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MINERALS

ZINC

1. Manifestation of Zinc deciency in the body? Pon May 2009

2. Name the enyme in heme biosynthetic !ath"ay that #e$%i#e Zinc& 'hich

meta( can inhibit this enyme? Pon May 200)Chemist#y*

 Total zinc content of body is about 2 gm, out of which 60% is in skeletal

muscles and 30% in bones. Highest concentation of zinc is seen in

hi!!ocam!us aea of bain and !ostatic secetion. "t is mainly intacellula.

So%#ces*

#a$ nimal souces& 'ood souces of zinc ae li(e, milk and daiy !oducts, eggs.#b$ )egetable souces& 'ood (egetable souces ae unmilled ceeals, legumes,

!ulses, oil seeds, yeast cells, and (egetables #s!inach, lettuce$.

Abso#!tion+ e,c#etion and dist#ib%tion*

#a$ *inc is absobed in duodenum. "t is de!endant on metallothionein a

tans!ot !otein.

#b$ "n a nomal healthy adult human, a!!o+imately .0 mg of zinc is lost in

the faeces and about 0.- mg is lost in the uine and 0.- mg is etained in

the body.#c$ weat& Tace amount is lost in sweat.#d$ /lood le(el& hole blood contains about 6-0 to 60 g of zinc !e 100 ml.

"t is !esent in ed blood cells mainly in cabonic anhydase enzyme

molecules and / cells as othe zinc!otein com!le+es.#e$ 4lasma& 4lasma contains a!!o+imately 120 to 150 g 100 ml of !lasma.

!!o+imately 10 !e cent of zinc in !lasma is tans!oted by 72

macoglobulin and the emainde being tans!oted by albumin.

-iochemica( f%nctions*

#a$ *n is an essential com!onent of se(eal enzymes e.g.1. 8abonic anhydase& "t is !esent in ed blood cells, !aietal

cells and enal tubula e!ithelial cells2. lcohol dehydogenase& catalyse the o+idation of ethanol to

acetaldehyde3. lkaline !hos!hatase& es!onsible fo emo(ing !hos!hate 

gou!s fom many ty!es of molecules, including nucleotides, 

!oteins, and alkaloids5. 8abo+y!e!tidase& hydolyzes #clea(es$ a !e!tide bond at the

cabo+yteminal #8teminal$ end of a !otein o !e!tide.-. u!eo+ide dismutase #cytosolic$& catalyze the dismutation #o

!atitioning$ of the to+ic su!eo+ide #92:$ adical into eithe

odinay molecula o+ygen #92$ o hydogen !eo+ide #H292$.#b$ Antio,idant& *inc may be an antio+idant since the enzyme su!eo+ide

dismutase #*inc containing$ !otects the body against fee adical damage.#c$ Ins%(in& The stoage and secetion of insulin fom the /cells of !anceas

e;uie *n.#d$ .it&A& *n is necessay to maintain the nomal le(els of (itamin in seum.

*n !omotes the synthesis of etinol binding !otein.#e$ lt is e;uied fo wound healing. *n enhances cell gowth and di(ision,

besides stabilizing biomembanes.#f$ 'usten, a zinc containing !otein of the sali(a, is im!otant fo taste

sensation.#g$ *n is essentialf o !o!e e!oduction.

R/A* 101- mgday -% moe in !egnancy.

So%#ces* meat,

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/eciency&

#a$ gowth etadation,

#b$ !oo wound healing,

#c$ anemia, loss of a!!etite,

#d$ loss of taste sensation,

#e$ im!aied s!ematogenesis#f$ >e

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 Chemist#y*

1. Total ion content of body is 3- gm =0 % in A/8s - % in myoglobin

2. Ty!es of "on 4esent in /ody&. ?ssential #o functional$ ion

/. toage ion.

