147© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016J.W. Traphagan, Science, Culture and the Search for Life on Other Worlds, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41745-5

Abu-Lughod, Lila. 1991. Writing Against Culture. In Recapturing Anthropology: Working in the Present , ed. R. Fox. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.

Ackerknecht, Erwin H. 1947. Review of Th e Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Th e Quarterly Review of Biology 22(3): 246.

Almára, Iván, and Jill Tarter. 2009. Th e Discovery of ETI as a High-Consequence, Low-Probability Event. Acta Astronautica 68(3–4): 358–361.

Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Arens, William. 1979. Th e Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology and Anthropophagy . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Barbour, Ian. 1997. When Science Meets Religion . New York: HarperCollins. ———. 2013a. Religion and Science . New York: HarperCollins. ———. 2013b. When Science Meets Religion: Enemies, Strangers, or Partners?

New York: HarperCollins (Kindle Edition). Becker, Heike. 2003. Th e Least Sexist Society? Perspectives on Gender, Change and

Violence among Southern African San. Journal of Southern African Studies 29(1): 5–23.

Benedict, Ruth. 1934. Patterns of Culture . Boston: Houghton Miffl in. ———. 1946. Th e Chrysanthemum and the Sword . Boston: Houghton Miffl in. Bernard, H. Russell. 2011. Research Methods in Anthropology . New York: AltaMira

Press. Boas, Franz. 1921. Th e Mind of Primitive Man . New York: Th e MacMillan. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Th eory of Practice. Trans. Richard Nice. New York:

Cambridge University Press. ———. 1990. Th e Logic of Practice. Trans. Richard Nice. Stanford: Stanford

University Press.

References

148 References

Brown, Michael. 2005. Radio Mars: Th e Transformation of Marconi’s Popular Image, 1919–1922. In Transmitting the Past: Historical and Cultural Perspectives on Broadcasting , ed. J. Emmet Winn and Susan L. Brinson. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

Capra, Fritjof. 1975. Th e Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the Parallels Between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism . Berkeley, CA: Shambhala Books.

Cartwright, John. 2000. Evolution and Human Behavior: Darwinian Perspectives on Human Nature . Cambridge: MIT Press.

Chandy, Laurence, and Homi, Kharas. 2012. Th e Contradictions in Global Poverty Numbers. Brookings . http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/03/06-contradictions- poverty-numbers-kharas-chandy (accessed January 18, 2013).

Clyde, Paul H. 1947. Review of Th e Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Th e American Political Science Review 41(3): 585–586.

Darwin, Charles. 1859. On the Origin of Species . London: John Murray. Dawkins, Richard. 1986. Th e Blind Watchmaker . New York: W. W. Norton. ———. 2006. Th e God Delusion . London: Mariner Books. De la Fuente Marcos, R., and C. de la Fuente Marcos. 2004. On the Recent Star

Formation History of the Milky Way Disk. New Astronomy 9: 475–502. DeVito, Carl. 2011. On the Universality of Human Mathematics. In Communication

with Extraterrestrial Intelligence , ed. Douglas A. Vakoch, 439–448. Albany: State University of New York Press.

DeWitt, Richard. 2011. Worldviews: An Introduction to the History and Philosophy of Science . Malden, MA: Wiley.

Dick, Steven J. 1998. Life on Other Worlds: Th e 20th-Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

———. 2008. Th e Postbiological Universe. Acta Astronautica 62(8–9): 499–504. Dickson, Paul. 2001. Sputnik: Th e Shock of the Century . New York: Bloomsbury. Doherty, Th omas Patrick. 2013. Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism,

and American Culture . New York: Columbia University Press. Doyle, Laurance R., Brenda McCowan, Simon Johnston, and Sean F. Hanser. 2011.

Information Th eory, Animal Communication, and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. Acta Astronautica 68(3–4): 406–417.

Drake, Frank. 2008. Encoding Altruism . SETI Institute website. http://www.seti.org/seti/projects/imc/encoding/altruism.php (accessed March 17, 2008).

Durkheim, Émile. 2008 [1915]. Th e Elementary Forms of the Religious Life . Mineola, NY: Dover.

Elders, Leo J. 1990. Th e Philosophical Th eology of St. Th omas Acquinas . Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Eldrege, Niles, and Stephen J. Gould. 1972. Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism. In Models in Paleobiology , ed. T.J.M. Schopf, 82–115. San Francisco, CA: Freeman, Cooper.

