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8/3/2019 16 17 PM Developing a Project Plan
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ROJECT MANAGEMENT
r. Jamil Ahmed 1
DEVELOPING A PROJECT PLAN
Dr. Jamil Ahmed
Department of Communication and Management SciencesPAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES
I had six honest serving men who
taught me all I know; their names were
what andhowandwhyandwhen and
where andwho.
Dr. Jamil Ahmed
DEVELOPING A PROJECT PLAN
3
OVERVIEW
Developing the Project Network
From Work Package to Network
Constructing a Project Network
Activity-on-Node (AON) Fundamentals
Network Computation Process
Using the Forward and Backward Pass Info
Level of Detail for Activities
Extended Network Techniques
Summary
Dr. Jamil Ahmed
DEVELOPING A PROJECT PLAN
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DEVELOPING THE PROJECT NETWORK
The Project Network
A tool used for planning, scheduling, andmonitoring project progress
A graphic flow chart of the project job plan
Depicts:
The project activities The logical sequences
The interdependencies
Start and finish times of activities
The critical path
Dr. Jamil Ahmed
DEVELOPING A PROJECT PLAN
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DEVELOPING THE PROJECT NETWORK
The Project Network Provides the basis for scheduling labor and equipment
Enhances communication among project participants
Provides an estimate of the projects duration
Provides a basis for budgeting cash flow
Highlights activities that are critical and cannot be
delayed
Help managers get and stay on plan
Dr. Jamil Ahmed
DEVELOPING A PROJECT PLAN
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FROM WORK PACKAGE TO NETWORK
FIGURE 6.1
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Dr. Jamil Ahmed
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FROM WORK PACKAGE TO NETWORK
FIGURE 6.1
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CONSTRUCTING A PROJECT NETWORK
Terminology
Activity: an element of theproject that requires time
Merge Activity: an activity thathas two or more precedingactivities on which it depends
Parallel (Concurrent) Activities:Activities that can occurindependently and, if desired,not at the same time
A
C
B D
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CONSTRUCTING A PROJECT NETWORK
Terminology
Path: a sequence of connected,dependent activities
Critical path: the longest paththrough the activity network that
allows for the completion of all
project-related activities; theshortest expected time in which
the entire project can becompleted. Delays on the criticalpath will delay completion of the
entire project
C
A B D
(Assumes that minimum of A + B >minimum of C in length of times to
complete activities.)
Dr. Jamil Ahmed
DEVELOPING A PROJECT PLAN
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CONSTRUCTING A PROJECT NETWORK
Terminology
Event: a point in time when anactivity is started or completed.
It does not consume time
Burst Activity: an activity thathas more than one activity
immediately following it (more
than one dependency arrow
flowing from it)
B
D
A C
Dr. Jamil Ahmed
DEVELOPING A PROJECT PLAN
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CONSTRUCTING A PROJECT NETWORK
Two Approaches
Activity-on-Node (AON)
Uses a node to depict an activity
Activity-on-Arrow (AOA)
Uses an arrow to depict an activity
Dr. Jamil Ahmed
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BASIC RULESFor Developing Project Networks
Networks typically flow from left to right
An activity cannot begin until all of its preceding
activities are complete
Arrows indicate precedence and flow and can cross
over each other
Identify each activity with a unique number; this
number must be greater than its predecessors
Looping is not allowed
Conditional statements are not allowed
Use common start and stop nodes
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ACTIVITY-ON-NODE FUNDAMENTALS
A B C
Y
Z
X
A is preceded by nothing
B is preceded by A
C is preceded by B
Y and Z are preceded by X
Y and Z can begin at the same time, ifyou wish
Dr. Jamil Ahmed
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ACTIVITY-ON-NODE FUNDAMENTALS
J
L
M
All (J, K, L) must be completed beforeM can begin
K
J, K, & L can all begin at the sametime, if you wish (they need not occursimultaneously)
but
X Z Z is preceded by X and Y
Y AA AA is preceded by X and Y
Dr. Jamil Ahmed
DEVELOPING A PROJECT PLAN
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NETWORK INFORMATION
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NETWORK INFORMATION
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NETWORK COMPUTATION PROCESS
Forward PassEarliest Times
How soon can the activity start? (early startES)
How soon can the activity finish? (early finishEF)
How soon can the project finish? (expected timeET)
Backward PassLatest Times
How late can the activity start? (late startLS)
How late can the activity finish? (late finishLF)
Which activities represent the critical path?
