13A. The Cold War

Monday 2/3/15

1. Bell Ringer 2+sentences

2. Cold War Notes3. Quiz

1. Open note, closed book

Ch. 13 Key Terms-Define:

Cold War 259 Iron Curtain 261Truman Doctrine

262Marshall Plan 262Berlin Airlift 263Mao Zedong 264Korean War 266

Hydrogen bomb 268

Sputnik 268“blacklisted” 269Rosenberg Trial

269Venona Papers 269McCarthyism 269Jonas Salk 272

The Cold War

USA and Soviet Union Allies during WWII, soon became rivals

“Cold” Never confronted each other directly Threatened one another with nuclear weapons

Led to frequent conflicts on every continent.

The United StatesThe Soviet Union (USSR)

Supported democracy

Wanted free enterprise to spread

Supported Communism

Wanted it to spread

Roots of the Cold War

Competing ideologies of USA and USSR led to the Cold War

Category Soviet Communism American Democracy

Political System

Beliefs about Economics

Beliefs about religion

Beliefs about private

property

Beliefs on Individual

Rights

Copy and complete the chart comparing Communism and Democracy Summarize each country’s view on the categories below

Use page 260 and the internet to complete

Joseph Stalin

Leader of the Soviet Union

Promised a classless society To help all workers

Created a brutal dictatorship exercised absolute

controlOpponents and critics

Arrested Sent to gulags

Forced labor camps

Conference at Yalta

• End of WWII• Leaders met at Yalta to

reorganize Europe• Formed the United

Nations• Divided Germany into

four occupation zones.• Agreed to allow free

elections in the countries they liberated.

• Stalin never followed through.

Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin

The Cold War Begins

Soviets saw capitalist countries as a threat Created a wall of countries as a buffer

against future invasions. Refused to give Poland free elections Placed Communist leaders in charge

USA refused to give Soviets information about the atomic bomb

Iron Curtain Trade between Eastern and Western Europe ended Closed off Eastern and Western Europe For 40 years, travel and communication was limited

• What do you see in this political cartoon?

• What does this cartoon represent?

The Iron Curtain.

USA’s Containment Policy

In response to USSR dominating Eastern Europe

Containment Would not try to get rid of

Communism where it already existed

USA would prevent Communism from spreading

Truman Doctrine

Communists threatened Greece and Turkey President Truman offered

these countries military aid.

Did not want another situation like appeasing Hitler

Truman promised to support any country fighting Communism

Truman Doctrine

“I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted [conquest] by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe we must assist free people to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid, which is essential to economic stability and orderly political process.”

Do you think the USA should have offered aid to all nations facing such threats? Why?

The Marshall Plan, 1948

After WWII, much of Europe was in ruin Truman thought desperate people

might turn to CommunismGeorge C. Marshall

Secretary of StateMarshall Plan

Believed aid should be given to war-torn countries to rebuild their economies

Create allies Avoid chaos Aid to Germany and Italy Very successful

A Divided Germany

Modern Berlin from Space, showing differences

Germany was divided into four occupation zones. USA, France, & Britain

merged their sections=West Germany

Berlin Capital of Germany Also divided into 4

Stalin declared a blockade of West Berlin

Berlin Airlift, 1948

Western allies would not abandon West Berlin Began a massive airlift

to feed and supply the city.

US and allies showed they would not back down from Stalin

The Two Powers Organize

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Based on the concept of

collective security. Joined by Western Europe

and CanadaPledged to defend each

other.

Warsaw Pact Collective Security

Response to NATO Joined by the communist

European countries

United States: NATO Soviet Union: Warsaw Pact

Soviet Aggression Behind the Iron Curtain

Americans condemned Soviet acts of force, but never intervened.

1956 Soviets stopped an anti-Communist revolt in

Hungary 1961

Started the Berlin Wall to keep East Germans from escaping

1968 Conquered Czechoslovakia

Berlin Wall

Containment in Asia

America believed containment was working1949-China falls to Communism

Mao Zedong (communist) defeated the Nationalists Nationalist leaders fled to the island of Taiwan

Truman refused to recognize Communist (Red China) and declared nationalist government in Taiwan as the true China

The Korean War 1950 - 1953

Korea divided into two zones at end of WWII

North: Communist

South: Democracy

North invades South. Truman intervenes to

support South Korea.War ends when

communists are pushed back into North.

Korean War

Truman-MacArthur Controversy

MacArthur was commander of the U.N. forces.

Disagreed publically about the containment policy MacArthur wanted to enter North Korea and destroy

Communism. Truman fired Gen. Douglas MacArthur.

Eisenhower is Elected

Pledged to end the Korean War. An armistice was signed in

1953.Left Korea divided exactly

as it was before. “Demilitarized Zone” lies

between.Prisoners of war were

swapped.

Arms and Space Races

The US was originally the only country with atomic power.

The Soviet Union followed four years later.Both developed the hydrogen bomb within a

year of each other.

Massive Retaliation

American powers decided to rely more on nuclear weapons for defense.

These weapons acted as a deterrent.Massive Retaliation was cheaper than

maintaining a large military force but less flexible. Could only be justified if a nation’s very survival was

at stake.

Soviets Launch Sputnik, 1957

Soviets launch an artificial satellite into orbit.

Scared Americans and showed that the USA was scientifically behind the Russians.

Created NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

American education was restructured to stress science and math.

The Cold War At Home

Truman’s Loyalty Review Boards investigated “Un-American activities” particularly

Communist involvementHouse Un-American Activities Committee

questioned actors, directors, writers, and others about Communist sympathies

Those found guilty were “blacklisted”

The Rosenberg Trials, 1950

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg charged with selling national

secrets to the Soviet Union. Found guilty and executed

for spying. 1997, the Venona Papers

revealed names of several American spies for the Soviet Union. Julius Rosenberg was one of those.

The McCarthy Hearings

Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed that he knew of hundreds of Communists working in the government positions. Created a new Red Scare by raising fears.

After three years of hearings, McCarthy never provided any real proof.

Eventually “censured”The term “McCarthyism” has become

identified with making harsh accusations without evidence.

Foreign Policy Under Eisenhower

John Foster Dulles Secretary of State. Dedicated to preventing the

spread of Communism.The Eisenhower Doctrine

extended the Truman Doctrine to include the Middle East

Domestic Policy Under Eisenhower

Era experienced great prosperity.

Signed the Interstate Highway Act (1956) establishing our nations

highways. Originally for defense

purposes, it helped interstate commerce and the growth of suburbs.

Advances in Medicine

Jonas Salk developed the first vaccine

for polio.Measles vaccineFirst heart transplantDiscovery of

streptomycin: an antibiotic to treat

tuberculosis.