3. ?ssential o Iunctional "on is !esent as heme and non heme !oteins

i. Heme is !esent in &

1. HemoglobinJ myoglobin,

2. "on containing enzymes& cytochome, +anthine o+idase,

catalase, ty!to!han !yollase, J !eo+idase.

ii. toage ion is non heme ion !esent in& Tansfein, feitin,

hemosidein.5. "on losses fom the body ae minimal #E 1 mgday$ which may occu though

bile, sweat and hai loss etc.

Abso#!tion of I#on*

1. "on is absobed mainly in duodenum and BeBunum. 9nly feous ion is

absobed and not feic ion.

2. 10 % of intake is absobed est e+ceted in feces

6acto#s inc#easin abso#!tion&

6. Aate of abso!tion inceases in ion de

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mucosal block

2. "on homeostasis is maintained by egulation at the le(el of

abso!tion and not by e+cetion& hen ion stoes in the body ae de!leted, abso!tion is enhanced.

hen ade;uate ;uantity of ion is stoed, abso!tion is deceased.

 This is efeed to as mucosal block2. bso!tion of ion needs di(alent metal tans!ote1 #>GT1$ and

feo!otin. ynthesis of both these !oteins is downegulated by he!cidin,

a !e!tide seceted by the li(e when body ion ese(es ae ade;uate. "f

thee is hy!o+ia o anemia, the synthesis of he!cidin is educed so

feo!otin synthesis will incease.3. s body ion stoes fall, the mucosa is signalled to incease abso!tion.5. ?ytho!oietic egulation& "n es!onse to anemia, the eythoid cells will

signal the mucosa to incease ion abso!tion. This signal may be

eytho!oietin fom kidney.-. hen ion le(els ae high, feitin is synthesized to stoe ion. t the same

time, thee is no e;uiement fo futhe u!take of ion, so the tansfein

ece!to #TfA$is not synthesized. This is a good e+am!le of contol of!otein synthesis at the tanslational le(el.

1#ans!o#t of 6e in the !(asma*

1. The ion libeated fom the feitin of mucosal cells entes the !lasma in

feous state. Hee, it is o+idized to feic fom by a co!!econtaining

!otein, ceulo!lasmin which !ossesses feo+idase acti(ity.2. Ieic ion then binds with a s!eci

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1. This is anothe ion stoage !otein which can hold about 3-% of ion by

weight. Hemosidein accumulates in the body #s!leen, li(e$ when the su!!ly

of ion is in e+cess of body demands.

6%nctions of i#on*

1. 9+ygen and 892 tans!ot& Hemoglobin and myoglobin

2. Takes !at in ?T8 and o+idati(e !hos!hoylation& 8ytochome, and non heme!oteins

3. 4hagocytosis and killing of bacteia by neuto!hils& !eo+idase

5. ssociated with immune com!etence of the body

Re$%i#ement*

1. dult man& 10 mgday

2. Genstuating women& 1 mgday

3. 4egnant and lactating women& 50 mgday

So%#ces*

1. Ga+imum & @i(e, heat, kidney meats

2. Godeate& @eafy (egetables, !ulses, ceeals,

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ae the manifestations of this disode.3. Hemochomatosis causes a condition known as bonze diabetes

1#eatment of I#on /eciency

1. 9al ion su!!lementation is the teatment of choice. 100 mg of ion L -00

micogam of folic acid ae gi(en to !egnant women, and 20 mg of ion L 100

micogam folic acid to childen. "on tablets ae usually gi(en along with

(itamin 8, to con(et it into feous fom, fo easy abso!tion.2. Snabsobed ion may geneate fee adicals and so, it is ad(isable to gi(e

(itamin ? #to !e(ent fee adical geneation$ along with ion.

