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System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
16.422 Human Supervisory Control of Automated Systems
Prof. R. John Hansman
Prof. Missy Cummings
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
Course Objectives
This is a graduate student class designed to examine the fundamental issues of human supervisory control, wherein humans interact with complex dynamic systems, mediated through various levels of automation. This course will explore how humans interact with automated systems of varying complexities, what decision processes can be encountered in complex man-machine systems, and how automated systems can be designed to support both human strengths and weaknesses. Several case studies will be presented from a variety of domains as illustrations. A secondary objective of this class is to provide an opportunity to improve both oral and written presentation skills.
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
Evolution of Cockpit Displays
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
Types of Automation
Mechanical Automation (eg Factory > Industrial Revolution)
Mixed ; Information and Mechanical (eg Aircraft)Decision AidSupervisory Control
System
Decision Aid
SupervisoryControl
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
Verplank Notions
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
Supervisory Control Architecture
SystemSupervisory
ControlComputer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
Supervisory Control Examples
Autopilot - Flight Management System
Autonomous Vehicle
Process Control Plant
Thermostat
Word Processing Program
Cruise Control
Automated Steering??
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
Sheridan NotionsSpectrum of Automation
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
Models
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
Tele-Systems
Operator
HumanInteractiveComputer/Interface
Comm Comm
Distance
TaskInteractiveComputer/Autopilot
Aircraft
Bandwidth
Loss of Direct FeedbackCommunications Latency
Task Interactive Computer - Human Interactive Computer
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
Tele-System Examples
Autonomous VehicleAircraft, AAV, RPVRover - Mars, BombUnderwater UUV, AUV
Web System
Virtual Presence
Tele-medicine
Other
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
Decision Aid Architecture
DisplayDecision Aiding
Logic -Computer
Sensors System
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
Decision Aid Examples
Alerting SystemsGear WarningIdiot Light (eg Oil Pressure)TCAS
Automated Planning SystemsPath Planners
SuggestersSpell Check
“What if” ToolsAnalysis Tools
Data AnalysisFiltersInteractive Data Analysis Tools
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
Question
What is good design practice for development of human supervisory and decision aiding systems
Distribution of AuthorityArchitectureIntuitiveness of SystemInterface IssuesUsabilityPerformance robustnessSafety Cost Benefit
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
Spectrum of Automation
Manual Fully AutonomousManual
Historically - Human required to compensate for limitations of system
Skilled OperatorsTraining
Human limits >>> System Limits
Distribution of Authority (Human vs Automation)
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
Humans
StrengthsPattern RecognitionInferenceData AssimilationAdaptationIntuitionJudgmentIntuitionMorality
LimitsLatency - Response timeBandwidthData Input
VisualAudioTactical
Cognitive CapacityInconsistent PerformanceBoredom - SaturationEnduranceLife SupportCostTraining
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
Automation
StrengthsCan be fastDoes not get boredConsistentGood for predictable cases
LimitsDumbNeeds rulesAdaptabilityCostInput requirementsInterface with system
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
Why Automate ?Enhance Human
Extend, Relieve, Backup Replace
PerformanceSpeed, Accuracy, Strength
Cost2 person crew
Reliability/Repeatability
Hazards to OperatorsUCAV
Human LimitationsG levels, Life Support
Market Perception
Distributed GeographyTelepresece, Web
SafetyTrue?
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
Does Automation Increase Safety?
Confounded with other EffectsSystem Improvements
Changes Error ModesAutomation Errors (eg A320)
Workload DistributionCruise decreased, approach increased
System FailureOver-reliance/Dependence on Automation
Complexity Induced Issues
System
SupervisoryControl
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Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
VLS
Vα Prot
Vα Max
Vα Floor
140
120
CLAirspeed scalescale
α Angle of Attack (AOA)
α Stall: Sudden loss of lift and or aircraft control
Angle of attack reached with full aft stick (max aircraft performance) Angle of attack, where TOGA thrust isautomatically applied by the A/THRAngle of attack from which stick input is converted into angle of attack demand (stick neutral α Prot)
α VLS: Angle of attack reached at approach speed (VLS)
α Max:
α Prot:
α Floor:
High Angle of Attack Protection
CL
System
SupervisoryControl
Computer
Interface
Display
Control
Sensors
Direct Observation
A320 Thrust Control
Thrust levers• Moved manually (no servomotor)• Transmit their position to the respective FADEC (Full Authority Digital Engine Control)