Eliade, Mircea. 1959. Th e Sacred and the Profane: Th e Nature of Religion . Orlando, FL: Harcourt.

References 149

Embree, John. 1947a. Review of Th e Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Far Eastern Survey 16(1): 11.

———. 1947b. Review of Hawaii’s Japanese and Th e Chrysanthemum and the Sword. American Sociological Review 12(2): 245–246.

———. 1964 [1939]. Suye Mura: A Japanese Village . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Evans-Pritchard, 1976[1937]. Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic among the Azande . Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Ferguson, Kitty. 2002. Tycho and Kepler . New York: Walker. Feyerabend, Paul K. 2010. Against Method , 4th ed. New York: Verso. Feynman, Richard P. 1998. Th e Meaning of It All: Th oughts of a Citizen-Scientist .

New York: Perseus. Firestein, Stuart. 2012. Ignorance: How it Drives Science . New York: Oxford University

Press. Forsyth, Adrian. 2001 [1986]. A Natural History of Sex: Th e Ecology and Evolution of

Mating Behavior . Richmond Hill, ON: Firefl y Books. Freud, Sigmund. 1950. Totem and Taboo . London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Geertz, Cliff ord. 1973. Religion as a Cultural System. In Th e Interpretation of Cultures,

Selected Essays , ed. Cliff ord Geertz, 87–125. New York: Basic Books. George, Marie I. 2005. Christianity and Extraterrestrials? A Catholic Perspective .

New York: iUniverse. Gilkey, Langdon B. 1965. Maker of Heaven and Earth: the Christian Doctrine of

Creation in Light of Modern Knowledge . Garden City, NY: Doubleday. Glock, H.J. 2008. Relativism, Commensurability and Translatability. In Wittgenstein

and Reason , ed. J. Preston, 21–46. Oxford: Blackwell. Gorer, Geoff rey. 1943. Th emes in Japanese Culture. New York Academy of Sciences,

2nd ser., vol. 5, 106–124. Gould, Stephen Jay, and Niles Eldredge. 1977. Punctuated Equilibria: Th e Tempo

and Mode of Evolution Reconsidered. Paleobiology 3(2): 115–151. Grinspoon, David. 2009. Lonely Planets . New York: HarperCollins. Hamilton, W.D. 1964. Th e Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour. Journal of

Th eoretical Biology 7(1): 1–16. Harris, Marvin. 1968. Th e Rise of Anthropological Th eory . New  York: Harper and

Row. Hendershot, Cynthia. 1999. Paranoia, the Bomb, and 1950s Science Fiction Films .

Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. Herzing, Denise L. 2010. SETI Meets a Social Intelligence: Dolphins As a Model for

Real-Time Interaction and Communication With a Sentient Species. Acta Astronautica 67(11–12): 1451–1454.

Hoyt, William G. 1996. Lowell and Mars . Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Hut, Pie. 2003. Conclusion: Life as a Laboratory. In Buddhism and Science: Breaking

New Ground , ed. B.  Alan Wallace, 399–416. New  York: Columbia University Press.

150 References

Ikegami, Eiko. 2003. Shame and the Samurai: Institutions, Trustworthiness, and Autonomy in the Elite Honor Culture. Social Research 70(4): 1351–1378.

Jermain, Robert, Lynn Kilgore, and Wenda Trevathan. 2009. Essentials of Physical Anthropology , 7th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Jumain, Robert, Lynn Kilgore, and Wenda R. Trevathan. 2009. Essentials of Physical Anthropology . Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Kapchan, Deborah A., and Pauline Turner Strong. 1999. Th eorizing the Hybrid. Th e Journal of American Folklore 112(445): 239–253.

Kargel, Jeff rey S. 2004. Mars: A Warmer, Wetter Planet . New York: Springer. Kennicutt Jr., Robert C., and Neal J. Evans II. 2012. Star Formation in the Milky

Way and Nearby Galaxies. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 50: 531–608.

Kincaid, Harold. 1990. Defending Laws in the Social Sciences. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 20(1): 56–83.

Kopf, Gereon. 2001. Beyond Personal Identity: Dōgen, Nishida, and a Phenomenology of No-Self . Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press.

Kuhn, Th omas. 1962a. Th e Structure of Scientifi c Revolutions . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

—–—. 1962b. Historical Structure of Scientifi c Discovery. Science 136(3518): 760–764.

