16110 Energy & the Environment

Registrar: Dr Andy Grant

James Weir building, room M610

andy@esru.strath.ac.uk

Printed notes available from Central Services, James Weir building room M651

Convection currents (wind and ocean waves), 368 . 1012 W

Evaporation of water, heating of water & ice.40 . 1015 W

Photosynthesis on land and sea,98 . 1012 W

Direct conversion to heat, 82 . 1015 W

Long wave radiation to space122.5 . 1015 W

Tidal energy (moon and sun),3 . 1012 W

Geothermal energy,32 . 1012 W

Incoming solar energy, 175 . 1015 W

Reflected short wave radiation,52.5 . 1015 W

Formation of fossil fuels, 13 . 106 W

Surface of the earth

Atmospheric boundary

Energy from the sun

Energy production,

conversion and

distribution to

demand sectors

FOSSIL FUELS NUCLEAR POWER

INDUSTRY

BUILT ENVIRONMENT

TRANSPORT

RENEWABLEENERGYSOURCES

ELECTRICITY

Abbreviations in SI Units

10 -12 Pico 10 3 Kilo

10 -9 Nano 10 6 Mega (million)

10 -6 Micro 10 9 Giga (billion)

10 -3 Milli 10 12 Tera

10 15 Peta

10 18 Exa

Energy Conversion Factors

1 kW-hour = 3600 kilojoules (kJ); the Joule is the basic SI unit of energy. (1 Joule = 1 Watt for 1 second)

1 barrel of oil = 0.136 tonnes;

energy content = 1.64 MW-hour (1 barrel)

= 12 MW-hour (1 tonne).

1 kW-hour = 3412 British Thermal Units (Btu)

= 860 . 103 Calories

= 0.0335 therms

World primary energy consumption, by region

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

1200019

72

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

Year

Mill

ion

to

nn

es o

il eq

uiv

alen

t

North America Western Europe Eastern Europe Africa China Japan Rest of w orld

World primary energy consumption, by fuel

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

Year

Mill

ion

to

nn

es o

il eq

uiv

alen

tCoal Oil Natural gas Nuclear Hydro

Per Capita Primary Energy Consumption

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Year

To

nn

es o

f o

il eq

uiv

alen

t

North America Western Europe Eastern Europe

Rest of w orld World average

Energy consumption per capita remains fairly static in most

developed countries, but is rising steadily

elsewhere.

Proven fossil fuel reserves

0

100

200

300

400

500

60019

82

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

Year

Bill

ion

ton

ne

s o

il e

qu

iva

len

t

oil natural gas coal

Proven fossil fuel reserves

0

50

100

150

200

250

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

Year

Ye

ars

re

ma

inin

g a

t pre

sen

t ra

tes

of

con

sum

ptio

noil natural gas coal

Kyoto Protocol, 1997

Greenhouse gases listed:

• Carbon dioxide (CO2)

• Nitrous oxide (N2O)

• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

• Methane (CH4)

• Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)

• Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

UK commitments

12.5% reduction in 6 Kyoto greenhouse gases by 2008 – 2012, relative to emissions in 1990.

Labour manifesto objective to cut CO2 emissions by 20%, by year 2010.

Policy statements: UK: 10% of electricity from renewables by 2010

Scotland: 15% of electricity from renewables by 2010

40% of electricity from renewables by 2020

Sources of UK electricity production

1990

Gas1%

Coal64%

Hydro1% Nuclear

21%

Oil11%

Imports1%

Other1%

Sources of UK electricity production

1994

Oil5%

Coal49%

Gas13%

Nuclear28%

Hydro1%

Imports2%

Other2%

Sources of UK electricity production

1998

Nuclear28%

Gas33%

Oil1%

Coal34%

Imports1% Hydro

1%

Other2%

Energy production,

conversion and

distribution to

demand sectors

FOSSIL FUELS NUCLEAR POWER

INDUSTRY

BUILT ENVIRONMENT

TRANSPORT

RENEWABLEENERGYSOURCES

ELECTRICITY

Fossil fuel electricity generating plant

Generator

LP HP

Condenser

~

Heat rejection

Steam turbine

Fuel supply

Water

Pump

Superheated steam

Wet steam

Heat rejection

Combustion

Drax coal-fired power station

Largest in the UK, rated at

3.6 GW electrical output.