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Population trendsPopulation trends
Population of Europe went through major demographic shifts during the 16th century.
Population rose slowly due to high death rates (only 50% of children reached adulthood.
Thirty Years War killed over 5 million.Famine and plague were reoccuring through
mid-century.
Social StatusSocial Status
Social status was depended on birth (nobility), education (professionals), and wealth (merchants)
Wealth was gaining larger status due to the growing middle class and their ability to use their wealth to gain political power
Limited social mobility was possible mainly due to wealth.
Status of WomenStatus of Women
At all levels women were subordinate to legal system (legal cases for rape had to be brought to court by a man)
Most women were denied the right to own property or run a business
However, women were making strides by owning and operating more businesses and trades than they had previously.
PeasantsPeasants Increased wealth did not
help the plight of peasants. Increased taxes and
inflation hurt them the most.
Famine, plague and war hit this segment of society the hardest.
Only relief came from enlistment in an army or moving to a city, each had its own hardships
Crime and PunishmentCrime and Punishment Crime was the only
alternative for many of the poor.
In a age before modern police forces, crime became a major urban concern.
Punishment was severe; torture was acceptable.
Life in the VillagesLife in the Villages
Village life was changing with large numbers of peasants moving to cities, the growing wealth of some over others, and the intrusion of central governments.
Local lords (who had often defended villagers rights) began to look more and more to the opportunities given at the royal court.
Life in CitiesLife in Cities
Urban life was fragmented, disorganized, and un-personal.
Cities offered the opportunity to be employed in a trade or new merchant-based opportunity.
Literacy levels in the cities were much higher than in rural areas, leading to the rise in newspapers and books.
Belief in Magic and WitchcraftBelief in Magic and Witchcraft In this age of chaos, magic
and unknown mystical forces had a strong pull on people’s lives.
Witchcraft was strongly blamed and persecuted.
“Great Witch Craze” swept Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries.
These began to subside at the end of the 17th century.
CharivariCharivari
During times of trouble, rituals and holidays brought reassurance to the people.
Practices like charivari or “rough music” were an outlet for the fears and frustrations of the people.
Through role-playing a “world turned upside-down,” the community expresses solidarity in hard times.
The Arts - The BaroqueThe Arts - The Baroque
Grew out of Renaissance influences in classicism
It was more exuberant, passionate, and flamboyant.
Baroque used in the backdrop of the Catholic Reformation; used at “propaganda” for the church
Michelangelo CaravaggioMichelangelo Caravaggio
First of the baroque artists.
Inspired by the works of Da Vinci and Michelangelo.
Giovanni BerniniGiovanni Bernini
Architect and sculptor.
In 1629, he became architect of St. Peter’s, designing the bronze canopy and the colonnade in the piazza
Peter Paul RubensPeter Paul RubensFlemish painter who
studied in Italy but worked mostly in his native Antwerp.
Prolific painter who painted mythology, landscapes, religious, and everyday works.
Rembrandt Van RijnRembrandt Van Rijn
Dutch painter of the Protestant Baroque.
Greatest painter of the 17th century
Famous for portraits and Biblical scenes.
Diego VelázquezDiego Velázquez
Court Painter for the Spanish royalty.
Known for portraits of the royal family of King Philip IV
ArtemisiaArtemisia GentileschiGentileschi
Student of Caravaggio, in a time when women were allowed only to assist master artists she became famous in her own right.
A rape at a young age by a family friend deeply affected her, leading to often violent themes towards men.
Classicism - Nicolas PoussinClassicism - Nicolas Poussin
French painter who evolved from baroque toward classicism.
Famous for his landscapes and classically based paintings
1717thth Century Music Century Music Claudio Montiverdi
– Transition between Renaissance and Baroque music– First Opera; Orfeo– Begins move from polyphonic to monody (melody) in music.
Johann Sebastian Bach– Baroque composer and organist
George Frederich Handel– Baroque opera
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart– Classical, 600 compositions
Franz Joseph Hayden– Classical, 80 sting quartets
1717thth Century Literature Century Literature Miguel Cervantes
– Don Quixote; greatest Spanish writer William Shakespeare
– Playwright; greatest English writer; “invention of the human.”
John Milton– Purtian; Epic poetry - Paradise Lost
Jean Racine– Classical French dramatist; one of the "big three" of
17th century France (along with Molière and Corneille)
Origins of the New ScienceOrigins of the New Science
Basis of the Scientific Revolution: 1. Conflicting classical sources (Aristotle,
Ptolemy, Galen)2. Examination / focus of Renaissance
artists on nature 3. Development of technical skills 4. Use of mathematics to understand nature
Forces influencing science Forces influencing science 1. Aristotelian Philosophy: provided a starting
point – Matter made of four elements (earth, wind, water and
fire) 2. Neo-Platonism: revival of Platonic
philosophy – emphasis on mathematics
3. Mystical / alchemy: metaphysical (spiritual / moral) explanation of the world – Paracelsus: doctor / alchemist who believed that
disease could be diagnosed and treated with ingested medicine
4. Natural Philosophy: attempt to explain the natural world
Characteristics of the Scientific Characteristics of the Scientific RevolutionRevolution
Europeans began to challenge classical thought Materialistic: all matter made up of the same material
& subject to the same laws Mathematical: use calculation to replace common sense
– measurable, repeatable phenomena – People began to understand the mathematical nature of the
universe
Science boils down to the mathematical relationship Development of scientific institutions began; Labs,
universities, journals, language, careers
Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543)Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) Polish monk, mathematican and
astronomer. Presented first serious challenge
to Ptolemy’s geocentric universe. In On the Revolution of the
Heavenly Spheres he proposed heliocentric theory
Avoided persecution through death
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
Built Europe’s first modern astronomical laboratory
Discovered a supernova and comet.
