- 1. The Jazz Ageor.TheROARING1920s
2. Life cover, July 1, 1926Cover of LifeMagazine,July 1, 1926 3.
Intro to Jazz Age 5:18 4. CONSUMERISM(electric)
appliancesautomobilesadvertising (image vs. utility)buying on
creditchain storesConsumerDebt,19201931General Electric ad (Picture
Research Consultants & Archives) 5. CONSUMERISM:Impact of
theAutomobileReplaced the railroad asthe key promoter ofeconomic
growth (steel,glass, rubber, gasoline, highways)Daily life:
commuting,shopping, traveling, courtingIncrease in sales:1913 - 1.2
million registered;1929 - 26.5 million registered(=almost one per
family)Passenger CarSales, 1920-1929Filling Station, Maryland in
1921 6. Automobiles &IndustrialExpansionHenry FordfordismFord
Highland Park assembly line, 1928(From the Collections of Henry
Ford Museum & Greenfield Village)1913: car=2 yrswages1929: 3
mos.wages1913: 14 hours to build a new car1928: New Ford off
assembly line every 10secondsTrying out the new assembly line
Detroit, 1913 Henry Ford (1835-1947) 7. Impact of the
Automobile:Trains and Automobiles, 1900-1980Jones, CreatedEqual 8.
Automobiles &ConsumerismCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All
rights reservedDodge advertisement photo,1933< Ford ad: Every
family -- with even the mostmodest income, can now afford a car of
their own."Every family should have their own car. . .You livebut
once and the years roll by quickly. Why wait fortomorrow for things
that you rightfully should enjoytoday?"(Library of Congress) 9.
July 4, Nantasket Beach, Massachusetts, early 1920s 10.
MASSCULTURE:RadioNew mass medium1920: Firstcommercial
radiostationBy 1930: over 800stations & 10million
radiosNetworks: NBC(1924), CBS (1927)The Spreadof Radio by 11.
Radio sets, partsand accessoriesbrought in $60million in 1922 $136
million in1923$852 million in1929Radio reached intoevery third home
inits first decade.Listening audience was 50,000,000 by 1925 12.
MASS CULTURE:MoviesMovie palacestalkies (1927)Will Hays(Billy Rose
Theatre Collection, The New York PublicLibrary)80 million tickets
sold perweek by 1930 (population: 100million) 13. Flappers
soughtindividual freedomKnown for theirshort bobbed hairOngoing
crusade forequal rightsMost women remainin the cult ofdomesticity
sphereDiscovery ofadolescence 14. ROLE OF WOMEN:Women and
Politics19th Amendment in1920-suffrageLeague of Women
VotersNational Womens Party(NWP)Alice Paul (founder)Margaret
Sanger- calledfor limiting number ofchildren per familyAlicePaul
15. CHANGES IN LITERATURE & ARTLiteratureLost Generation-
called this becausethey were disillusioned with Americansociety in
1920s and they criticizedmiddle-class materialism/conformityF.
Scott Fitzgerald- The Great GatsbySinclair Lewis-author who wrote
aboutabsurdities of small town lifeErnest Hemingway-famous
authorEugene ONeill-modern playwrightF. Scott & Zelda
Fitzgeraldon the Riviera, 1926 (Stock Montage) 16. America takes
FLIGHTGlenn Curtiss was anAmerican aviationpioneer and a founderof
the U.S. aircraftindustry.His company built aircraft forthe U.S.
Army and Navy, and,during the years leading up toWorld War I, his
experimentswith seaplanes led to advancesin naval aviation. 17.
