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Grammar I Graciela Palacio

LV/JVG 2012 (Revised 2015)

LESSON 14

SYNTACTIC CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS

INTRANSITIVE VERBS OF INCOMPLETE PREDICATION

In the previous lesson e said that to t!pes o" intransitive verbs can #e distin$uished%

a& Intransitive ver#s o" complete predication (or uner$ative ver#s) and

#& Intransitive ver#s o" complete predication (or unaccusative ver#s)

In the "irst $roup' s!ntactic structure can still #e vieed as a more or less direct re"lection o"

predicate/ar$ument structure& oever' ith the second $roup thin$s are not so simple&

INTRANSITIVE VERBS OF INCOMPLETE PREDICATION:

here are to t!pes o" IVs o" IP%1& he "irst $roup is *non as the $roup o" Co!"aror "in#in$ver#s& hese ver#s can

#e%

Stativever#s%

John ishapp!&

he #rid$e see%ssa"e& (seem% modalit! ver# e+pressin$ co$nition)

,ou "oo#tired& (look% co$nitive modalit! - perception)

hat per"ume s%e""sterri"ic&

he ca*e tastesdelicious&

his material &ee"sso"t&

is voice so!n'e'stran$e&

D(na%i)or Pro)essver#s%

.he be)a%ea la!er&

.he $re*tired&

John is $ettin$an$r!&

hese ver#s are intransitive& e cannot use them in the passive voice& he! are not"olloed

#! a determiner phrase ar$ument& he! are called o" incomplete predication #ecause the!

must #e "olloed #! an o#li$ator! element' a )o%"e%ent&

I" the complement is an adectival phrase or a determiner phrase ith a predicative "unction it

is called a Pre'i)ative Co%"e%ent& or e+ample%

.u$ar is seet&

his is a #oo*&

John is tired&

I" the complement is a prepositional phrase that e+presses location' time or duration it is

called an A'verbia" )o%"e%ent& or e+ample%

John is in the $arden& (locative)he part! as !esterda!& (temporal)

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he "ilm lasted to hours& (durative)

2& he second $roup o" IVs o" IP is made up o" "our su#$roups%

a+ Verbs o& 'ire)te' %otion such as come, go, arrive, leave, fall, rise, etc

b+ Verbs o& %anner o& %otion *,en t,e( )o%bine *it, a 'ire)tiona" ,rase s!), as

Martha walkedto the station&

)+ Verbs o& e-isten)e an' aearan)e such as exist, appear, flourish, thrive, emerge

'+ Verbs o& satia" )on&i$!ration in t,e si%"e osition an' ass!%e osition sense

such assit, stand, lie, hang, lean, etc.

hese are all intransitivever#s that cannot occur on their on& he! must #e "olloed #!

somethin$& he! are t*o."a)e verbs#ut their to ar$uments are interna" ar$!%ents& 3ne

is a theme and the other a locative& he! do not have a$entive su#ects&

hese ver#s are also *non as !na))!sativever#s&

Let us discuss each t!pe in turn%

1+ Verbs o& 'ire)te' %otion% come, go, arrive, leave, fall, rise, etc&

4onsider the "olloin$ e+ample%

John *entto the cinema !esterda!&

hese ver#s are intransitive#ecause the ar$ument that "ollos the ver# is nota determiner

phrase #ut a prepositional phrase' and that prepositional phrase cannot #ecome the su#ect o"

the passive' e&$& To the cinema was gone by John. he! are o" in)o%"ete re'i)ation

#ecause these ver#s need a complement' the! cannot occur on their on' e&$& John went.

hich other ver#s are li*ego6

.ue )a%ehere (!esterda!)&

Julia arrive'in 7e ,or* (last ee*)&

he #oo*s had &a""enonto the "loor&

Verbs o& 'ire)te' %otion(or o" direction o" motion) impl! a ),an$e o& "o)ation#ecause the

entit! that under$oes motion (i&e& the theme su#ect) ends up in a di""erent place&

Comema! occur ithout an e+pression o" location in the s!nta+ (e&$&John came yesterday)

#ut the e+pression o" location (here, the place where the speaker is) is understood&Arriveis a

similar case& John has arrived is a $rammatical sentence #ut the place is understood& or

practical purposes' i" the e+pression o" location is a#sent in the s!nta+ #ut understood

conceptuall!' e ill provide it' so that the! can all #e $rouped to$ether&

2& Verbs o& %anner o& %otion *,en t,e( )o%bine *it, a 'ire)tiona" ,rase%

8artha *a"#e'to the station&

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Luc! 'an)e'into the room&

he people raninto the street&

hen e sa!Martha walked to the statione are not ust descri#in$ a manner o" motion as

in he is walking& hat e are sa!in$ is that she ent to the station and that she al*ed

there& (c"& in .panishMarta fue a la estaci!n caminando)& e ill anal!se to the station, intothe room, etc as /"o)ative0 a'verbia" )o%"e%ents& he! are re9uired to descri#e a t!pe o"

event that ends ith the su#ect #ein$ at that place&

:& Verbs o& e-isten)e an' aearan)e% exist, appear, flourish, thrive, emerge, arise&

Li"e doesn;t e-iston other planets&

.mo*e aeare'1in the hori

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Intransitive verbs o& in)o%"ete re'i)ationcan #e%

1& Lin#in$ verbs(stative or d!namic) "olloed #!%

=& = Predicative 4omplement?& =n =dver#ial 4omplement

+ Verbs o& 'ire)te' %otion

Verbs o& %anner o& %otion a 'ire)tiona" "o)ative

Verbs o& e-isten)e an' aearan)e

Verbs o& satia" )on&i$!ration in t,e si%"e osition an' asss!%e osition sense

hese "our su#$roups are "olloed #! =dver#ial 4omplements

T5EPICT3RESOFAR:

S!b6e)t Verb

1& 8ono V - 4/@3 (=dunct)

2& ?i V - 4/I3 - 4/@3 (=dunct)

:& ?i V - 4/@3 - Preposition to-4/I3 (=dunct)

& IV4P (=dunct)

5& IVIP - 4/Predicative 4 (=dunct)

A& IVIP - 4/=dver#ial 4 (adunct)

E-a%"es*,i), )orreson' to t,e atterns resente' above:

1& he man painted the all (!esterda!)&

2& he man $ave 8ar! the #oo* (this mornin$)&

:& he man $ave the #oo* to 8ar! (this mornin$)&

& he oman lau$hed (loudl!)&

5& he #o! as ver! nervous (that mornin$)&

A& John ent to the cinema (!esterda!)&

Lesson 14 A)tivit( 1 /to #e discussed in class0

=nal!se the "olloin$ sentences semanticall! and s!ntacticall!%

1& he man loo*ed ver! tired&

2& I al* to the station ever! da!&

:& he 7ational ?an* as ro##ed last ee*&

Lesson 14 A)tivit( /to #e handed in as Assi$n%ent 140

1& he sun remained #ehind the clouds&

2& he oman as ver! prett!&

:& 8! sister lives in the su#ur#s&

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