CPPER

:& Name th#ee enymes "hich #e$%i#e co!!e# as its cofacto#& Pon May

20:0

2& Name the co!!e# containin enymes& E,!(ain the #o(e of co!!e# in

i#on metabo(ism& Pon May 200)&

& Can co!!e# deciency c%ase anemia? Bo"? Pon A!#i( 2002

Chmist#y*

1. Total body co!!e is about 100 mg. "t is seen in muscles, li(e, bone maow,

bain, kidney, heat and in hai.2. hole blood contains about 100 micogamdl of co!!e. 9ut of this, -% is in A/8

as cololess eythocu!ein. "n !lasma ceulo!lasmin is an im!otant co!!e

containing !otein. Domal seum le(el of ceulo!lasmin is 2--0 mgdl.3. 8o!!e containing enzymes ae&

a. 8eulo!lasmin,b. 8ytochome o+idase,c. 8ytochome c,d. Tyosinase,e. @ysyl o+idase,f. la synthase,g. Gonoamine o+idase,h. u!eo+ide dismutase andi. 4henol o+idase.

5. 8o!!e containing nonenzymatic !oteins ae&a. He!atocu!ein in li(e #stoage fom$,b. 8u!othionine in li(e,c. 8eebocu!ein in bain,d. Hemocu!ein in A/8 ande. ?ythocu!ein in ed blood cells.

So%#ce* 8o!!e e;uiement fo an adult is 1.-3 mg !e day.

GaBo dietay souces ae ceeals, meat, li(e, nuts and geen leafy (egetables.Gilk is (ey !oo in co!!e content.

Abso#!tion*

1. 9nly about 10% of dietay co!!e is absobed.

2. 8o!!e is absobed by enteocytes mainly in the duodenum and !o+imal

small intestine and tans!oted in the !otal ciculation in association with

albumin and the amino acid histidine to the li(e, whee it is a(idly emo(ed

fom the ciculation.

E,c#etion*

1. 8u is emo(ed fom the ciculation by li(e. bout - to !e cent of the

ingested 8u is e+ceted in the bile and co!!e homeostasis is maintained by

biliay e+cetion. 4ocesses that im!ai biliay co!!e e+cetion can lead toinceases in he!atic co!!e content.

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2. Aest is inco!oated into 8aeulo!lasmin, a glyco!otein synthesised

e+clusi(ely by li(e.

Metabo(ic f%nctions*

1. Hb synthesis&a. "t is necessay fo ion abso!tion because 8eulo!lasmin !omotes ion

abso!tion.b. 8eulo!lasmin is necessay fo the inco!oation of ion into tansfein.

8eulo!lasmin se(es as feo+idase and is in(ol(ed in the con(esion of 

ion fom Ie2L to Ie3L in which fom ion #tansfein$ is tans!oted in

!lasma.c. 8o!!e is necessay fo the synthesis of hemoglobin as 8u, a

constituent of @ synthase, is needed fo heme synthesis.d. 8o!!e dee(elo!ment of bone and ne(ous system #myel in$ e;ui es8 u.6. Deeded fo tyosinase acti(ity and de

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binding ca!acity of co!!e to this !otein o both. s a esult of

this, co!!e is fee in the !lasma which easily entes the tissues

#li(e, bain, kidney$, binds with the !oteins and gets de!osited.

 The albumin bound co!!e is eithe nomal o inceased.ii. ome suggest that a educed intestinal e+cetion of co!!e may

be es!onsible fo the occuence of ilsons disease.iii. Teatment & dministation of !enicillamine, a natually occuing

co!!e chelating agent, is used fo the teatment of ilsons

disease

CALCIM

3%estion*

1. /isc%ss the dist#ib%tion of Ca(ci%m in the body& /esc#ibe the so%#ces+

dai(y #e$%i#ement+ abso#!tion+ and e,c#etion of Ca(ci%m& Bo" is the

b(ood ca(ci%m (ee( #e%(ated? A% 200

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Re$%i#ement*

1. -00 mgday in adult

2. 1200 mgday in gowing child.

3. 1-00 mgday in !egnancy and lactation.

