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Slide 1 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
PETE 661
Drilling Engineering
Lesson 14
Horizontal Drilling
Slide 2 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Lesson 14 - Horizontal Drilling
Why Drill Horizontal Wells? Relative Production Rates Relative Costs Types of Horizontal Wells Drilling Problems & Solutions How Popular is Horizontal Drilling? Examples
Slide 3 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Slide 4 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Why Drill Horizontal Wells?
Increase Reserves
Increase Production Rates
Control Water Production
Control Gas Production
Slide 5 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Why Drill Horizontal Wells?
Produce From Thin Reservoirs
Connect Vertical Fractures Produce Methane from Coal Seams
Increase Injectivity - (steam, water, polymers, etc.)
Control Sand Production
Slide 6 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Slide 7 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Slide 8 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
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Slide 11 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Production RatesOryx - Austin Chalk
Vertical Horizontal Horizontal/Vertical Well Well Production Ratio B/D B/D 12 507 42
15 215 14
5 107 21
Slide 12 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Production Rates
Drilled 7 wells from 1986 to 1989.
Drilled ~ 85 wells in 1990
Vertical Well Drilling Cost: 235 $/ft
Horizontal Well Drilling Cost: 520-282 $/ft
Cost Ratio: 2.2-1.2
Slide 13 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Drilling CostsAustin Chalk (1993)
Vertical well ~ $500,000
Recompletion as Horizontal Well ~ $375,000
New Horizontal Well ~ $1,000,000-2,000,000
~ $100+/ft to $150/ft
{these numbers are rough estimates only}
Slide 14 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Rospo Mare - Italy
Slide 15 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Prudhoe Bay
Vertical Well: 3,000 – 4,000 B/D
Horizontal Well: 10,000 - 12,000 B/D
Production Ratio: 3 - 4
Vertical Well: 235 $/ft
Horizontal Well: 520 - 282 $/ft
Cost Ratio: 2.2-1.2
Slide 16 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Long Radius (~1,000-3,000 ft) {~2-6 deg/100 ft}
Medium Radius (140~700 ft) {~8-40 deg/100 ft}
Short Radius (~20-40 ft) {~1.5-3 deg/ft}
<1,000 ft ~5,000 ft ~8,000 ft
Slide 17 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
New Drilling Technology
Measurement While Drilling (MWD)
Directional Surverying and Control
Indentification of Markers (identify zones)
Top Drive
Drill with 90-ft stands instead of 30-ft joints
Circulate while pulling drillpipe out of hole
Rotate drillpipe while pulling out of hole
Slide 18 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
New Drilling Technology
Mud Motors
Drill without rotating pipe
Change hole direction while drilling
Steerable systems
Slide 19 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Slide 20 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Potential Problems in Horizontal Drilling
• Running equipment in and out of hole• drillstring, casing, cables
• Preventing/Remedying differential sticking
• Excessive torque
Slide 21 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Potential Problems in Horizontal Drilling
• Cleaning the hole and preventing cuttings from settling along the hole bottom
• Controlling weight on bit to achieve and maintain directional control
• Cementing casing or liner
Slide 22 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Summary
• Horizontal wells may produce at 3-5 times the rate of vertical wells in the same area
(… as much as 20 times higher in special cases).
• Horizontal wells typically cost 1.5-3 times as much as vertical wells in the same area.
• Horizontal wells are often very attractive in formations with extensive vertical fractures.
Slide 23 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Summary
• The use of horizontal wells is growing - worldwide.
• Horizontal wells has increased our recoverable reserves.
• In the U.S. one rig in ten is drilling horizontal wells. (1994) (1998)
~ 7% in Oct. 2001
Slide 24 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Slide 25 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Slide 26 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Long - Radius Wells
• Used for achieving large horizontal
displacements from platforms or drilling pads• Used for achieving very long horizontal sections
(to 6,000 ft +)
Build Rate: ~ 2-6 degrees/100 ft
Build Radius: ~ 1,000-3,000 ft
Length of Horiz. Section: 1,000 - 8,000 ft (1995)
Slide 27 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Method:
• Use conventional directional drilling technology
• Use rigid bottom hole assemblies, motors & bent subs, stabilizers
• or Use Navigation drilling systems with “steerable” drilling motors
Slide 28 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Medium - Radius Wells
Build Rate: ~ 8 - 20 degrees/100 ft
(up to 40 deg/100 ft in some cases)
Build Radius: ~ 300 - 700 ft
Length of Horiz. Section: 1,000-6,000 ft
Slide 29 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Method:
• Use modified long-radius drilling technology
• Use different motors for Angle Build and Angle Hold sections.
• Use a “Tangent Section” between the two build sections
• Use compressive service drillpipe through the curve if Build Rate > 15 deg./100 ft.
(CS drillpipe has integral wear knots every ~ 10 ft)
Slide 30 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Short-Radius Wells
Build Rate: ~ 1 - 3 degrees/ft
Build Radius: ~ 20 - 40 ft
Length of Horiz. Section: 200 - 1,000 ft
Slide 31 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Method:
Two downhole motor designs are available Drill vertical “rathole” to identify horizon Build angle with special curve-drilling
assembly with a non-rotating shell that gives curvature to the tool
After building angle to horizontal, use a special angle-hold assembly: this consists of two undergauge stabilizers behind the bit, and flexible drillpipe.
Slide 32 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Slide 33 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Horizontal Well Pair
Slide 34 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Horizontal Well Pair
Slide 35 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling
Vertical Injection Wells and Horizontal Production Well
Slide 36 of 36PETE 661 - Drilling Engineering14. Horizontal Drilling