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Focus on Growth & Opportunities for
Indian Railways
An Assessment of Major Transportation Modes
Submitted by :
Ankit RastogiResearch Associate, IRITM, Lucknow
Facilitated by :
Sri Ravij SethFA & Sr. ro!. "Fin. & #, IRITM, Lucknow
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Sometimes feels, its too much now..... Struggling with same challenge daily while travelling from
home to office and from office to home. It similar to the winning a war, really trust me!! First you
have to check the local conveyance to reach bus stop, railway station or metro station, airport. Then
you have to clear the hurdle of getting ticket at right price. Then finally you get chance to sit on your
seat, dont remember to shareadust your seat with other passengers. So do I really got that , for
what I struggle an paid appropriate fare charges. Somehow if you manage to adust with
environment, then most of the time that particular mode of transportation is going to be delayed by
new reasons. So if you have to travel "#$"% km, then you have to keep #& hours apart from your
scheduled work. 'ut we irritate at that moment and after some time forget about it. I think we are
very adustable by nature so we manage each and every time and it becomes a habit of us.
(e are &nd
largest country by population and ne)t big economic power in the world. These all big
achievements ust give few minutes satisfaction but not the permanent solution of this particular
issue. *very time when people think to travel from one destination to another, they become
horrified by ust thinking of that. *ither they wish to travel in the vicinity or to travel far away they
have to consider lots of factors. The primaryfactors considered by every travellersuch as getting a
confirm ticket according to their plan, getting a conveyance to reach the appropriate starting point
and on time. They also have additional concerns about their ourney like Safety, Timely, *conomical,
*fficient, Safe, +eliable, environment friendly and regionally balanced transport system and so
on.This paper features analysis on the key developments and opportunities across various modes of
transportation including road, rail, air, ports and water which could rightly be termed as Focus
on -rowth /pportunities for Indian +ailways. In this conte)t, I have researched the potential
proects and trends imperative to reali0e an efficient, effective, lean and reliable Indian
transportation network.
In present days it becomes very veryhard to take care all of these factors under consideration and
we all are compromising with the present situation. 1ll these issues are present with all maor
transportation modes whether its a +ailway...the heart line of the country, +oads....connecting the
dots or 1viation.... lets fly efficiently. (e all have encountered these problems at least once in our
life time... I know lots of you will agree with me.
It2s surprising me that, when we have great policies, better technology and huge man power, so why
we are lacking in the transportation area. The Transportationcomes under the Infrastructure sub $
sectorof Service sector. 1nd agree with you that it re3uires enormous investments. Since
governments is lacking on this front so they embraced the 444 model for fast development of
infrastructure. 5nder 444 mode there is a lot of proects are done many are under progress. The 444
mode gives win $ win situation to both of the parties ie. for government and private players.
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'ut e)cept 444 still there is a lo
far behind in this sector in comp
we are the fastest growing coun
worry in India, as international
growth. Infrastructure is also b
are having an impact on the inf
and also specific sectors such
slowdowns in larger and more d
There is great need of better
growing population, urbani0atio
1ny updown movement in the
the nation. Infrastructure dev
prosperity. The development o
culture. 7ence, the importance
diverse8 it serves the need of bil
-94 in the figure :";.
The vision of the twelfth five ye
Sustainable, Economical, Efficie
transport system.onventional economic ev
ents tend to focus on the direct costs and benefi
travellers, cost savings for operators, and reduc
ation sector. (e are
ountries. In present,
is a maor source of
e hinders economic
d the 5.S. economy
he general economy
lobali0ed country
rts and growth rate.
ns such as very fast
ess to basic utilities.
h of the economy of
ic development and
cial and institutional
rt sector is large and
ution to the nations
ich will lead to a
ionally balanced
are not well
luations of maor
ts arising from
tions in aspects like
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air pollution, noise, and accidents.The impact in terms of economic exchanges, accessibility, and
productivity gains are expected to be significant, and extend beyond traditional transport savings.
?ow you are e)cited to know the reasons behind these kind inefficient transportation modes. (e
will analy0e the all maor transportation modes with special focus on their passenger and freight
operations, and the current sub sector trends. So before going in details, ust have a overview of all
four maor transportation modes performance.
FDI Flows to infrastructure (US $ million)
Sector 2009-10 2010-11 2010-11Apr-Nov
2011 2012
Air Transort &&.@ "A@.## A".&& &=.%# "A.=&
SeaTransort &BC.D A##.%" "&D.A@ DD.C& A@.&A
!orts @%.C "#.D& #.## #.## #.##
Railwa"Relate#omonents
AC.& =#.@@ C&.== A%."@ "=.=D
Share and Growth of Indias Services Sector (at factor cost) (%)
Transport 2000-01
200-0!
