14.1 CHURCH REFORM AND THE CRUSADESThe Catholic Church underwent reform and launched Crusades against Muslims.

Learning Goals:

Explore how the Catholic Church underwent reform and launched crusades (holy wars) against Muslims and others.

Why it matters now: The Crusades resulted in trade and exploration between Christians and Muslims but left a legacy of distrust.

The Age of Faith

Spiritual Revival Starting in the

900s, monasteries help bring about a spiritual revival

Reformers help restore and expand Church power

Founded in 910, this is the Benedictine Abbey of Cluny as it looked in 2004.

Coat of Arms of Cluny Abbey: "Gules two keys in saltire the wards upwards and outwards or overall a sword in pale argent".

Problems in the Church

Some Church officials marry even though the Church objects

Some officials practice simony—selling religious offices

Kings use lay investiture to appoint bishops

Reformers believe only the Church should appoint bishops

Reform and Church Organization Starting in the 1100s,

popes reorganize the Church like a kingdom

Pope’s advisors make Church laws; diplomats travel throughout Europe

Church collects tithes; uses money to care for sick or poor “Peasants paying tithes” (17th

century) school of Pieter Brueghel the Younger

New Religious Orders

Dominican and Franciscan orders form

Friars in these orders vow poverty; travel and preach to the poor

Some new orders for women are founded

Portrait of a Carmelite friar, about 1610, by Peter Paul Rubens

Cathedrals—Cities of God

Early Cathedrals Between 800-

1100, churches are built in Romanesque style

Style includes thick walls and pillars, small windows, round arches

A New Style of Church Architecture Gothic style evolves

around 1100; term from Germanic tribe, Goths

Gothic style has large, tall windows for more light; pointed arches

Churches have stained glass windows, many sculptures

About 500 Gothic churches are built from 1170 to 1270

Gothic ArchitectureThe master builders in France, where the Gothic style originated, developed techniques of structural engineering that were key to Gothic architecture:1. ribbed vaults that

supported the roof’s weight

2. flying buttresses that transferred weight to thick, exterior walls

3. pointed arches that framed huge stained glass windows

4. tall spires that seemed to be pointing to heaven

Traditional Church Floor Plan

“Liturgical East”

Source: (http://www.hope.evangelical-lutheran.ca/glossary.htm) a website explaining church architecture.

Typical “Chancel” Layout

“Liturgical East”

Notice that the “apse” is “fenced off” by a communion rail. Only the clergy attending the altar or table are allowed past this point. The sacrament is dispensed only through the clergy bringing it to the rail.Source: (http://www.hope.evangelical-lutheran.ca/glossary.htm) a website explaining

church architecture.

Between 1095 and 1291, the Catholic Church launched the Crusades against the Muslims for supremacy in the Holy Land

The Crusades

The Crusades: The Beginning

In 1093, the Byzantine emperor Alexis Comnenus sent an appeal to Robert, Count of Flanders and to Pope Urban II.

The plea was to send soldiers to help defend his capital city of Constantinople against waves of invading Muslim Turks.

Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos who asked Pope Urban II for help (left)

Artistic depiction of Pope Urban II (left), and him preaching the First Crusade (right)

Urban II Declares a Holy War After the pope had

read this appeal, he declared a holy war, a crusade, to regain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims.

“God Wills It!”

In 1096, between 50,000 and 60,000 knights joined the Crusades. Mostly Frenchmen and Normans.

Pope Urban promised the knights that if they died in battle, they were assured a place in heaven.

Did You Bring the Map?

Goals of the Crusades

Pope wants to reclaim Jerusalem and reunite Christianity

Kings use Crusades to send away knights who cause trouble

Younger sons hope to earn land or win glory by fighting

Later, merchants join Crusades to try to gain wealth through trade.

Why Knights Joined Many of the knights thought

it was an opportunity to better their place in society. They believed that they might acquire land and property through battle.

Leave the manor, see the world, participate in an incredible adventure… sure beats being a serf!

Religious motives – liberate the Holy Land from the Muslims.

First Crusade: 1096-1099 Recipe for Disaster

1097, three armies of European knights gathered in Constantinople but were not equipped to fight in the desert environment or familiar with the geography or culture of the Holy Land.

Due to supply line problems, only 12,000 of the original 60,000 were able to fight.

Muslims were not the best hosts…

Victory is Ours! Um, er… kinda In 1099, Christians

concentrate their forces on Jerusalem and take the city after weeks of a vicious seige. Plunder away!

The crusaders won Jerusalem and a narrow strip of land, called Edessa, where four feudal crusader estates were established.

Muslims easily conquer everything outside of Edessa, and by 1144, take that too (setting up the Second Crusade).

The Second Crusade A Second Crusade was

organized in 1147 to recapture Edessa with the scraps of troops that were left, plus 35,000 reinforcement troops from Western Europe.

These Crusaders were unsuccessful. Only about 30% of the defeated army returned to Europe (but they had some cool relics).

For those of you keeping score: Muslims 2, Christians 0

The Third Crusade: 1189-1192

The Third Crusade was led by three powerful rulers

The Third Crusade: This time it’s Personal

Europe reacts with wild enthusiasm. “We must regain the Holy Land!”

The Third Crusade was launched in 1187 by three of Europe’s most powerful kings: Philip Augustus (France) Frederick I Barbarossa (Germany) Richard III the Lion-hearted

(England)

The Third Crusade : 1189-1192

One is Richard the Lion-Hearted—king of England

The Robin Hood stories and legends often surround Richard I returning from the Third Crusade.

19th-century portrait of Richard by Merry-Joseph Blondel

Survivor: Jerusalem? Barbarossa drowned on

the journey. How sad. Philip Augustus had a

falling out with Richard and went home. Quitter.

Richard is left to regain Jerusalem from the great Muslim leader, Saladin. This would be no easy task.

Deal or No Deal?

After the armies of Richard and Saladin had fought many battles, the two leaders, who respected each other a great deal, agreed on a truce.

The agreement was that Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, but that Christian pilgrims could freely visit the holy city in safety.

The Third Crusade: 1189-1192

Phillip II of France abandons Crusade after arguing with Richard

The argument was over Richard breaking off an engagement with Phillip’s sister.

The Third Crusade : 1189-1192 In 1192 Richard and Saladin make peace

after many battles Saladin keeps Jerusalem but allows

Christian pilgrims to enter the city

The Fourth Crusade

In 1198, Pope Innocent III, appealed for yet another crusade to capture Jerusalem.

The knights met in Italy to prepare for war, however, during their stay they became entangled in the politics of the Church.

Sore Losers: The Sack of Constantinople Instead of going to the

Holy Lands, they ended up attacking the city of Constantinople.

This attack solidified the permanent split between the western and eastern branches of Christianity.

Victory: Islam (by default)

Later Crusades: More of the S(h)ame

Other Crusades were launched to the Holy Lands and North Africa.

Children’s Crusade- in 1212, thousands of children from Europe marched to the Holy Lands to fight the Muslims. God would turn Jerusalem over to them! (Muslims fight to hold back laughter).

5th Crusade: Loss 6th Crusade: Loss 7th Crusade: Loss 8th Crusade: Do you see a

pattern here?

Final Record: Christians 0-8-1

Literature: Sinbad the Sailor, Ali Baba, Aladdin, Arabian Nights

Food: sugar cane, syrup, nutmeg, saffron, pepper

Cosmetics: rouge, henna, glass mirrors

Music: guitar and violin introduced

Art: stained glass windows Math: Arabic numbers,

decimals, algebra, sine and tangent

Impact of the Crusades