6. "n eldely !eo!le daily intake of 1-00 mg with (it. > 20 micogam may

!e(ent osteo!oosis.Abso#!tion*

:& Mechanism*

1. bso!tion is fom " and "" !at of duodenum.

2. "t is absobed against concentation gadient and e;uies enegy. bso!tion

e;uies caie !otein and calcium de!endant T4ase.

3. 9ut -00 mg taken oally !e day, 500 mg is e+ceted in stool and 100 mg in

uine.

2. 6acto#s inc#easin abso#!tion&

1. )it. > induces synthesis of 8a binding !otein #8albindin$ in intestinal e!ithelial

cells and thus facilitate abso!tion.

2. 4aathyoid homone inceases calcium tans!ot fom intestinal cells.

3. cidity fa(os abso!tion.

5. n acidic !H fa(ous calcium abso!tion

-. high !otein diet fa(ous abso!tion. @ysine and aginine incease abso!tion.

3. 6acto#s dec#easin abso#!tion&

1. 4hytates in food and o+alates in leafy (egetables fom insoluble salts and

intefee with 8a abso!tion

2. Galabso!tion syndomes& unabsobed fatty acid fom insoluble calcium salt.

3. 4hos!hate !eci!itate 8a.

5. lkaline !H in '"T

-. High content of dietay istibution&a. The nomal concentation of !lasma o seum 8a is 11 mgdl.b. bout half of this #- mgdl$ is in the ionized fom which is functionally

the most acti(e.c. 1 mgdl seum 8a is found in association with citate ando !hos!hate.d. bout 50% of seum 8a #5mgdl$ is bound to !oteins, mostly albumin

and, to a lesse e+tent, globulin.

6%nctions of ionied Ca(ci%m*

1. ?nzyme acti(ation& 8almodulin is a calcium binding egulatoy !otein. "t is!at of (aious egulatoy kinases. Gany enzymes like 'lycogen synthase,

!yu(ate cabo+ylase etc ae acti(ated by 8a and calmodulin.

2. "t mediate e+citation and muscle contaction.

3. "t is necessay fo ne(e tansmission.

5. "t mediates secetion of homones like 4TH, 8alcitonin, (aso!essin etc.

-. 8alcium and 8yclic G4 ae 2nd messenges fo diKeent homones.

6. 8alcium deceases (ascula !emeability and educes e+udates.

=. Hel!s in coagulation as Iacto ").

. 8a !olongs myocadial systole and may cause cadiac aest if gi(en ") at

faste ate.

. "t is used fo bone and teeth fomation.10. 8al!ains ae calcium de!endant cysteine !oteases that modulate cell

2-

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functions and is im!licated in diabetes mellitus, cataact, myo!athy etc.

11. 8alcium, along with !hos!hate, is e;uied fo the fomation #of

hydo+ya!atite$ and !hysical stength of skeletal tissue.

Re%(ation of !(asma ca(ci%m&

1. The homones calcitiol, !aathyoid homone #4TH$ and calcitonin ae the

maBo factos that egulate the !lasma calcium within a naow ange of 11mgdl.

2& Re%(ation de!ends on*

a. Thee 8alcito!ic homones

a. 4TH

b. 1,2- #9H$ )it.>

c. 8alcitonin

b. Thee taget ogans&

a. /one

b. 'ut

c. Qidney

c. Thee bone cellsa. 9steoblasts

b. 9steocytes

c. 9steoclasts

.I1&/ ;CALCI1RL=

1. "t induces caie !otein in the intestinal mucosa and inceases abso!tion of

calcium.

2. "nceases osteoblatic acti(ity in bone and fa(os minealization.

Pa#athy#oid ho#mone*

1. "t is seceted by two !ais of !aathyoid glands.

2. "t is a single chain !oly!e!tide with 5 amino acids.

3. ynthesis& !e!o 4TH F !o 4TH UFcti(e 4TH5. @ow ca le(el inceases secetion and (ice (esa.

