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January 2002
1/44
PRESENTATION FRAMEWORK
• PRESENTATION OF THE FRENCH CADASTRE
• BD PARCELLAIRE® HISTORICAL REVIEW
• TECHNICAL ASPECTS
• OUTLOOKS
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
2/44
CADASTRE
DEFINITIONS
• Official and updated system of real estate management ; the basic unit is the parcel, which is geographically marked and linked to documentation on land property and interests
• Documentation :– large scale map (parcels representation)– literal documentation describing the rights associated to
the parcel
• The system to carry out and updated this documentation
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
3/44
CADASTRE
MISSIONS
• technical and documentary– cadastral map production and updating – digitizing of cadastral map – large scale surveys– documentation availability : consultation, diffusion
• land-related– property identification (parcel number, lot number)– property description
• fiscal– taxable properties registration– identification of property taxpayer– property valuation
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
4/44
THE FRENCH CADASTRE
HISTORICAL REVIEW
• Before the French Revolution :– fiscal role – great heterogeneity regarding to regions and time :
• presence of a cadastral registrer• quality of the cadastral registrer• kind of taxes
• The French Revolution : political will but lack of means– vote of a one land property tax– adoption of the metric system– attempted setting up of a standardized cadastral registrer
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
5/44
THE FRENCH CADASTRE
HISTORICAL REVIEW
• Founding of the Cadastre :– Act of Septembre 15th 1807– Napoleonic cadastre– completed during the first part of the XIX century– use of local referential
• The Napoleonic cadastre deficiencies :– errors– updating has not been planned– big changes in land properties during the XIX century
(urbanization, industrialization, …)
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
6/44
THE FRENCH CADASTRE
HISTORICAL REVIEW
• Renovation of the Cadastre– Act of April 16th 1930– involves the whole French territory– 3 methods :
• updating : the old cadastral registrer is kept (rural areas)• new cadastral registrer • redoing : new cadastral registrer with property
delimitations in the presence of the parties involved (urban areas)
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
7/44
THE FRENCH CADASTRE
HISTORICAL REVIEW
• 1948 : the property tax becomes a local tax• land re-allocations• 1955 : reform of land publicity (accordance of
cadastral registrer and mortgage registrer) • 1970 : latest general updating of built properties
valuation• 1974 : Act on cadastral registrer revision• technical evolutions :
– miniaturization and digitizing of literal documentation– photogrammetry– use of GPS
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
8/44
THE FRENCH CADASTRE
CADASTRAL MAP
• Cadastral subdivisions :– administrative district : setting-up unit – section – subdivision of section (sheet)– parcel– fiscal subdivision
• Composition :– sheet index– one map sheet per section or subdivision of section
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
9/44
THE FRENCH CADASTRE
CADASTRAL MAP
• one only format for section maps : « grand aigle »– various scales– heterogeneous quality– various orientation
• map is exclusively planimetric• represented features :
– parcel boundaries (physical and legal)– parcel and number (unicity of the parcel number),
occasionally fiscal subdivision– buildings– topographic features– toponyms (place names, road numbers, …)
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
10/44
THE FRENCH CADASTRE
CADASTRAL MAP : PRODUCTION PROCESSES
• Updating : Napoleonic cadastral map50 % of the territory (rural areas)
• New cadastral registrer :completely new regular map30 % of the territory
• Redoing :completely new regular mapproperty delimitations in the presence of the parties involved20% of the territory (urban areas)
Act of 1930 on the
Cadastre renovation
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
11/44
THE FRENCH CADASTRE
CADASTRAL MAP : PRODUCTION PROCESSES
• Revision :– new cadastral map, modern methods (photogrammetry)
– in case of a defective cadastral map (ex : scale is too small)
