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2016

PreliminaryExam

Biology

GeneralInstructions

• Readingtime–5minutes• Workingtime–2hours• Writeusingblackorbluepen• Drawdiagramsusingpencil• Board-approvedcalculatorsmay

beused

• Writeyournameatthetopofpages1and17TotalMarks–65

PartA–13marks

• Allowabout25minutesforthispart

PartB–52marks

• Allowabout1hourand35minutesforthispart

Name: ___________________

Class: ___________________

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PartA–13marksAttemptallquestions1–13Allowabout25minutesforthispart

Usethemultiple-choiceanswersheetforquestions1–13.

1. Coralpolypsoftencontainalgaelivingwithintheirtissues,whichcontributetotheirspectacularcolours.Thealgaedonotsurviveoutsidethepolypandthecoralgrowsmoreslowlyifthealgaearenotpresent.Thisassociationcouldbebestdescribedas:

(A) Competition(B) Commensalism(C) Allelopathy(D) Mutualism

2. Inanareaofanecosystem,abiologistestimatedthefollowingbiomasses(VtoZrepresentdifferentspeciesintheecosystem):

Species Biomass(kg)V 500W 600X 5000Y 50Z 5

Apossiblefoodchaininthisecosystemis

(A) VàWàXàY(B) ZàYàVàX(C) ZàYàXàW(D) XàVàYàZ

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3. Thefollowinggraphshowsthechangesinpopulationnumbersforapreyspeciesand4otherspecies.Whichone(A,B,CorD)ismostlikelytobethepredator?

(A) A(B) B(C) C(D) D

4. Whattypeofcellisshownbelow?

(A) Animalcellbecauseallanimalcellshaveanucleus(B) Animalcellbecauseonlyanimalcellshaveacellmembrane(C) Plantcellbecauseallplantcellshaveavacuole(D) Plantcellbecauseanimalcellsdonotcontainchloroplasts

nucleus

mitochondrion

vacuole

chloroplast

cellmembrane

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5. Astudentobservesaslideofplantcellswithalightmicroscopeusinga10Xeyepieceand10Xobjectivelens.Atthismagnificationwhichofthefollowingdetailscouldbedistinguished?

(A) nucleus,cellwall,mitochondria(B) cellwall,mitochondria,ribosomes(C) nucleus,cytoplasm,ribosomes(D) nucleus,cytoplasm,cellwall

6. Whichpairofthefollowingorganicmoleculescanbeformedfromtheelementscarbon,hydrogen,andoxygenonly?

(A) Proteinsandcarbohydrates(B) Proteinsandlipids(C) Lipidsandnucleicacids(D) Carbohydrates,andlipids

7. WhatprobablyproducedthefirstoxygenintheEarth’satmosphere?

(A) Sulphurbacteria(B) Eucaryoticalgae(C) Cyanobacteria(D) Ironbacteria

8. Whichscientistproposedthatorganicmoleculesoriginatedfromspace?

(A) A.I.Oparin(B) StanleyMiller(C) SvanteArrhenius(D) J.B.S.Haldane

9. Whatarethetaxonomiclevelsusedtoclassifyorganisms,fromleastspecifictomostspecific?

(A) Phylum,family,genus,species,order,class(B) Kingdom,phylum,class,order,family,genus,species(C) Genus,order,class,phylum,species,family,kingdom(D) Species,genus,family,order,class,phylum,kingdom

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10. Theratitesareagroupoflarge,flightlessbirdswithaninterestingSouthernHemispheredistribution.Biochemicalstudiesshowthemtobecloselyrelated.

OstrichesarefoundinAfrica,EmusandCassowariesinAustralia,Moas(nowextinct)andKiwisinNewZealandandRheasinSouthAmerica.

Whichoneofthefollowingisthebestexplanationforthisdistribution?

(A) Theirancestorscouldfly,allowingthemtospreadrightaroundtheSouthernHemisphere.Intheabsenceofpredatorseachspecieslostthepowerofflight.

(B) Smallpopulationsoftheancestralspeciesweresweptacrosstheseaonraftsofvegetation.Afterarrival,eachpopulationevolvedtosuititsnewenvironment.