Believed all other planets revolved around the sun while the earth remained stationary.
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)Supported
Heliocentric and states that revolutions are elliptical (German) – Developed a
mathematical formula as proof
– Developed three laws of planetary motion
Laws of Planetary MotionLaws of Planetary Motion
1. All planets revolve around he sun in elliptical orbits.
2. The velocity of the planet varies according to its distance from the sun (closer = faster, further = slower)
3. set out mathematical formula to explain the physical relationship among the moving planets and the sun.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Asserted that planets are
made of roughly same material as the Earth
Wrote The Starry Messenger (1610)
A Dialog Between the Two Great Systems of the World (1632)
Challenged biblical view of the heavens
Galileo and the ChurchGalileo and the Church
In 1632, Brought before the Roman Inquisition for teaching “Copernicanism”
Church was prepared to tolerate hypothesis (not fact). Galileo forced to recant.
Tried and found guilty of heresy, house arrest; Dialogue was placed on the Index of Forbidden Books
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Used experimental philosophy = physics Start with the natural world and then try to explain it Natural philosophy began with an idea and applied it
to nature Used math to create models based on nature - used
formulas Expressed observations in numeric language Math was a precise language that allowed for
replication, collaboration and the creation of new knowledge
Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) (1687)
Laws of Universal GravitationLaws of Universal Gravitation
1. Law of motion - every object is at rest or motion and continues until some force affects the object
2. Rate of change of motion is in proportion to the force which affects the object
3. To every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction
Discoveries in AnatomyDiscoveries in Anatomy
Andreas Vesalius: – Galen (Classical source) established classical beliefs
regarding anatomy and physiology.
More accurate anatomical sketches
William Harvey: – Blood circulates throughout the body in a continuous
loop – Previously believed that there were two circulation
systems – Heart as a pump
Discoveries in ChemistryDiscoveries in Chemistry
Robert Boyle– supported atomic view of matter - chemistry – Boyle's Law: relationship between pressure
and gas – Promoted the use to experimental technology
The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method Use of observation and data collection to
prove or disprove a hypothesis had been used by various researchers for centuries (especially the Arabs)
Scientists such as Copernicus and Galileo revive the use of these techniques in Europe.
Later scientists build upon their methods toward a more codified scientific method.
Francis BaconFrancis BaconChallenged Aristotle’s
reliance on deductive reasoning.
codification of the Scientific Method (inductive empirical experimentalism)
The Advancement of Learning (1605)
Rene DescartesRene Descartes Jesuit education; Schooled in Aristotelian philosophy Disagreed with the basis of Aristotelian philosophy Embraced Skepticism (people who use doubt as the
basis of knowledge) Rejected absolute construct of knowledge, knowledge
based on probability Constructed knowledge based on doubt, but
reaffirmed the value of deductive reasoning. Used "proofs" to support philosophical learning Could only accept that which you could prove
– "I think, therefore I am"
Rene DescartesRene Descartes Cartesian dualism: Mind and matter are separate, so to
is the physical world from intellectual constructs (basis for science) – Example: Ontological proof of god: – One could only accept God if you could prove it
exists – Descartes knew that he was not perfect – Only a perfect individual could place that concept in
ones mind – Therefore perfection must exist – What is perfection, existence without limits = God – proof for God based upon doubt, if you doubt it then
it must exist at some level Contrast it to Aristotelian proof: Causality believed that humans could more completely understand
their world by using abstract principles Believed in that nature operated based on a Mechanical
set of laws
Blaise PascalBlaise Pascal
Scientist who studied probability and mathematics.
He had concerns about science’s influence on faith.
Wrote Pensees, reflections on faith and science.
Scientific SocietiesScientific Societies As the importance of science grew, scientific
societies formed to promote research and share knowledge.
Many had gov’t connections and support: reflecting the growing influence of central governments,
Rome (1603), Florence (1657), England (Royal Society, 1662), France (French Academy, 1666), Prussia (Berlin Academy, 1701)
ConclusionConclusion Despite the difficult and turbulent times of the
early and middle 17th century, most Europeans had reason to hope for better things by century’s end
Population was on the rebound; science was conquering the natural world; stable and powerful national governments were in place.
Despite this, the problems poverty and dislocation for the majority of Europe’s peasants would continue into the next century.