La Barre, Weston. 1945. Some Observations on Character Structure in the Orient: Th e Japanese. Psychiatry 8: 319–342.

Lane, K., and D.  Maria. 2011. Geographies of Mars . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Lemarchand, Guillermo A., and Jon Lomberg. 2011. Communication among Interstellar Intelligent Species. In Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence , ed. Douglas A. Vakoch, 371–396. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Letaw Jr., Harryr. 2011. Cosmic Storytelling: Primitive Observables as Rosetta Analogies. In Civilizations Beyond Earth: Extraterrestrial Life and Society , ed. Douglas A.  Vakoch and Albert A.  Harrison, 159–169. New  York: Berghahn Books.

Lowell, Percival. 1908. Mars as the Abode of Life . New York: Th e MacMillan. Margenau, Henry. 1949. Reality in Quantum Mechanics. Philosophy of Science 16(4):

287–302. ———. 1984. Th e Miracle of Existence . Woodbridge, CT: Ox Bow Press. Melville, Ronald (ed.). 1997. Lucretius: On the Nature of the Universe . London:

Clarendon Press. Michaud, Michael A.G. 2007. Contact with Alien Civilizations . New York: Copernicus

Books. Mieczkowski, Yanek. 2013. Eisenhower’s Sputnik Moment: Th e Race for Space and

World Prestige . Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Milbrath, Susan. 2010. Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and

Calendars . Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

References 151

Minsky, Marvin. 1985. Communication with Alien Intelligence. In Extraterrestrials: Science and Alien Intelligence , ed. Edward Regis. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Morgan, Lewis Henry. 1877. Ancient Society . London: MacMillan. Morris, John. 1947. Review of Th e Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Pacifi c Aff airs

20(2): 208–210. Morrison, Philip, and Giuseppe Cocconi. 1959. Searching for Interstellar

Communications. Nature 184(4690): 844–846. Nagel, Th omas Nagel. 1974. What Is It Like to Be a Bat? Th e Philosophical Review

83(4): 435–450. Neal, Michael. 2014. Preparing for Extraterrestrial Contact. Risk Management 16(2):

6387. Neufeld, Michael. 2007. Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War . New York:

Alfred. A Knopf. Oakley, Barbara. 2013. Concepts and Implications of Altruism Bias and Pathological

Altruism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110: 10405–10415. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1302547110 .

Oakley, Barbara, Ariel Knafo, Guruprasad Madhavan, and David Sloan Wilson (eds.). 2012. Pathological Altruism . New York: Oxford University Press.

Ortner, Sherry B. 2006. Anthropology and Social Th eory: Culture, Power, and the Acting Subject . Durham: Duke University Press.

Paley, Williams. 1802. Natural Th eology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity . London: J. Faulde.

Pannenberg, Wolfhart. 1993. Toward a Th eology of Nature: Essays on Science and Faith . Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press.

Papagianni, Dimitra, and Michael A. Morse. 2013. Th e Neanderthals Rediscovered: How Modern Science Is Rewriting Th eir Story . New York: Th ames and Hudson.

Pasquinelli, Carla. 1996. Th e Concept of Culture Between Modernity and Postmodernity. In Grasping the Changing World , ed. Vaclav Hubinger, 53–73. New York: Routledge.

Peterson, Anna L. 2013. Being Animal: Beasts and Boundaries in Nature Ethics . New York: Columbia University Press.

Petigura, E.A., A.W. Howard, and G.W. Marcy. 2013. Prevalence of Earthsize Planets Orbiting Sunlike Stars. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(48): 19273–19278.

Pinker, Steven. 2011. Th e Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence has Declined . New York: Penguin Books.

Piszkiewicz, Dennis. 1998. Wernher von Braun: the Man Who Sold the Moon . Westport, CT: Praeger.

Polkinghorne, John. 2007 [1986]. One World: Th e Interaction of Science and Th eology . Philadelphia, PA: Templeton Foundation Press.

Prashad, Vijay. 2006. Bruce Lee and the Anti-Imperialism of Kung Fu: A Polycultural Adventure. Positions 11(1): 51–90.

152 References

Pring, Hermán. 2009. A Transcendental Account of Correspondence and Complementarity. In Constituting Objectivity: Transcendental Perspectives of Modern Physics , ed. Michel Bitbol, Pierre Kerszberg, and Jean Petitot, 317–328. New York: Springer.

