canada. Since Spain had joined the war on the side of the French, the Spanish were also forced to give up their claim to Florida. The area of North America to the north and east of the Mississippi River was now under British rule. But the Spanish still held their territory west of the Mississippi River and in Central and South America.
The Proclamation of 1763
1. W
hat was the Proclamation of 1763?
2. W
hy did British Parliament pass this law?
3. Label the map: Proclamation line of 1763, Mississippi River, Ohio River, Ohio River Valley, Colony #, and Mnemonics.
Answers:
Answers may vary.
Answers may vary.
3:1 Vocabulary , CLOZE foldable,
Causes & Effects
Answers found on attached
PowerPoint.
Draw the Ben Franklin political cartoon and answer the question.
Color code and label map.
The Proclamation was an attempt by British Parliament to establish a western border of the 13 colonies in America. That border was the Appalachian Mountains.
The Proclamation made it illegal for colonists to settle west of the Appalachians, and illegal to move into Ohio or Florida. Parliament was hoping this would satisfy the Native Americans in the area, and reduce the need for troops along the border to protect colonists from Indian attacks, which would of course save the British money.
New England No More Red Candy 1. New Hampshire 2. Massachusetts 3. Rhode Island 4. Connecticut Middle Colonies You Just Deliver Pens 5. York 6. Jersey 7. Delawarae 8. Pennsylvania New England My very Nerdy Sister Giggled 9. Maryland 10. Virginia 11. North Carolina 12. South Carolina 13. Georgia **all the colonies are in order. The New England & Southern colonies form a J, and the Southern colonies are straight down.