(C) AnancestralratitewaswidelydistributedacrossGondwana.WhenGondwanabrokeup,populationsofthisancestorevolvedintothepresentdayratites.

(D) Thedifferentratitespecieseachevolvedseparatelyfromdifferentflyingancestors,tosuitthesametypeofenvironment.

11. Selecttherowfromthetablebelowwhichbestcomparestheproductsofmitosisandmeiosis.

Daughtercellsproducedbymitosis

Daughtercellsproducedbymeiosis

Chromosomenumber

Geneticcomposition

Chromosomenumber

Geneticcomposition

(A) Sameasparent Sameaseachother

Halfthatofparent

Differenttoeachother

(B) Halfthatofparent

Differenttoeachother

Sameasparent

Sameaseachother

(C) Halfthatofparent

Sameaseachother

Sameasparent

Differenttoeachother

(D) Sameasparent Differenttoeachother

Halfthatofparent

Sameaseachother

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12. In1994,theAustralianecologistandwriterTimFlannerywroteabookcalled‘TheFutureEaters’,inwhichhelookedathowhumanshavealteredtheenvironmentsofthecountriesinthispartoftheworld.

Insummaryofonepartofhisbookhewrote:

Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsbestexplainstheimportancetomodernsocietyofstudyingpastenvironmentsandthechangeswhichoccurredinthem?

(A) Ithelpsusclassifyspecieswhicharenowextinct.(B) Ithelpsustodesignnationalparksmoreeffectively.(C) Ithelpstoidentifyspecieswhichmostneedprotecting.(D) Ithelpsustobetterpredicttheimpactofhumanactivitiesinpresentenvironments.

13. Mostaquaticorganismsreleasetheirgametesintothewaterwheretheyarefertilisedexternallytothebodyofthemother.

Theyoungthennormallydevelopexternallyaswellandreceivemuchlessparentalcarethantheyoungofmostterrestrialorganisms.

Whatistheadvantageofexternaloverinternalfertilisation?

(A) Itisasexual.(B) Morefertilisedeggscanbeproduced.(C) Thefertilisedeggsstandabetterindividualchanceofsurvival.(D) Thereisachancethattheeggswillbefertilisedbyadifferentspecies.

In New Zealand it took less than 1000 years for the Maoris to complete a full cycle of future eating. The primeval forests were home to many unique creatures which they devoured to extinction, including the giant 3 metre high flightless bird, the moa. They rapidly depleted the marine life until they no longer had enough to eat. The result was war - war over resources, followed by conservation measures to preserve food sources, some of which continue to this day.

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PartB–52marksAttemptallquestions14–27Allowabout1hourand35minutesforthispart

Answerthequestionsinthespaceprovided.Thesespacesprovideguidancefortheexpectedlengthofresponse.

Question14 (3marks)

(a) Defineabundanceasitrelatestoanecosystem.Provideoneexampleofamethodtodetermineabundance. 2

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(b) Whyistheimplementationofthesetechniquesnecessary? 1

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Question15 (2marks)

(a) Writeoutthegeneralequationforcellularrespiration. 1

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(b) Respirationandphotosynthesisareimportantbiologicalreactions.

Whichofthesereactionsoccursinplants? 1

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Question16 (3marks)

Constructasimpletableandfillitintocomparetheterrestrialandaquaticenvironmentswithrespecttotwodifferentabioticfactors. 3

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Question17 (5marks)

“Innature,allelopathyisamethodofbeatingyourcompetition”.

Discussthisstatementusingspecificdetailedexamples. 5

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Question18 (4marks)

Thediagramsbelowillustratetheclosedcirculatorysystemofafishandtheopencirculatorysystemofalobster.

Fish lobster

Drawatabletocomparetheclosedcirculatorysystemofafishtotheopencirculatorysystemofalobster. 4

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Question19 (4marks)

Completethefollowingtabletodescribewhatishappeningateachstageofmitosis. 4

StageofMitosis Diagramofthestage Whatishappening

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Question20 (5Marks)

DuringthecourseyoudesignedanexperimenttodemonstratetheneedforchlorophyllORlightinphotosynthesis.

