Apr 18, 2023

Sudden Python

Drinking from the Fire Hose

Get Python (and IDLE)

We will be using Python 2 (version 2.7.3), not Python 3 Get it from www.python.org

The download includes an Integrated Development Environment (IDE), named “IDLE”

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Running IDLE

IDLE opens a window in which you can enter and run Python commands This window is called a REPL (Read-Eval-

Print-Loop) Choose File -> New Window to

open a window in which you can type entire programs To execute the program, hit the F5 key

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Commands and data

A program consists of commands (more commonly called “statements”) that manipulate data

Here are the four most common kinds of data: Integers (whole numbers), such as 5, 17, or -300 “Floating point” numbers, such as 3.1416 “Strings” are character sequences enclosed in either single

quotes or double quotes, such as "Madam, I'm Adam" and '"Too soon," she said.'

Straight quotes only (" and '), not curly quotes ( “” ‘’) “Boolean” (logical) values—there are only two of these, True and False

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Program components

Programs can read in data Programs can write results In between reading and writing, programs can

compute, that is, do arithmetic (or logic) test, that is, decide what to do next loop, that is, do the same actions a number of times delegate, that is, ask other parts of the program to

perform some task Also, programs can ignore comments

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Doing simple arithmetic

Here are the arithmetic operators: + performs addition - performs subtraction * performs multiplication / performs division

When dividing two integers, the result is an integer: 14 / 5 is 2 % performs modulus (remainder of division): 14 % 5 is 4 ** performs exponentiation

The result of doing arithmetic is often assigned to a variable: sum = 10 + 22 + 13 + 44 + 72

Variables can be used in arithmetic: average = sum / 5

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Reading in data

Here’s how to ask the user to enter a string: name = raw_input("What is your name? ") Whatever the user types in, up to a press of the Enter key, is a

string that is assigned to the variable name Here’s how to ask the user to enter a number:

age = input("What is your age? ") Whatever the user types in, up to a press of the Enter key, is

converted to a number and assigned to the variable age

input and raw_input are functions (or methods) For now, we will treat “function” and “method” as synonyms

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Printing results

To print results, use the print statement print "Two plus two is four"

You can print multiple things separated by commas print 2, "plus", 2, "is", 2 + 2

Each print statement writes a “newline” at the end (so that the next print statement goes to a new line)

You can omit the newline by ending with a comma: print 2, "plus", 2,print "is", 2 + 2

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Comments

A comment is a note to any human looking at the program; comments are ignored by the computer.

A comment begins with # and extends to the end of the line Good uses of comments:

At the beginning of a program, to tell what the program does When using someone else’s code, to say where you got it from To explain any code that’s hard to understand

Bad uses of comments: To explain something that’s obvious anyway To explain code that’s hard to understand, but could be made simpler To add irrelevant comments, like # Go Eagles! When you should instead use a doc string (described on a later slide)

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Layout

Every statement goes on a line by itself Put spaces around operators, including the assignment

operator (=) average = sum / 5

Put spaces after commas (but not before commas) print 2, "plus", 2, "is", 2 + 2

When using a function, do not put spaces on either side of the parentheses age = input("What is your age? ")

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Decisions and tests

Your program can decide what to do by making a test The result of a test is a boolean value, True or False Here are tests on numbers:

< means “is less than” <= means “is less than or equal to” == means “is equal to” != means “is not equal to” >= means “is greater than or equal to” < means “is greater than”

These same tests work on strings All capital letters are “less than” all lowercase letters

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Compound tests

Boolean values can be combined with these operators: and – gives True if both sides are True or – gives True if at least one side is True not – given True, this returns False, and vice versa

Examples score > 0 and score <= 100 name == "Joe" and not score > 100

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The if statement

The if statement evaluates a test, and if it is True, performs the following indented statements; but if the test is False, it does nothing

Examples: if grade == "A+": print "Congratulations!"

if score < 0 or score > 100: print "That’s not possible!" score = input("Enter a correct value: ")

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if with else

The if statement can have an optional else part, to be performed if the test result is False

Example: if grade == "A+": print "Congratulations!"else: print "You could do so much better." print "Your mother will be disappointed."