– recently urbanized areas
• Land re-allocation :– mainly rural areas (agricultural)
– land reorganization (grouping of land properties)
– carried out by land surveyors (boundary marking)
• Special case of Alsace-Moselle– historical context (German occupation from 1870 to 1918)
– overall boundary marking
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
12/44
THE FRENCH CADASTRE
CADASTRAL MAP : PRODUCTION PROCESSES
Updating New Redoing Reallocation Revision
Scale
Section
Reference system
Quality
1:625, 1:1250, 1:2500, 1:5000
1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000, 1:4000
1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000, 1:4000
1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000, 1:4000
1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000, 1:4000
A1, A2, Bu AB, AC, BC AB, AC, BC AB, AC, BC
local local or Lambert by zone
Lambert by zone
Lambert by zone
poor medium rather good good good
ZA, ZB, ZC
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
local or Lambert by zone
January 2002
13/44
THE FRENCH CADASTRE
CADASTRAL MAP : UPDATING
• Land-surveying documents :– carried out by land surveyors– from existing cadastral map– on landowner request – parcel division, land subdivision, boundary marking– attribution of new parcel numbers
• Registry sketches :– carried out by Cadastre surveyors (DGI : Central tax office,
Ministry of Finance)– mainly buildings– annual updating (theoretically)
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
14/44
THE FRENCH CADASTRE
CADASTRAL MAP : REVISION
• Local decree (information of the population)• Setting up of new section boundaries• Aerial survey (usually 1: 4000 scale for a cadastral map at
1: 1000 scale)• Stereopreparation :
– pre-marking – use of GPS
• Stereoplotting (photogrammetry)• Field completion (roof edges, toponyms, boundaries, …)• Legal search (allocation and grouping of parcels)• Production of the new cadastral map (content, parcel numbers, …)• Diffusion of the results
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
15/44
THE FRENCH CADASTRE
LITERAL DOCUMENTATION
• Paper documents (sources)– declarations
– land surveying documents, registry sketches
– administrative act certificates
– descriptions of land division
• Microfiches (property titles, list of parcels, premises register, properties by lot)
• Digital database : MAJIC 2 (since 1991)– file of built properties
– file of unbuilt properties
– file of landowners
– file of addresses (FANTOIR)
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
16/44
THE FRENCH CADASTRE
CADASTRAL MAP DIGITIZING
• Need of local administrations, network management companies, …
• Agreements with DGI (Central tax office) (from 1993 to 1998)– DGI provides updated data and pays 30%
– DGI enforces specifications (TOR)
– the other partners pay the remaining 70 %
• Standardized product = PCI (Digital cadastral map)
• Technical problems :– georeferencing in Lambert system (« lambertization »)
– merging
• Since 1998, agreements with DGI go on but without funding from DGI
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
17/44 36 565 districts
THE FRENCH CADASTRE
Districts with vector PCI
Departments fully covered by vector PCI (agreement with DGI)
Date : Dec. 2001
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
18/44
THE FRENCH CADASTRE
CADASTRAL MAP DIGITIZING
• about 6 800 districts involved in cadastral map digitizing (PCI), through agreements with DGI :– about 3,500 agreements– about 2,000 certifications by DGI – about 1,300 integrations in vector PCI
• standardized digital cadastral map is available for about 19 % of the territory and 50 % of the population
• some digital cadastral maps have been completed without DGI agreement (ex : Paris)
December 2001
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
19/44
BD Parcellaire®
HISTORICAL REVIEW
• overall cadastral map digitizing : – a decision from DGI (Central tax office) in 1998– scanning of the whole 500,000 cadastral maps
raster PCI– 3 invitations to tender in 1999 :
• scanner• software for creation of parcel identifiers
(ponctual object) (automatic text recognition, …)• software for management and updating of scanned
section maps
– scanner has been bought but the 2 other invitations to tender have been cancelled ...