(a) Writeavalidprocedureforyourexperiment. 4

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(b) Howwouldyouassessthereliabilityofyourexperimentaldesign? 1

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Question21 (2marks)

Describethedifficultieswithclassifyingextinctorganisms. 2

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Question22 (4marks)

UreyandMillerhavebeenassociatedwithonetheoryfortheoriginofthechemicalsoflife.

(a) OutlineUreyandMiller’stheory. 2

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(b) Describeonepieceofevidencethatsupportsthistheory. 2

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Question23 (3marks)

Describehowtechnologyhascontributedtoourunderstandingoftheearlyevolutionofcellsonearth.Giveanexampletoassistyouranswer. 3

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Question24 (4marks)

Explainthesignificanceofthechangefromananoxictoanoxicatmosphereontheevolutionoflivingthings. 4

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Question25 (3marks)

Completethetablebelowtodistinguishbetweentheprocessesofmitosisandmeiosis. 3

Mitosis MeiosisSiteofprocessinthemammalianbody

Similarityofdaughtercellstoeachother

Similarityofdaughtercellstoparentcell

Question26 (3marks)

Completethetablebelowtocomparethefeaturesofwindandinsectpollinatedflowers. 3

Insectpollinatedflowers

Windpollinatedflowers

Positionofstamensandstigma

Characteristicsofpetals

Possessionofnectarglands

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Question27 (7marks)

FossilisedpollenfoundinVictoriaindicatesthattheenvironmenthaschangedfromrainforesttograssland,andthentosclerophyllforest.

Discusscurrenttheoriesthataccountforthesechanges. 7

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EndofExam

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17

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Correct

Name: ____________________

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MarkingGuidelines

1. D 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. D 7. C 8. C 9. B 10.C 11.A 12.D 13.B

14a • DefinesabundanceANDprovidesONEexampleofamethodtodetermineabundance 2• DefinesabundanceORprovidesONEexampleofamethodtodetermineabundance 1

Abundancereferstohowmanyindividualsareinthepopulationofaspeciesintheecosystem.E.g.

capture-recaptureorquadrats

14b • Identifies ONE reason why implementation of the technique is necessary. 1Inmostcasesitwouldbeimpracticaltotrytocount/locatealltheindividualswithinapopulationinanecosystem.

15a • Provides the general equation for cellular respiration. 1glucose+oxygenàcarbondioxide+water+energy

15b • Identifies that plants and animals respire AND identifies that plants photosynthesise

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Respirationandphotosynthesis

16 • Tableconstructedwithcorrectheadings• TWOabioticfactorsidentified• CorrectcomparisonofTWOabioticfactorsinbothenvironments

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• Tableconstructedwithcorrectheadings• Oneabioticfactoridentified• CorrectcomparisonofONEabioticfactorinbothenvironments

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• Anytruestatementaboutthedifferencesofanabioticfactorinterrestrialandaquaticenvironments

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Abioticfactor Terrestrialenvironment Aquaticenvironment

Viscosity Low High

Buoyancy Low High

Temperaturevariation High Low

Lightavailability Good Decreaseswithdepth

17 • Definesallelopathy• DescribesTWOexamplesofallelopathy• Describesbenefitofallelopathytoorganism• Providesanargumentfororagainstthestatement

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• Definesallelopathy• OutlinesTWOexamplesofallelopathy• Providesanargumentfororagainstthestatement

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• Describesallelopathy• OutlinesONEexampleofallelopathy• Providesanargumentfororagainstthestatement

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• Describesallelopathy• IdentifiesONEexample

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• Anytruestatementaboutallelopathy 1“Allelopathy”iswhenonespeciesproducesachemicalortoxintoinhibitthegrowthanddevelopmentofotherspecies.Allelopathyisamethodofdealingwithcompetitors,suchasthelantanaplantproducingtoxinsinitsroots,whichinhibitsotherplantspecies.Thisallowslantanatoout-competeotherplantsandgainmoresoilmineralsandlight.

(Note:thisiswhylantanaissuchanoxiousweed...it’sagreatcompetitorwhenintroducedtoanewenvironmentwithoutitsnaturaldiseasesandenemies.)

