1621 1890 Slide 2 Contrast the cultures of Native Americans and
white settlers Analyze the impact of westward expansion and
government policies on the lives of Native Americans Objectives
Slide 3 A. Displacement : Many whites favored forcing Native
Americans off their land and making that land available to white
planters and miners. B. Assimilation : Others wanted to convert
Native Americans to Christianity, turn them into farmers, and
absorb them into white culture. Two Prevailing Attitudes toward
Native Americans since the 1600s Slide 4 In what ways do the
attitudes toward Native Americans reflect the beliefs and
assumptions of Manifest Destiny? Displacement Assimilation Manifest
Destiny Slide 5 Student Exemplars Slide 6 1620 : Pilgrims arrive on
the Mayflower 1621 : Pilgrim Treaty with Massasoit established
peace between the Indians and the settlers. 1637 : Pequot War first
major conflict; Pequot Nation takes a stand against colonists who
continue to claim and clear tribal land for farming; ended in
massacre of native men, women, and children. (Early) Policy and
Resistance 1630 : Puritans found Massachusetts Bay colony 1675 :
King Phillips War son of Massasoit leads attack against Puritans;
Ends with death of King Phillip, his head is displayed at Plymouth
for 20 years. Slide 7 1787 : Northwest Ordinance 1783 : Treaty of
Paris US gains independence; Native Americans are excluded from the
negotiations. 1794 : Battle of Fallen Timbers General Anthony Wayne
defeats a confederation of Native Americans near present-day
Toledo, Ohio. 1812 - 1814 : War of 1812 1811 : Battle of Tippecanoe
General William Henry Harrison defeats Tecumsehs confederation,
burns Shawnee capital to the ground. 1809 : Treaty of Fort Wayne
Native American chiefs sign away 3 million acres of tribal land to
US government; Shawnee chief Tecumseh forms a confederacy. (Early)
Policy and Resistance Slide 8 Andrew Jackson: Background Born in
1797 Practiced law in Tennessee Became a national hero during War
of 1812 Defeated Creek Indians at Battle of Horseshoe bend Defeated
British at Battle of New Orleans Slide 9 Andrew Jackson: Background
Ran for President in 1824 Won majority of popular votes, but not
electoral votes House of Rep. decided the election in favor of John
Q. Adams Slide 10 Andrew Jackson: Background Ran again in 1828
During the campaign, Jackson appealed to the common citizen Thanks
to an expansion of voting rights, Jackson won by a landslide Slide
11 Focus Questions (pg. 226) Who were the five civilized tribes?
What did they do to earn this nickname? Where did they live? What
were President Jacksons beliefs about Native Americans and how the
government should deal with them? Slide 12 Student Exemplars Slide
13 1828: Jackson elected President 1830: Indian Removal Act fed.
gov. provides $$ to states to negotiate treaties; Native Americans
forced to move west. 1832: Worcester v. Georgia - Supreme Court
rules in favor of the Cherokee; Jackson refuses to enforce the
decision. 1835: Texas Revolution begins 1832: Black Hawk War -
rebellion led by Sauk chief; Illinois militia slaughter more than
200 Sauk and Fox people. 1834: Indian Country created fed. gov.
passes an act that guarantees tribes' rights to lands west of the
Mississippi. (map)(map) Trail of Tears MapMap Slide 14 Trail of
Tears Slide 15 Be it enacted... That all that part of the United
States west of the Mississippi, and not within the states of
Missouri and Louisiana, or the territory of Arkansas... Be taken
and deemed Indian country... And be it further enacted, That if any
person shall make a settlement on any lands belonging... to any
Indian tribe... shall [be fined] the sum of one thousand dollars...