-. Mechanism of action&

a. The only action is to incease seum calcium le(el.

b. 4TH binds to membane ece!to !otein on the taget cell and acti(ate

adenylate cyclase to elease 8yclic G4. This in tun inceases

intacellula calcium fo !hos!hoylation #kinase$ eactions.

c. Taget tissues ae intestine, bone, kidneys.

d. /one& 4TH causes deminealization though osteoclasts by inceasing

the acti(ity of !yo !hos!hatase and collagenase.

e. Qidneys& 4TH inceases calcium e abso!tion by kidney tubules. "t

!omotes the !oduc tion of calcitol in kidney by stimulation of 1hyhydo+ylation of 2-hydo+y cholecalcifeol.

f. "ntestine& 4TH inceases intestinal abso!tion of 8a by !omoting the

synthesis of calcitol.

Ca(citonin*

1. "t is !e!tide with 32 amino acids.

2. "t is seceted by !aa follicula cells of thyoid gland.

3. "t has antagonistic action to 4TH.

5. "t !omotes minealization of bones by inceasing the osteoblastic acti(ity.

-. "t inceases the e+cetion of !os!eous by kidneys.

6. Thus it deceases seum 8a le(el.

=. "tVs secetion is simulated by seum 8a le(el, gastin and glucagon.. 8alcitonin and 4TH togethe !omote bone gowth and emodeling.

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. @e(els of 4TH and 8alcitonin ae indiectly !o!otional.

Phos!ho#%s*

1. 4hos!hous and calcium le(els ha(e eci!ocal elationshi!.

2. The !oduct of seum 4 an 8a is ke!t as a constant. 8a + 4 W 10+ 5 W 50. "n

childen this !oduct is -0 due to slightly inceased 8a le(el.

3. "n hy!o albuminemia total calcium is deceased. /ut the ionic fom is nomal.5. lkalosis lowes ionic calcium le(el wheeas the total calcium is nomal.

-. cidosis fa(os ionization of calcium.

6. Qidney stats e+ceting calcium when seum le(el of 10 mgdl is e+ceeded.

Pa#athy#oid f%nction tests*

1. ?stimation of seum 8a. 4 and alkaline 4hos!hatase.

2. Sinay ca and !hos!hate le(els.

3. "( ?>T the loweed ca le(el is estoed afte a !olonged inte(al.

5. ") 8alcium load uinay calcium is inceased.

-. TA/ test& Tubula eabso!tion of !hos!hate is inhibited by 4TH.

6. 4TH le(el in seum.

Ro(e of idney*

1. Qidneys

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factues.

5. eum 8a and alkaline 4hos!hatase le(els ae inceased. 4hos!hate le(el is

loweed.

-. Sinay calcium is inceased.

6. Hy!echloemic acidosis occus.

=. Aenal calculi ae common. ?cto!ic tissue calci4'$ synthesis.

g. "t is essential fo synthesis of nucleoside coenzymes such as D> and

D>4

h. "t is needed fo >D and AD synthesis.

i. "t is !esent in !hos!ho!oteins eg. 8asein.

 B. "t is !at of !hos!hate buKe systems.

5. The nomal seum !hos!hous concentation is 3 to 5 mgdl and -6 mg in

childen. The whole blood !hos!hate is 50 mgdl.

-. Ae;uiement& -00 mgday.

6. ouces& milk, ceeals, nuts and meat and egg.

=. Aegulation&

a. 8alcitol inceases !hos!hate abso!tion.

b. ?+cetion is by kidneys -00 mg day

c. Hy!e 4TH and calcitol de

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2. /iochemical functions&a. elenium containing enzymes&

a. 'lutathione !eo+idase #'4$ is the im!otant selenium containing

enzyme. A/8 contains good ;uantity of glutathione !eo+idase. This

enzyme !otects the cells against the damage caused by H292b. Thyo+in is con(eted to T3 by -deiodinase, which is a selenium

containing enzyme. "n e de