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
20/44
BD Parcellaire®
HISTORICAL REVIEW
• Preliminary study for the production of a cadastral database : – carried out in IGN from October 1998 to July 1999– objectives :
• taking stock of the situation (quality of cadastral maps, research, …)
• scanning specifications and assessment• tests of georeferencing • geometric rectification of the cadastral maps• vectorization and database integration
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
21/44
BD Parcellaire®HISTORICAL REVIEW
• Preliminary study for the production of a cadastral database :
– technical recommendations :• to use BD ORTHO® + BD TOPO® as a reference for
data matching• to use transformations without geometric
deformation (Helmert) for georeferencing, if possible• otherwise to use transformations with geometric
deformations (rubberband adjustment, triangulation)
– study of other aspects of the problem :• economical, legal, social (respective tasks of IGN and
DGI, and consequences for both staffs)
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
22/44
BD Parcellaire®HISTORICAL REVIEW : PRELIMINARY STUDY
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
23/44
BD Parcellaire®HISTORICAL REVIEW
• IGN decisions
– 2 types of BD Parcellaire®
• vector data where digital cadastral maps have been carried out in the scope of agreements with the DGI
• raster data elsewhere
– 3 stages : studies and design of models (2000-01)
• production on pilote areas of Greater Paris (early 2002)
• production on the whole territory
– objective : BD Parcellaire® must be coherent with BD TOPO® and BD ORTHO® (the 3 products being parts of the national large scale reference system : RGE)
– setting up of a technical support staff
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
24/44
BD Parcellaire®
HISTORICAL REVIEW
The Lengagne report * need of a cadastral layer in RGE (national large
scale reference system) : BD Parcellaire®
* In 2000, MP Guy Lengagne conducted a study that enables to clarify the needs of geographic information in France ; following his recommendations, an interministerial decision in September 2001 set up the creation of a large scale reference system for the whole French territory (RGE), composed of 4 compatible databases (topographic, orthophotographic, cadastral and addresses) and planned to be completed by 2006-07
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
25/44
BD Parcellaire®
HISTORICAL REVIEW
• DGI* situation – scanning tests in1999 but no software for updating
scanning is postponed– software for updating has been chosen recently (APIC)– a software for creation of parcel identifiers is in the process
of invitation to tender – software acceptance, training, production set-up– scanning is planned from September 2002 to the end of 2003– agreements for vector PCI (digital cadastral map) go on
* DGI : Central tax office, Ministry of Finance
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
26/44
BD Parcellaire®
HISTORICAL REVIEW
• agreement between IGN and DGI (Feb. 2001)
– DGI supplies to IGN :• images (scanned cadastral maps)• parcel identifiers (referenced with image coordinates)
– IGN supplies to DGI : • georeferencing of the scanned cadastral maps• BD ORTHO®
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
27/44
BD Parcellaire®
TECHNICAL ASPECTS : PRODUCTS
• BD Parcellaire® - PCV (Plan Cadastral Vecteur) (vector database) :– parcels– cadastral divisions (sections, subdivisions of section)– buildings
• BD Parcellaire® - SCAN (raster database) :– georeferenced images (1 km square tiles)– parcel identifiers– cadastral divisions– administrative districts– metadata
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
28/44
BD Parcellaire®
TECHNICAL ASPECTS : SCANNING (DGI)
• 300 dpi in grey levels• threshold black and white image • 1 file per cadastral map• 24 characters for file name (information on district,
section, scale, quality, …)• packbit coding (1 byte enables to code 8 pixels)• TIFF format • one cadastral map :
– from 1 to 1.5 Mb – about 9,000 x 12,000 pixels
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
29/44
TECHNICAL ASPECTS : BD ORTHO® REFERENCE
• current BD ORTHO® :– use of existing DTMs :
• BD TOPO® (accuracy from 2.5 to 5m)• BD ALTI® (accuracy from 2.5 to 20 m)
– use of existing Ground Control Points (GCP) :
• from recent or old field surveys
• BD ORTHO® release 2 :– from 2003– improvement of DTMs– gradual use of digital camera (longer focal)– same planning as BD TOPO® Pays
specific GCPs
BD Parcellaire®
BD ORTHO® accuracy from
1 to 10m (EMQ)
(checking : from 1 to 4m)
BD ORTHO® accuracy
from 1 to 2m
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
30/44
BD Parcellaire®
TECHNICAL ASPECTS :
BD Parcellaire®-SCAN PRODUCTION PROCESS
• for each cadastral map :– main zone extraction – orientation (using the North arrow) – scaling