Raglan. 1948. Review of Th e Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Man 48: 35. Ryang, Sonia. 2004. Japan and National Anthropology: A Critique . London:

RoutledgeCurzon. Sagan, Carl. 1985. Contact . New York: Pocket Books. Schrödinger, Erwin. 1983. My View of the World . Woodbridge, CT: Ox Bow Press. Schuch, H.  Paul (ed.). 2011. Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: SETI Past,

Present, and Future . Chichester: Praxis. Shostak, Seth. 2004. What to do when ET calls? Th e Guardian. http://www.the-

guardian.com/education/2004/sep/09/research.highereducation6 (accessed July 14, 2014).

———. 2006. Contact: What happens if a signal is found? Space.com . http://www.space.com/searchforlife/seti_whatif_060817.html (accessed August 17).

Spencer, Herbert. 1873. Social Statistics: Th e Conditions Essential to Human Happiness Specifi ed, and the First of them Developed . New York: D. Appleton.

———. 1969 [1851]. Social Statics: Th e Conditions Essential to Human Happiness Specifi ed, and the First of them Developed . New York: A. M. Kelly.

Tarter, Jill Cornell. 2000. SETI and the Religions of the Universe. In Many Worlds: Th e New Universe, Extraterrestrial Life and the Th eological Implications , ed. Steven Dick, 143–149. Philadelphia, PA: Templeton Foundation Press.

Tillich, Paul. 1951. Systematic Th eology, Volume One . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Tomkins, Stephen. 1998. Th e Origins of Humankind . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Traphagan, John W. 2004. Th e Practice of Concern: Ritual, Well-Being, and Aging in Rural Japan . Durham: Carolina Academic Press.

———. 2008. Embodiment, Ritual Incorporation, and Cannibalism among the Iroquoians after 1300 C.E. Journal of Ritual Studies 22(2): 1–12.

———. 2012. Altruism, Pathology, and Culture. In Pathological Altruism , ed. Barbara Oakley, Ariel Knafo, Guruprasad Madhavan, and David Sloan Wilson, 272–288. New York: Oxford University Press.

———. 2013. Rethinking Autonomy: A Critique of Principlism in Biomedical Ethics . Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

———. 2015. Equating Culture, Civilization, and Moral Development. In Imagining Extraterrestrial Intelligence: Anthropocentric Assumptions? In Th e Impact of Discovering Life Beyond Earth , ed. Dick Steven, 127–142. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Traphagan, John W., and L.K.  Brown. 2002. Fast Food and Intergenerational Commensality in Japan: New Styles and Old Patterns. Ethnology 41(2): 119–134.

References 153

Traphagan, John W., and Julian W.  Traphagan. 2015. SETI in Non-Western Perspective. In Imagining Extraterrestrial Intelligence: Anthropocentric Assumptions? In Th e Impact of Discovering Life Beyond Earth , ed. Dick Steven, 299–307. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Traub, Wesley A. 2012. Terrestrial, Habitable-Zone Exoplanet Frequency from Kepler. Th e Astrophysical Journal 745: 20. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/745/1/20 .

Trautmann, Th omas R. 1988. Lewis Henry Morgan and the Invention of Kinship . Berkeley: University of California Press.

Tylor, Edward Burnett. 1920. Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Language, Art, and Custom , vol. 1. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.

Vakoch, Douglas. 1999. Th e View from a Distant Star: Challenges of Interstellar Message-Making. Astronomical Society of the Pacifi c, http://www.astrosociety.org/pubs/mercury/9902/vakoch.html (accessed July 14, 2014).

———. 2000. Celestial Music? Space.com . http://www.seti.org/seti/projects/imc/articles/celestial_music.php (accessed December 22).

———. 2001. Will ET’s Mathematics Be the Same as Ours? Space.com . http://www.seti.org/seti/projects/imc/articles/et_math.php (accessed January 11).

———. 2007. “Culture in the Cosmos.” Space.com . http://www.space.com/search-forlife/seti_culture_070503.html (accessed May 03).

———. 2010. An Iconic Approach to Communicating Musical Concepts in Interstellar Messages. Acta Astronautica 67(11–12): 1406–1409.

———. 2011. Prerequisites for Multigenerational Research. In Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence , ed. Douglas A.  Vakoch, 253–278. Albany: State University of New York Press.

———. (ed.). 2014a. Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication. NASA SP-2013-4413 . Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

———. (ed.). 2014b. Extraterrestrial Altruism: Evolution and Ethics in the Cosmos . New York: Springer.