And it shall, moreover, be lawful for the President... To employ
such military force as he may judge necessary to remove from the
lands...any such person... Indian Country in 1834 Slide 16 Slide 17
Read and discuss the Native American quotes with your partner. Then
answer the following question: What do the quotes tell us about the
Native American philosophy about land and land ownership? A Clash
of Cultures Slide 18 "What is this you call property? It cannot be
the earth, for the land is our mother, nourishing all her children,
beasts, birds, fish and all men. The woods, the streams, everything
on it belongs to everybody and is for the use of all. How can one
man say it belongs only to him?" attributed to Massasoit (c. 1581
1661) Native American Perspective on Land and Ownership Slide 19
How can you buy or sell the sky, the warmth of the land? The idea
is strange to us. If we do not own the freshness of the air and the
sparkle of the water, how can you buy them? Every part of the earth
is sacred to my people. attributed to Chief Seattle, 1854 Native
American Perspective on Land and Ownership Slide 20 My reason
teaches me that land cannot be sold. The Great Spirit gave it to
his children to live upon. So long as they occupy and cultivate it,
they have a right to the soil... Nothing can be sold but such
things as can be carried away. Black Hawk, 1833 Native American
Perspective on Land and Ownership Slide 21 "If we ever owned the
land we own it still, for we never sold it. In the treaty councils
the commissioners have claimed that our country had been sold to
the government. Suppose a white man should come to me and say,
Joseph, I like your horses, and I want to buy them. Then he goes to
my neighbor and says to him; Joseph's horses. I want to buy them,
but he refuses to sell. My neighbor answers, Pay me the money and I
will sell you Joseph's horses. The white man returns to me, and
says, Joseph, I have bought your horses and you must let me have
them. If we sold our lands to the government, this is the way they
were bought." --Chief Joseph, 1879 Native American Perspective on
Land Ownership and Treaties Slide 22 Use the glossary of your
textbook to define the following terms in your binder: Nomadic
Assimilation Key Terms Slide 23 A Clash of Cultures Land can not be
owned by individuals Used by everyone for hunting, fishing, some
farming Saw treaties as agreements in which they received gifts; in
return, they agreed to share the land for a limited time. Land is
privately owned Used by owner for settlement, farming, or mining
Saw treaties as a one- time deal in which Native Americans sold
their land to new owners and, therefore, gave up all rights to it.
Native Americans Anglo-Americans Slide 24 For every one acre a
white settler needed for farming, Native Americans needed twenty
for hunting, fishing, and farming. *Special Note on Land Use Slide
25 2. (pg. 409) Why did white settlers consider the plains to be
unsettled, despite the fact that various Native American tribes
already lived there? Cultures Clash on the Prairie Slide 26 A
Nomadic Life on the Plains Tepees were ideal dwellings for Plains
Indians because they could be easily disassembled and transported.
These lightweight structures were made from tanned buffalo hides.
Slide 27 A Nomadic Life on the Plains A travois is a type of sled
used by North American Indians to carry goods, consisting of two
joined poles. The travois was originally dragged by hand or by
dogs, and then later by horses (after the introduction of horses by
the Spanish ). Slide 28 Cultures Clash on the Prairie: Section
Summary Slide 29 The Buffalo The buffalo or bison was an extremely
important part of the plains peoples lives. They used virtually
every part of the buffalo from the hide for clothing to the stomach
for holding water. At one time, an estimated sixty five million
buffalo roamed the plains of present-day Canada and the United
States. A buffalo can weigh up to 2,000 pounds and live as long as
30 years. Slide 30 The Buffalo Slide 31 Slide 32 The Hunt For
thousands of years, Native Americans used buffalo jumps to kill the
creatures. They would place some of the hunters on either side of a
path (usually wearing wolf skins) to drive the animals over a steep
cliff. After the Spanish brought horses to North America in the
late 1500s, the hunt and native peoples way of life began to
change. A typical buffalo jump Slide 33 For every one acre a white
settler needed for farming, Native Americans needed twenty for
hunting, fishing, and farming. *Special Note on Land Use Slide 34
3. (pg. 410) In 1834, what was the Great Plains region, according
to the federal government? a. How had this policy changed by the
1850s? b. Why do you think this change occurred? c. How did most
Native Americans react to this change? What often happened as a
result? Cultures Clash on the Prairie MAP Slide 35 Shrinking Native
Lands (pg. 411) Slide 36 Conflict on the Bozeman Trail (pgs. 410 -
411) The Bozeman Trail was a short cut that connected the Oregon
Trail and the gold-rich territory of Montana. Why is it not
surprising that several battles took place near the Bozeman Trail?