How long can it be delayed? (slack or floatSL)
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DEVELOPING A PROJECT PLAN
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NETWORK INFORMATION
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FORWARD PASS COMPUTATION
Add activity times along each path in the
network (ES + Duration = EF).
Carry the early finish (EF) to the next
activity where it becomes its early start
(ES) unless
The next succeeding activity is a merge
activity, in which case the largest EF of all
preceding activities is selected.
Dr. Jamil Ahmed
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BACKWARD PASS COMPUTATION
Subtract activity times along each path in
the network (LF - Duration = LS).
Carry the late start (LS) to the next activity
where it becomes its late finish (LF) unless
The next succeeding activity is a burst
activity, in which case the smallest LS of all
preceding activities is selected.
Dr. Jamil Ahmed
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DETERMINING SLACK (or FLOAT)
Total slack
The amount of time an activity can be delayedwithout delaying the entire project
Free Slack (or Float)
The amount of time an activity can be delayed
after the start of a longer parallel activity oractivities
The critical path is the network path(s) that
has (have) the least slack in common
Dr. Jamil Ahmed
DEVELOPING A PROJECT PLAN
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ACTIVITY-ON-NODE NETWORK
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ACTIVITY-ON-NODE NETWORK
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ACTIVITY-ON-NODE NETWORK
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DEVELOPING A PROJECT PLAN
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ACTIVITY-ON-NODE NETWORK
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PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Network Logic Errors
Activity Numbering
Use of Computers to Develop Networks
Calendar Dates
Multiple Starts and Multiple Projects
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PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
A B
C
Illogical Loop
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EXTENDED NETWORK TECHNIQUES
LadderingActivities are broken into segments so the
following activity can begin sooner and notdelay the work
LagsThe minimum amount of time a dependent
activity must be delayed to begin or end Lengthy activities are broken down to reduce the delay
in the start of successor activities
Lags can be used to constrain finish-to-start, start-to-start, finish-to-finish, start-to-finish, or combinationrelationships
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LADDERING
Trench
1/3
Trench
1/3
Trench
1/3
Lay Pipe
1/3
Lay Pipe1/3
Lay Pipe1/3
Refill
1/3
Refill1/3
Refill1/3
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LAG: Finish-to-Start
Pour cementRemove
scaffolding
Lag 2
Place OrderAssemble
unit
Lag 19
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Dr. Jamil Ahmed
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LAG: Start-to-Start
Activity
M
Activity N
Activity
P
Activity QLag 5
Trench
1 mile
Lay Pipe
1 mile
Refill
1 mile
Lag 3
Lag 3
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LAG: Finish-to-Finish
Prototype
Testing
Lag 4
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LAG: Start-to-Finish
Testing
Document-
ationLag 3
Dr. Jamil Ahmed
DEVELOPING A PROJECT PLAN
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LAG: Combination
Code
DebugLag 2
Lag 4
Dr. Jamil Ahmed
DEVELOPING A PROJECT PLAN
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NETWORK USING LAGS
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HAMMOCK ACTIVITIES
Hammock Activity
An activity that spans over a segment of aproject.
Duration of hammock activities is determinedafter the network plan is drawn.
Hammock activities are used to aggregatesections of the project to facilitate getting the
right amount of detail for specific sections of a
project.
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SUMMARY
Developing the Project Network
From Work Package to Network
Constructing a Project Network
Activity-on-Node (AON) Fundamentals
Network Computation Process
Using the Forward and Backward Pass Info
Level of Detail for Activities
Extended Network Techniques
Summary