Villa, Paola, and Wil Roebroeks. 2014. Neandertal Demise: An Archaeological Analysis of the Modern Human Superiority Complex. PLoS One 9(4): e96424. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096424 .

Von Mises, Richard. 2011. Th e Defi nition of Probability. In Philosophy of Probability: Contemporary Readings , ed. Antony Eagle, 355–387. London: Routledge.

Wagner, Roy. 1981. Th e Invention of Culture: Revised Edition . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Ward, Bob. 2005. Dr. Space: Th e Life of Wernher von Braun . Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.

Ward, Peter D., and Donald Brownlee. 2003. Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe . New York: Copernicus Books.

Watson, James L. (ed.). 1997. Golden Arches East: McDonald's in East Asia . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

154 References

Wenseleers, Tom, Gardner Andy, and Kevin R.  Foster. 2010. Social Evolution Th eory: A R Wenseleers, Gardner, and Foster Review of Methods and Approaches. In Social Behavior: Genes, Ecology, and Evolution , ed. Tamás Székely, Allen J. Moore, and Jan Komdeur. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Wexler, Bruce E. 2006. Brain and Culture: Neurobiology, Ideology, and Social Change . Cambridge: MIT Press.

Whitehead, Alfred North. 1927. Symbolism: Its Meaning and Eff ect . New  York: Macmillan.

Will, Durant, and Ariel Durant. 1963. Th e Story of Civilization, Volume VIII: Th e Age of Louis the XIV . New York: Simon & Schuster.

Zafi rovsky, Milan. 2011. Th e Enlightenment and its Eff ects on Modern Society . New York: Springer.

155© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016J.W. Traphagan, Science, Culture and the Search for Life on Other Worlds, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41745-5

A Active SETI , 12–13 Adolescence , 3 Alien civilization , 105 , 111 , 113 , 114 ,

117 Alien cultures . See Anthropology Alien imaginary . See also Star Trek

ETI , 117 production of knowledge , 120 techno-bureaucratic elit , 119

Alien intelligence , 75 , 81 , 94 , 97 Almár scale , 112 Anthropology

armchair , 102 Chrysanthemum and the Sword , 107 cross-cultural communication study ,

110 cross-cultural psychological study ,

109 , 110 ethnographic fi eldwork , 106 frontiersman vs . peasant leads , 108 sociocultural processes , 105

Anthropomorphism , 133–136 Arecibo transmission , 114 Armchair anthropology , 102 , 106

B Biological evolution , 56 , 126 , 137 Bounded-culture model , 83

C Change , 3 , 7–12 , 21–23 , 27–31 , 35 ,

36 , 38 , 51 , 57 , 58 , 72 , 75 , 76 , 81 , 84 , 89 , 91 , 95 , 102 , 104 , 120–129 , 134 , 137–140 , 144 , 145

Chimpanzees , 72 , 73 , 119 Christianity and scientifi c knowledge ,

59 Chrysanthemum and the Sword ,

107–109 Civilization , 17 , 43–47

alien , 35 alien civilizations , 17 American imagination , 39 canals and a complex water-based ,

42 Christianity , 37 cosmology (see Cosmology ) cultural tools , 40

Index

156 Index

Civilization (contd.) development of technologies , 35 eff ects, global economies , 36 end of World War II , 37 enlightenment , 37 growth of astronomy,

20th century , 34 human imagination , 34 humans beyond earth

alien civilizations , 47 assumptions , 47 communism and atomic

annihilation , 43 dangers of atomic power , 43 extraterrestrial , 45 galactic life , 46 late 1950s , 43 Mars , 45 Moon , 44 postwar atmosphere, USA , 43 radio-based technologies , 45 rocket , 45 space travel , 44 telescopic lens , 46

imagination , 36 intelligent aliens, 1950's , 39 Mars , 42 Martian , 35 new ideas and innovative

technologies , 40 Ptolemaic System , 20 realm of space , 39 relationship, earth and humans , 17 space program, USA , 38 space travel and exploration , 35 vegetation on Mars , 42 vegetative life , 42

Cosmology , 19–31 , 34 biblical creation myth , 18 civilizations (see Civilization ) competition , 19 Earth , 18 expanding imagination

Aristotelian notion of concentric spheres , 25

awareness , 29 biological , 30 Christian theology , 24 Copernicus hypothesis , 25 development of life , 29 development, SETI research , 28 geocentric model, phases of