First Solo-Flight acrossAtlanticCharles Lindbergh-became a symbolof
Americaningenuity andAmericas desirefor success 18. CHANGES IN
LITERATURE & ARTAfrican
AmericansHarlemRenaissance-AfricanAmerican culture inthe form
ofliterature,theatreand music thatoriginated fromHarlem New
YorkLangston Hughes-keywriter of HRLangstonHughes 19. Beginning of
the Jazz Agein New York CityAcceptance of AfricanAmerican
cultureAfrican American literatureand music 20. CHANGES IN
LITERATURE & ARTJazzThe Jazz AgeLouis ArmstrongDuke
EllingtonThe Cotton ClubLouis Armstrong & the Fate Marabelband,
1919LouisArmstrong 21. TIN PANALLEY A number ofmusic publishersset
up shop in thesame district ofManhattan. Tin Pan Alley wasoriented
towardsproducing songsthat amateursingers or smalltown bands
couldperform fromprinted music.These buildings andothers on West
28thStreet between SixthAvenue and Broadwayin Manhattan housed
thesheet-music publishersthat were the center ofAmerican
popularmusic in the early 20thCentury1910 22. Marcus
Garvey-Garveyism Marcus Garvey was aJamaican politicalleader,
publisher,journalist,entrepreneur, andorator who was astaunch
proponent ofthe Black nationalismand
Pan-AfricanismmovementsBack-to-Africamovement, whichpromoted the
return ofthe African diaspora totheir ancestral
lands.UNIA-Universal NegroImprovement Associationdedicated to
racial pride,economic self-sufficiency, and theformation of an
independent blacknation in AfricaMain influence was URBAN
BLACKpopulation 23. RELIGIOUSCOMPLICATIONScopes Trialmodernists
VS.fundamentalismAmerican Civil Liberties UnionClarence
DarrowWilliam Jennings Bryan 24. Moral_Question 4:07 25. Scopes
TrialA.K.A. Monkey TrialFundamentalismRejected ideas that implied
human moralbehavior came from society and nature, notGodRejected
Darwins theory of evolutionhumans developed from lower life
formsBelieved in creationismGod created world 26. 1925The first
conflict betweenreligion vs. science beingtaught in school was in
1925 inDayton, Tennessee. 27. John T. ScopesBiology teacher in
Dayton TN recruited toteach evolutionArrested for teaching
evolutionClarence DarrowScopes lawyerWilliam Jennings
BryanprosecutorScopes found guilty after 8 daysSentenced to $100
fineConviction later overturned on technicality 28. SOCIAL &
CULTURAL CONFLICTS:ProhibitionProhibitionThe noble
experimentSpeakeasiesAl CaponeAlphonse ScarfaceCaponeGovernment
agents breaking up an illegal bar during 29. Goal: was to reduce
crime and povertyand improve the quality of life by makingit
impossible for people to get their handson alcohol.This "Noble
Experiment" was a failure.Midnight, January 16th, 1920, US
wentdry.The 18th Amendment, known as theVolstead Act, prohibited
the manufacture,sale and possession of alcohol in
America.Prohibition lasted for thirteen years.So was born the
industry of bootlegging,speakeasies and Bathtub Gin. 30. People
drank more than ever duringProhibition, and there were more
deathsrelated to alcohol.No other law in America has been
violatedso flagrantly by so many "decent
law-abiding"people.Overnight, many became criminals.Mobsters
controlled liquor created abooming black market economy.Gangsters
owned speakeasies and by 1925there were over 100,000 speakeasies in
NewYork City alone. 31. Detroit policeinspecting equipmentfound in
a hiddenunderground breweryduring the prohibitionera.Al Capone
Elliot Ness, part ofAgent with the U.S.Treasury
Department'sProhibition Bureau duringa time when bootleggingwas
rampant throughoutthe nation.Chicago gangsterduring Prohibition
whocontrolled thebootlegging industry.the Untouchables 32.
Prohibition start around 2.50 33. SOCIAL & CULTURAL
CONFLICTS:Immigration, 1921-1960 34. Postwar_Intolerance 4:56 35.