Slide 37 Be it enacted... That... the President of the United
States... [is authorized] whenever in his opinion any
reservation... is advantageous for agricultural and grazing
purposes, to cause said reservation... to be surveyed, or
resurveyed if necessary, and to allot the lands... to any Indian
located thereon in quantities as follows: To each head of a family,
one-quarter of a section (160 acres); To each single person over
eighteen years of age, one-eighth of a section; To each orphan
child under eighteen years of age, one-eighth of a section; and To
each other single person under eighteen years... one- sixteenth of
a section... -Dawes Act, 1879 Forced Assimilation Slide 38 Slide 39
The Dawes Act was named for its author, Senator Henry Dawes of
Massachusetts. Dawes once expressed his faith in the civilizing
power of private property: [to be civilized is to] wear civilized
clothes... cultivate the ground, live in houses, ride in Studebaker
wagons, send children to school, drink whiskey [and] own property."
Slide 40 Forced Assimilation If you tie a horse to a stake, do you
expect he will grow fat? If you pen an Indian up on a small plot of
earth, and compel him to stay there, he will not be contented, nor
will he grow and prosper. I have asked the great white chiefs where
he gets the authority to say to the Indian that he shall stay in
one place, while he sees white men going where they please. He can
not tell me. -Chief Joseph, 1879 Slide 41 According to the Dawes
Act, any remaining native land would be sold to white settlers. The
revenue generated from the sale of native lands was supposed to be
used by Native Americans to buy farming tools. By 1932, about 2/3
of the territory had been sold to white settlers. Native Americans
received no money from the sale of this land. Forced Assimilation
Slide 42 As a result of the Dawes Act 93 million acres of Indian
land is lost. "...the real aim of [the Dawes Act] is to get at the
Indians land and open it up for resettlement." - Senator Henry M.
Teller, 1881 Slide 43 The Dawes Act and Manifest Destiny Do Now
Question: In what ways does the Dawes Act reflect the beliefs and
assumptions of Manifest Destiny? Main Points of the Dawes Act:
Reservation lands would be broken up. Some land would be given to
individual Native Americans (160 acres to each head of household;
80 acres to unmarried adults) The rest would be sold to white
settlers; revenue generated would be given to Native Americans to
buy farming tools. Slide 44 "A great general has said that the only
good Indian is a dead one. In a sense, I agree with the sentiment,
but only in this: that all the Indian there is in the race should
be dead. Kill the Indian in him and save the man. -U.S. Army
officer Richard Henry Pratt, founder of the Carlisle Indian
Industrial School in 1879 Forced Assimilation Slide 45 Carlisle
Indian School Established in 1879, the Carlisle Indian School was
one of the first boarding schools for Native Americans. The
students were forbidden to practice their religion or speak their
language. Before and after postcards were sold by the school to
show off their "progress." Slide 46 Carlisle Indian School Top
Left: Male and female students reading in class. Bottom Left:
Physics Class Bottom Right: Group of Sioux boys arrive at the
school Slide 47 Carlisle Indian School Left: A group of Apache
students on their first day at Carlisle Indian School; Right: The
same students four months later. Slide 48 Forced Assimilation Is
there a standard set of cultural values that should be held by all
people? Why were Indians subjected to a forced process of
assimilation and not the newly arrived immigrants? Image: Educating
the Indians--a female pupil of the government school at Carlisle
visits her home at Pine Ridge Agency (Cover Illustration: Frank
Leslie's Illustrated newspaper, 1884 March 15)