Venus , 26 habitus , 27 idiosyncratic myths , 30 intellectuals, 19th century , 29 natural laws , 30 Newton , 26 Ptolemaic system , 28 radical innovation , 28 scope , 26 sixteenth and seventeenth

centuries , 24 theory of natural selection , 30

intelligent life , 32 laws of nature , 18 , 19 life on Mars , 33 Mars , 32 moder science

physical and biological science , 31

universe humans inhabition , 31 mythological , 18 narrowing imagination

Abrahamic notion of humanity , 24

airplane traveling , 21 awareness, Earth , 23 geocentric model , 20 implications, Ptolemaic system ,

23 motion of the Sun, Moon, and

planets , 22 movement of the Moon and

visible planets , 23 philosophical and cultural , 24

Index 157

Ptolemy’s theory , 19 velocity and momentum of

objects , 22 Western cosmology , 23

physical , 18 physical features, planet , 33 process of mapping Mars , 32 relationship, earth, human

civilizations, and the universe , 17

search for extraterrestrial intelligence , 18

technological developments , 31 Cross-cultural communication , 82 Cultural evolution and civilization

adolescent or infantile , 69 alien civilizations , 66 altruism , 63 , 65 altruistic behavior , 62 Astronomical Research Telescope

Array , 66 behaviors and attitudes , 57 Buddhism , 60 defi nition , 55 egalitarianism , 61 environmental disaster , 69 extraterrestrial civilization , 58 , 61 , 67 form of social organization , 62 imaginary of science fi ction , 70 intelligent civilization , 67 Lewis Henry Morgan , 56 long-lived civilization , 68 mechanisms , 63 modern humans , 64 moral capabilities in humans , 57 Morgan’s evolutionary model , 56 paleoanthropology , 64 primitive technology , 59 relationship, religion and science , 60 savages and civilized humans , 58 scientifi c knowledge, christianity , 59 selfl ess altruism , 62 SETI community , 54

short-lived source , 68 social Darwinist concept , 58 social perspective , 55 spirituality , 59 stability and social unity , 66 telos , 57 uncivilized forms of humans , 57 usage, nuclear weapons , 61 Western Civilization , 55

Culture , 47–54 bounded-culture model , 83 characteristics , 83 cognitive processes , 88 collectivized algorithms , 90 cross-cultural communication , 82 Drake Equation (see Th e Drake

Equation ) ethnicity , 86 indeterminacy , 82–89 internal cohesion , 85 interstellar communication , 82 process-culture model , 83 properties , 84 race/nationalism , 86

D Darwin, C. , 29 Darwinism , 102 , 128 , 135 , 144 Dogs

communicative intention , 72 symbolic activity , 97 types of smarts , 71 visual representation , 78

Th e Drake Equation alien civilizations , 47 , 52 assumption, SETI , 48 communication , 52 communicative civilization , 54 communicative civilizations, galaxy ,

49 complex life , 53 detectable signals, space , 52

158 Index

Th e Drake Equation (contd.) education , 54 estimation, number of intelligent

civilizations to contact , 50 extraterrestrial civilizations , 47 extraterrestrial technology , 48 fraction of planets , 51 GALEX mission , 50 intelligence forms , 52 Kepler Space Telescope , 51 Ozma Project , 48 planetary research and cosmic radio

source , 48 prevalence of ETs, galaxy , 51 SETI , 53 social sciences and engineering , 49 star formation , 50 Star Wars , 52 variables , 49

Drake, F. , 13 , 47 , 63 , 91

E Ethics , 94 Ethnicity , 86 , 90 Ethnocentrism , 136–138 Ethnographic fi eldwork , 106 Extraterrestrial civilizations, galaxy , 49 Extraterrestrial intelligence

civilization , 1–2 space travel and radio astronomy , 43 anthropocentric approach , 95

F Forbidden Planet , 40

G Galaxy Evolution Explorer

(GALEX) , 50 Geocentrism , 26–28

H Habitus , 26–28 Human intelligence

communicative and noncommunicative intention , 72

extraterrestrial civilization , 82 internal cohesion , 85 languages , 80 motivations , 88 symbolic activity , 97 symbolic systems , 81 visual and aural abilities , 78