ImmigrationEmergency Quota Act - 19213% of total number people in
ethnic group peryearBased on 1910 censusNational Origins Act -
19242% of each nationality living here in 18901929 limit total
immigrants to 150,000/yr withnationality allotment based on 1920
census 36. SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS:Xenophobia and Racial
UnrestNational OriginAct of 1924Number ofImmigrantsand Countriesof
Origin,1891-1920 and1921-1940Percentage of Population Foreign Born,
1850-1990 37. Red Scare, 1919 to 1921, was atime of great
upheavalU.S.scared out of their wits"."Reds as they were
called,"Anarchists or "OutsideForeign-Born RadicalAgitators
(Communists).Attorney GeneralMitchell PalmerAnti-red hysteria came
about after WWI and theRussian Revolution.6,000 immigrants the
government suspected ofbeing Communists were arrested (PalmerRaids)
and 600 were deported or expelled fromthe U.S.No due process was
followed 38. SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS:Xenophobia and Racial
UnrestCommunist International3rd International Goal (1919):promote
worldwide communismRed ScarePalmer Raids (1920)A. Mitchell Palmers
Home bombed, 1920Police arrestsuspectedReds inChicago,1920 39.
Sacco and Vanzetti Case2 shoe-factory workers were murdered
androbbed of company payrollNicola Sacco, a shoemaker, and
BartolomeoVanzetti, a fish peddlerItalian immigrants arrested on
flimsy evidence Anarchists and immigrantsFound guilty, sentenced to
death, executedanti-immigrant sentiments led Congress tochange
immigration laws 40. SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS:Xenophobia and
Racial UnrestSacco &VanzettiHAVE A CHAIR! from The DailyNicola
Sacco and BartolomeoVanzetti, 1921 41. SOCIAL & CULTURAL
CONFLICTS:Xenophobia and Racial UnrestBirth of a Nation - D.W.
Griffithnew Ku Klux KlanAmerican-ism(Picture Research Consultants
& Archives)Ku Klux Klan initiation, 1923. The Klan opposed all
who were nottrue Americans. (c) 2000 IRC 42. Ku KluxKlanKu Klux
Klan parade inWashington, D.C., Sept. 13, 1926 43. Rural Americans
identify urban culture with Communism,crime, immoralitySex becomes
an all-consuming topic of interest in
popularentertainmentCommunities of home, church, and school are
absent in thecities 44. The 1920 ElectionWilsons idealismand Treaty
ofVersailles led manyAmericans to votefor the Republican,Warren
HardingUS turned inwardand feared anythingthat was EuropeanWarren
Harding- Republican 45. The 1920 Election 46. BUSINESS
FRIENDLYGOVERNMENTWarren G. HardingReturn to normalcy Getting back
to aPEACETIME or NON-WarEconomyHerbert Hoover-Secretary
ofCommerceAndrew Mellon- Sec ofTreasuryThe Ohio Gang-
politicalcronies of Warren HardingHarding with Laddie, June 13,
1922Albert B. Fall of the Teapot Dome Scandal(left) 47. The 1920
ElectionThe Ohio Gang: President Warren Harding (front row, third
from right),Vice-President Calvin Coolidge (front row, second from
right), andmembers of the cabinet. 48. Republican PoliciesHardings
Return to "normalcy"tariffs raisedcorporate, income taxes
cutspending cutsGovernment-businesscooperationThe business of
government, isbusinessReturn to isolation 49. Secretary of the
Interior, AlbertB. Fall leased naval reserve oil landin Teapot
Dome, Wyoming, and ElkHills, California, to oilmen Harry F.Sinclair
and Edward L. DohenyFall had received a bribe of$100,000 from
Doheny and aboutthree times that amount fromSinclair.Fall found
guilty of taking a bribe.Sinclair and Doheny wereacquitted of
charges. 50. Harding and CoolidgeRepublican presidents appeal
totraditional American valuesHarding dies in office after
2years.Scandals break after his deathTeapot Dome ScandalCalvin
Coolidge becomesPresident after Hardings death in1923. 51. The 1924
ElectionCalvin Coolidge served asPresident from 1923 to1929.Silent
Cal.THE BUSINESS OFAMERICA, IS BUSINESSRepublican president 52.
REPUBLICAN ECONOMY SUPPORTEDLAISSEZ FAIRE AND BIG BUSINESS.+ +
=$Lower Taxes Less Federal HigherStrongSpending
TariffsNationalFordney-McCumber Tariff---1923EconomyHawley-Smoot
Tariff ---1930raised the tariff to an unbelievable 60%!!!