Open(Lobster)

• Bloodflowsthroughopenspacescalledlacunae.• Bloodflowsataveryslowvelocity• BodycavityisfilledwithHaemocoel• Internalorgansarebathedwithblood• Bloodflowcannotberegulated• Bloodtakeslongtimetocomplete.

Closed(Fish)

• Bloodflowsthroughvessels• Bloodflowsataveryhighvelocity• Haemocoelisabsent• Bloodtakesshorttimetocomplete• Supplyandeliminationofmaterialsareveryrapid• Bloodflowcanberegulated.

18 • Tabledrawn,comparing3differenceseachbetweenclosedcirculatoryandopencirculatorysystem

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• Tabledrawn,2differenceseachbetweenclosedandopencirculatorysystem 3• Tabledrawn,1differenceseachbetweenopenandclosedcirculatory 2• NotablebuteitherOpenorClosedhighlighted. 1

19 • All3stagenames• All3descriptionwritten

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• Any2stagenames• Any2descriptionwritten

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• Any2stagenames• Any1stagedescriptionwritten

2

• EitherdescriptionwrittenOR1stagenamewritten. 1

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STAGE WHATISHAPPENING• METAPHASE Thechromatidsarearrangedinthe

equatorialplatereadyforseparation• PROPHASE StartoftheCelldivisionthecentriolesmove

tooppositesides,thechromosomeschangedtochromatids.

• ANAPHASE Thespindlefibresareattractingthechromatidsandpullingtowardstheirsides,Chromatidsarebentinshape.

Select2identicalpotplantsofsameheightandshape.Leaveonepotplantintheshadeandleavetheotherplantinsunlight.Leavethissetupforaweekandgiveboththeplantssameamountofwater.Attheendofaweekselect2leavesfromeachplantandtestforthepresenceofstarch.

Aftertestingboththeleavesrecordthepresenceofstarchusingnumberofstarsmethod.Theblueblackcolourindicatesthepresenceofstarch.Usingthistechniqueprovesthatplantleavestestedundertheshadewillhavelessstarchtoproduce.Whereastheplantunderthesunlightwillhaveexcellentstarchproductionduetophotosynthesisontheleaf.

Repeatthesameexperiment3-5timesandrecordthefindings.Includeallthe3variablesthathavebeenusedsuchascontrol,independentanddependentvariableswithexamples.Usethedatafromthetabletoplottheappropriategraphandcommentontheresults.

Byrepeatingtheexperiment3-5timesforreliableresults.

21 • Characterises TWO difficulties of classifying extinct organisms 2• Characterises ONE difficulty of classifying extinct organisms 1

Thefossilmaynotshowenoughoftheorganism’sbodypartsordetailstoenableaccurateclassification.Maynotbeabletocomparethefossilwithcurrentdayorganisms.Maynotbeabletodeterminewhatstageoflifeofanorganismisrepresentedbythefossil.

20a • Writesavalidprocedurewhichdemonstratesaclearunderstandingofsamplesize,collectionofappropriatedata,variableskeptconstantandacontrolinthecontextoftheaimoftheexperiment.

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• Demonstratesaclearunderstandingofcollectionofsomedata,avariablekeptconstantandacontrolinthecontextoftheexperiment.

• IdentifiesvariableskeptconstantORappropriatesamplesize.3

• Providessomeappropriatefeaturesofacontrolledexperimentrelevanttotheaim. 2• Providesafeatureofacontrolledexperimentrelevanttotheaim. 1

20b • Assessthereliabilityofyourexperimentaldesign. 1

22a • Indicates that organic molecules are needed for forming cells • Organic molecules are formed from chemicals that composed the earth’s early

atmosphere

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• Indicates that organic molecules are needed for forming cells OR • Organic molecules are formed from chemicals that composed the earth’s early

atmosphere

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Theorganicmoleculesneededforformingcellswereformedfromthechemicalsthatcomposedtheearth’searlyatmosphere.