Heliocentrism , 27

I Indeterminacy . See Culture Intelligence and communication , 73 ,

94 alien (see Alien intelligence ) chimpanzees , 72 , 73 cognition , 78 dogs , 71–73 echolocation , 78 humans (see Human intelligece ) Japanese speakers approach , 79 , 80 problem-solving and analytical

skills , 76 rhythmical/melodic patterns , 81 symbolic systems , 81

International Academy of Astronautics , 103

K Kepler Space Telescope , 51 Kepler-186 , 46 Kepler-186f , 46 KIC 8462852

alien civilization , 111 analogous process , 111

Index 159

electromagnetic radiation , 111 ETI , 115 human value systems , 112 humanity and ignoring features , 114 linguistic structures , 112 METI/messaging , 113

L Lowell, P. , 32 , 42 , 104

M Mars , 45

canali , 32 complex water-based civilization , 42 Darwinian evolution , 33 fossilized microorganisms , 122 planetary motion , 25 radio transmissions , 45

Martyr complex , 94 METI , 17 , 113 Morality , 57 Morgan, L.H. , 56

N Native imaginaries . See Alien imaginary

P Paradigm , 12 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 80 , 109 Process-culture model , 83 Project Ozma , 48 Ptolemy’s theory , 19

R Race , 86 , 90 Rare earth hypothesis , 52 Religion

science , 139–141

traditional institutional , 60 Western approach , 141–144

Rio Scale , 103 , 112 , 143

S Sagan, C. , 48 , 53 , 110 , 114 Science

astronomer and SETI pioneer Frank Drake , 13

contradiction , 9 cultural evolution , 11 culture and science , 6 defi nition , 6 empirical evidence , 12 , 15 experiment/conditions, observation ,

7 fl aws , 9 gathering of data , 13 ignorance , 7 institutional and disciplinary

ideological matrices , 12 natural selection , 9–11 objectivity , 14 peers and competitors , 13 phyletic gradualism , 8 product , 15 and religion , 15 scientifi c inquiry , 12 scientists , 7 systematic study , 13 theoretical framework , 7 truth , 14 verifi able , 14

Science and emergence of SETI , 43–70 19th century , 42 civilization , 42 communication , 41 cultural evolution (see Cultural

evolution and civilization ) culture and Darke equation (see Th e

Drake Equation )

160 Index

Science and emergence of SETI (contd.) cultural and technological

innovations , 41 humans beyond (see Civilization ) imaginings of elites, Greeks , 41 invention of technologies , 41 technological and cultural

innovation, 20th century , 42 Search for extraterrestrial intelligence

(SETI) adolescence , 3 altruism , 91 , 93 American political ideology , 130 anthropomorphic endeavor , 145 anthropomorphism , 133–136 atomic bombings , 132 biological evolution , 126 Buddhism , 139 characteristics , 124 Christian theology , 124 , 127 , 144 civil war , 132 competition and territorial

protection , 129 constitution , 132 cultural change , 128 cultural context , 6 , 123 , 124 cultural evolution , 124 , 126 , 130 ,

133 cultural product , 144 culture and emotion , 123 culture-specifi c nature , 131 ecosystem/context , 126 empiricism , 144 ETI , 94 , 121 extraterrestrial intelligence , 5 faith-based religion , 138 homo sapiens , 3 human civilization , 2 human culture , 124 human history , 133 human societies , 130 human traffi cking , 132

human-centered , 145 humanity , 5 hunter-gatherer groups , 131 imagination , 110–111 International Academy of

Astronautics , 103 interpretive framework , 91 iterative process , 124 KIC 8462852 , 2 Library of Congress

symposium , 123 martyr complex , 94 mind-set , 127 non-state societies , 131 physical and social scientists , 4 politics/culture , 123 2016 Presidential campaign , 125 quantitative instruments , 103 realm of speculation , 122 religion and science , 138 risk management , 122 science and culture , 3 science of evolutionary biology , 128 science/religion , 139–141 selfl ess behavior , 92 social and demographic

environments , 126 social and political

organization , 129 social organization , 125 , 128 Star Trek Imaginary , 104 , 131 Social state-level societies , 129 Taoism , 139 technological innovation , 124 , 125 type of theology , 127 University of Texas at Austin , 4 violence , 130 Western religions , 141–144 World War II , 132

Star Trek , 53 , 69 , 95–96 Symbolic interaction , 96–99 Symbolic systems , 81

Index 161

T Th e Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the

Parallels Between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism , 138

Tarter, J. , 58 Tarter’s Rio Scal , 112 Telos , 57 , 58