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if with elif

The if statement can have any number of elif tests Only one group of statements is executed—those

controlled by the first test that passes Example:

if grade == "A": print "Congratulations!"elif grade == "B": print "That's pretty good."elif grade == "C": print "Well, it's passing, anyway."else: print "You really blew it this time!"

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Indentation

Indentation is required and must be consistent Standard indentation is 4 spaces or one tab IDLE does this pretty much automatically for you Example:

if 2 + 2 != 4: print "Oh, no!" print "Arithmethic doesn't work!" print "Time to buy a new computer."

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Lists and ranges

A list is a sequence of values enclosed in brackets Example: courses = ['CIT 591', 'CIT 592', 'CIT 593']

You can refer to an individual value by putting a bracketed number (starting from 0) after the list

Example: courses[2] is 'CIT 593' The len function tells you how many things are in a list

Example: len(courses) is 3 range is a function that creates a list of integers, from the first

number up to but not including the second number Example: range(0, 5) creates the list [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

If you give range a third number, it is used as the step size Example: range(2, 10, 3) creates the list [2, 5, 8]

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The for loop

A for loop performs the same statements for each value in a list Example:for n in range(1, 4): print "This is the number", nprintsThis is the number 1This is the number 2This is the number 3

The for loop uses a variable (in this case, n) to hold the current value in the list

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The while loop

A while loop performs the same statements over and over until some test becomes False

Example:n = 3while n > 0: print n, "is a nice number." n = n – 1prints3 is a nice number.2 is a nice number.1 is a nice number.

If the test is initially False, the while loop doesn't do anything. If the test never becomes False, you have an "infinite loop."

This is usually bad.

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Calling a function

A function is a section of code that either (1) does some input or output, or (2) computes some value.

A function can do both, but it's bad style. Good style is functions that are short and do only one thing Most functions take one or more arguments, to help tell them what to do

Here's a function that does some input: age = input("How old are you? ")The argument, "How old are you?", is shown to the user

Here's a function that computes a value (a list): odds = range(1, 100, 2)The arguments are used to tell what to put into the list

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Defining a function

1. def sum(numbers):2. """Finds the sum of the numbers in a list."""3. total = 04. for number in numbers:5. total = total + number6. return total

1. def defines a functionnumbers is a parameter: a variable used to hold an argument

2. This doc string tells what the function does

6. A function that computes a value must return itsum(range(1, 101)) will return 5050

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Summary

Arithmetic: + - * / % < <= == != >= > Logic (boolean): True False and or not Strings: "Double quoted" or 'Single quoted' Lists: [1, 2, 3, 4] len(lst) range(0, 100, 5) Input: input(question) raw_input(question) Decide: if test: elif test: else: For loop: for variable in list: While loop: while test: Calling a function: sum(numbers) Defining a function: def sum(numbers): return result

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Advice to beginners

Programming is hard! The individual building blocks are all pretty simple, but they go together in

complex patterns

You will make many mistakes, and they will (almost) all be stupid mistakes

That doesn’t mean you are stupid! Experts make just as many stupid mistakes, but they are more experienced at

finding and correcting them Therefore: Don’t be shy about letting other people see your mistakes

In a few weeks you will find that it suddenly all starts to make sense, and you'll wonder what the problem was

Don’t panic! There’s lots of help available

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Advice to non-beginners

A lot is known about how to program well You probably have a lot of bad habits to unlearn The following are important habits to learn:

Thorough testing is essential; anything less is amateurish Concentrate on clarity (not efficiency) at all times If code is hard to understand, simplify it

Use comments to explain code you aren’t able to simplify

Remember that the best way to learn something is to teach it

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The End

“Programming is an art form that fights back.” -- Anonymous

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