22b • Describes ONE piece of evidence • How this piece of evidence supports the theory

2

• Describes ONE piece of evidence OR • How this piece of evidence supports the theory

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Theysubjectedamixtureofgases(CH4,NH3,H2andH2O)thatweresupposedtorepresenttheprimordial(early)earthatmospheretoelectricaldischarges,whichrepresentedthelightningoftheearlyearth’satmosphere.Thechemicalsformedweresimilartoaminoacids.

23 • Technology stated • Gives an example • Relate how the technology has contributed to our understanding of the early

evolution of cells.

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• TWO of the above 2• ONE of the above 1

Radiometricdatingofrockshasenabledscientiststoaccuratelydatetheageofrocksandtheirmicrofossils.E.g.,themicrofossilofbacteriafoundinthechertofWAwasfoundtobeapproximately3,465millionyearsold.Or:electronmicroscopyhasenabledidentificationofearlyfossilssuchasthebacteriafoundinchert.Or:useofchromatographyandmassspectrometerstoidentifythetypeofchemicalsinmeteoritessuchastheMurchisonmeteorite.

24 • Correctly identifies the change from anoxic to oxic is the result of the evolution of microorganisms such as cyanobacteria

• The evolution of oxygen dependent microbes that used oxygen in respiration • The formation of ozone which absorbs harmful UV light • Enabling organisms to survive on land and water OR • Recognises oxic means oxygen containing.

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• THREE of the above 3• TWO of the above 2• ONE of the above 1

Thechangefromananoxicatmospheretoanoxicatmosphere,anatmospherethatcontainsapproximately21%oxygen,wasthoughttobearesultoftheevolutionofmicroorganismsthatphotosynthesisedsuchasthecyanobacteria(approx.3000mya).Thisallowedtheoxygen-dependentmicrobestoevolve,usingoxygeninenergy-releasingrespiration.Eventually,theoxygenmoleculesintheupperatmosphereformedozone,whichabsorbsmuchoftheUVlightthatisharmfultoorganisms.Thisenabledorganismstosurviveonlandandwater.

25 • Two processes each contrasted for THREE criteria. 3• Two processes each contrasted for TWO criteria. 2• Two processes each contrasted for ONE criterion. 1

Mitosis MeiosisSiteofprocessinthemammalianbody

skin Ovaries/testes

Similarityofdaughtercellstoeach Geneticallyidentical Geneticallydifferent

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otherSimilarityofdaughtercellstoparentcell

Geneticallyidentical Geneticallydifferent

26 • Correct comparison made for THREE criteria 3• Correct comparison made for TWO criteria 2• Correct comparison made for ONE criterion 1

27 • Describes TWO theories • Describe changes in Victorian ecosystem • Account for an environmental change using each theory

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• Describes ONE theory • Relates theory to Victorian ecosystem • Account for an environmental change using theory

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• Outlines a theory that relates to Victorian ecosystem • Describes a change to Victorian ecosystem

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• Identifies a change in Victorian ecosystem • Identifies a theory that accounts for changing ecosystems

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• Any true statement about fossils or Australian ecosystems 1

AustraliahasmovednorthovertimeasaresultofContinentalDrift.Asaresult,itsclimateisnowhotteranddrierthanitwaswhenitwasapartofGondwana.AsAustraliamovedawayfromAntarctica,drywindsfromthesouthreplacedmoistwindsfromthenorth,whichhasresultedinreducedrainfall.Asaresult,Victoriareceivedlessrainfall.Theflorafromtherainforestthatrequiresthehighrainfallcouldnolongersurvive,butspeciesthatweresuitedtothedrierconditionssurvived.

Naturalselectiondescribeshowspeciessuitedtotheenvironmentthrive.Astheenvironmentchanges,theprevalentspeciescanalsochange.WhenAustralia’sindigenouspeoplecametoAustralia,theypractisedfirestickfarming.Thischangeintheecosystemselectedspeciesthatwere

Insectpollinatedflowers

Windpollinatedflowers

Positionofstamensandstigma

Withinflower Outsideflower

Characteristicsofpetals

Largeandcolourful

Smallanddrab

Possessionofnectarglands

Yes

No

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moreadaptedtoregularbushfires.Thesespeciesincludethebanksiawhichdispersesseedsafterfireandeucalyptswhichgrowepicormicshootsafterfire.