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16 - ADOLESCENCE: PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTAges 11 to 18
IDENTITY
Erikson Identity vs. role confusion
“Who am I”
IDENTITY NOT YET ACHIEVED
Role confusion (Identity diffusion) Don’t know, don’t care Few commitments to goals or values Apathy
Foreclosure Premature identity formation Adopting parents’ or society’s roles and values
rather than exploring their own Moratorium
Postponing identity achievement decisions College may be one way
FOUR AREAS OF IDENTITY FORMATION
Religious identity Often similar to parents
Political identity
– Often similar to parents Vocational identity
Sometimes similar to parents Adults often change vocations
Sexual (Gender) identity Accepting socially approved roles and behavior
of their gender Gender identity disorder
Does not identify with their biological sex
RELATIONSHIPS WITH ADULTS
Conflicts with parents Peaks in early adolescence More a sign of attachment rather than distance
Distant relationships ignore the other
Neglect Can be destructive for teenagers
(Even though they want to feel independent)
CLOSENESS WITHIN THE FAMILY
Four aspects of closeness Communication
Can both talk openly? Support
Do they rely on each other? Connectedness
Emotional closeness Control
How do parents exercise control? Encourage or limit adolescent autonomy
CLOSENESS WITHIN THE FAMILY (CONT.) Parental monitoring
Monitoring of peers, friends, websites Positive – When warm, supportive Negative - When overly restrictive and
controlling
PEER POWER (PRESSURE)
SELECTING FRIENDS
Selection Choosing friends with common values and
interests E.g. Academics, music, athletics
Facilitation Friends encourage behavior similar to the peer
group Positive
Studying together, church, sports Destructive
Skipping school, drinking, drugs
LEARNING ABOUT SEX
Peers Strongly influence sexual behavior Only half U.S. adolescents discuss pregnancy or
STD’s before being sexually active Parents
Underestimate need for information Wait too long before talking about sex
School Preferred by most parents Sex education varies dramatically by nation Abstinence-only programs
No significant impact on sexual activity Does education change behavior?
Depends more on family, peers, and culture than classes
SADNESS AND ANGER
SUICIDE
Suicidal ideas (Ideation) Ideas are common – completed suicides are not Adolescents are less likely to kill themselves than
adults are Gender differences
More girls attempt suicide than boys Boys are 4 times as successful Methods
Males shoot themselves Females use pills and hanging
DRUG USE AND ABUSE
Age Widespread ages 10-25 then decreases Drug use before 18 = best predictor of later drug
use 20% of adolescents never use drugs
Gender Boys use more drugs more often than girls
“If I don’t smoke, I am not a man.”
HARM FROM DRUGS
TOBACCO
Slows down growth Damages heart, lungs, brains, and
reproductive systems
ALCOHOL
Heavy drinking may permanently impair memory Damaged hippocampus
May impair self control Damaged prefrontal cortex
Denial of problems Problems get worse
MARIJUANA
People who regularly smoke marijuana are more likely to: Drop out of school Become teenage parents Be unemployed
Affects: Memory Language Motivation
PREVENTING DRUG ABUSE
Focus on friends and peers First use is social
Delay first use Younger when starting = more likely addiction
Massive ad campaigns E.g. Smoking Generational forgetting
Each generation forgets what previous generations learned
Drug users tend to be more emotional & less reflective Interference with prefrontal cortex
SCARE TACTICS
May increase drug use Drugs seem exciting Adolescents recognize exaggeration Show a way to show defiance