• map assembling within the district boundaries (coming from BD CARTO®)
approximate georeferencing : about 20m
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
31/44
BD Parcellaire®
TECHNICAL ASPECTS : PROBLEM DEFINTION
• 500,000 « grand-aigle »-format cadastral maps
• orientation variation• scale variation : from 1:625 to 1:5000• zoom developments• various quality and appearance• no geographic grid system (usually)
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
32/44
• Main zone extraction
BD Parcellaire®
TECHNICAL ASPECTS : BD Parcellaire®-SCAN PRODUCTION PROCESS
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
33/44
h
L
lS
• Definition of a parametric North arrow model
• Model refinement and symmetry axis extraction
• Conformity on every connected component
on the map
BD Parcellaire®Map orientation
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
34/44
Administrative layerfrom BDCarto
• Merging of the components of the whole district
• Main zone extraction
BD Parcellaire®
PUZZLE RESOLUTION
• Map orientation
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
35/44
BD Parcellaire®
TECHNICAL ASPECTS :
BD Parcellaire®-SCAN PRODUCTION PROCESS
• section maps with grid system (Lambert) :– automatic recognition of ticks– tick matching
• section maps without grid system :– automatic recognition of homologous
segments between the scanned section map (raster) and BD ORTHO®
– computation of the best overalltransformation
Accurate georeferencing
of cadastralmaps
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
36/44
Extraction of cadastral boundaries
Vectorization
Chaining
Lenght threshold
BD Parcellaire®
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
37/44
Automatic recognition of homologous segments within images
BD Parcellaire®
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
BD ORTHO®
scanned cadastral map
(raster)
January 2002
38/44
Segments matching
• for each segment, a set of potential homologous segments is available
• search of the mathematic transformation (T) that enables to match at the best the greatest number of segments
A
B
T(A)
T(B)
BD Parcellaire®
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
39/44
BD Parcellaire®
TECHNICAL ASPECTS :
BD Parcellaire®-SCAN PRODUCTION PROCESS
• section maps assembling : with manual operations if necessary
• consistency checking using BD TOPO® network ; otherwise adjustment by triangulation
• specific operations (zoom developments, …)
• transformations are applied to parcel identifiers along the process
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
40/44
BD Parcellaire®
TECHNICAL ASPECTS :
BD Parcellaire®-PCV (vector) PRODUCTION PROCESS
• selection of buildings and parcels from files in EDIGEO data format (after digitizing)
• section maps assembling, consistency checking using BD TOPO® network
• data format transformation for diffusion, projection transformation if necessary
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
41/44
BD Parcellaire®
TECHNICAL ASPECTS : UPDATING
• BD Parcellaire® SCAN :– scanning for the creation of the raster PCI (digital
cadastral map) only – DGI updates the raster PCI (vector updating over
the raster PCI, then merging of the vector layer within the raster file)
– IGN stores all the transformations that have been applied to each section map, and thus can apply them again after updating
• BD Parcellaire® PCV :– DGI updates vector PCI – IGN applies again the transformations to the new data
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
42/44
BD Parcellaire®OUTLOOKS
• invitation to tender for a software dedicated to BD parcellaire® production :– algorithms from MATIS * research laboratory (puzzle,
georeferencing, ...) are provided for free by IGN– several options are possible
• production :– 25 % carried out by IGN– 75 % carried out by subcontractors
• end is planned by 2007 on the whole territory (including overseas departments)
* MATIS : Méthodes d ’Analyse et de Traitement d ’Images pour la Stéréorestitution (Image analysis and processing for stereoplotting)
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks
January 2002
43/44
BD Parcellaire®OUTLOOKS : RECENT FACTS
• BD parcellaire® specifications : under the process of validation by CNIG (National Commitee for Geographic Information )
• TOR (Terms of reference) for the software dedicated to BD Parcellaire® production : under the process of being written
• Georeferencing tests in cooperation with DGI
• Software from MATIS research laboratory : under the process of being tested in production
• Vector BD Parcellaire® on Greater Paris : completed by the end of 2002 (database integration of vector PCI on 85 districts)
• Launching the production of raster BD Parcellaire® before the end of 2002 (scanning is planned to start in DGI in November)
Presentation of BD Parcellaire®
• The French Cadastre
• Historical review
• Technical aspects
• Outlooks