200!-0"
200"-0#
200#-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
$aiwa&s"." #.D #.D ".# #.D #.D #.B #.=
C." =.% ""." D.B =.= B.B %.D =.%
Transport
'& other
eans
%.# %.= %.= %.@ %.% %.A %.A %.C
=.= D.A D.# B.= %.A =.A B.& B.@
Indicators *erforance of Indias service sector
Sector Indicators +nit *eriod200#-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-1,
Aviation
Airline
passengers
(domestic and
international)
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oparison 'etween .a/or transportation odes
.ode Growin eand pport3nities *oic& S3pport
$aiwa&s
-reater connectivitybetween different cities,
towns and villages has led
to increased road traffic
over the years
There has been increasingmovement of goods within
the country as well
Freight traffic is set toincrease manifold, thanks
to investments and
private sector
participation
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25 Roads India has the second largest road network in the world :C." million kilometres; +oads bear about D# per cent of the countrys passenger traffic and @% per cent of freight
traffic
*araeters +nit 670, 67 2011
enth of Nationahihwa&s
'm %B,""& =",==&
*assener vehice
saes
=#=,### &,@A,=B=
N:* to coection +S
iion
@C.% CA%
:ihwa& pro/ects
awarded '& N:AI'm
@== @CD"
Share of infrastr3ct3re
in tota 'an8 f3ndin%
&.A "C
,5 Aviation Dth largest civil aviation market in the world India is ranked Cth in domestic passenger volumes :C%.A million; Indias civil aviation market is set to become the worlds Ard largest by India has "A@ airports, "&B of which are owned by 11I
*araeters +nit 67 2000 67 2011
Sched3ed airines
distance fownmn km
"DD =@&
Non-sched3ed airines
in operation&&
AD "A@
N3'er of aircraft && &&% ""BB :"&;
*assener handin
capacit& at airportsmillion
@@ &AA million :"&;
N3'er of operationa
airports&&
%# "&% :"&;
Aircraft oveent 6reiht Traffic *assener Traffic
Internationa airports =D G D@G BCGthers &"G CG "@G
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Sinificant Governent Spendin n Infrastr3ct3re
The Indian government has earmarked about I?+ %#,### billion according to the HII Five
Eear plan :"&$"=; against I?+ &%,### billion in the HI Five year 4lan :#=$"&; for
infrastructure investment. 1round one$fourth of this investment is e)pected to be in roads,
rail, and aviation and port proects representing a sharper focus on transportation
infrastructure. For e)ample, I?+ &B" billion has been allocated for the &=##km$long
9edicated +ail Freight >orridor proect.
ource Planning *ommission of "ndia, 'P%+ Analysis
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oparison on ;e& paraeter
ource *ygnus $usiness *onsulting #esearch, 'P%+ Analysis
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Disaster Risk Sha#ow on !!! !rojects
Few weeks back there was climatic disaster in $ttarakhand and there is debate %oin% on
e'elo(ment )*s isaster mana%ement. So I am includin% this to(ic o! +isaster Risk
Shadow on roects- which %i'es essences o'er the debate to(ic. As all
in!rastructure (roects are now eecutin% throu%h mode, so it is 'ery im(ortant to
minimi/e the disaster results. As we all know that in (roects the %o'ernment has
'ery low control o'er the eecutin% (ri'ate (artners and latter has little interest in lon%
term sa!ety issues o! the (roects. Accordin% to the 0lobal Assessment Re(ort "0AR# on
disaster risk reduction !or Asia (aci!ic, an $1 study noti!ied India that its 'ast
in!rastructure assets e(osed to disaster risk. These (artnershi( (roects trans!er their
shared costs to the (ublic sector as they do not necessarily lead to im(ro'ed disaster risk
assessment and mana%ement. As (er re(ort (roection durin% 12th Fi'e 2ear lan, an
in'estment in in!rastructure de'elo(ment is worth about 31 trillion (ro(erty !acin%
disaster risk !rom unsa!e (ublic assets. The re(ort (uts the estimated e(osure o!
economic assets in Mumbai alone was increased !rom $46billion in 2005to $15!billion
in 20"0.
In the middle and low income countries the e(osure such as urban %rowth, natural and
arti!icial subsidence, sea le'el rise and climate chan%e are likely to rise si%ni!icantly. Its
ad'ised by the $n to the %o'ernment to inte%rate disaster risk in!ormation into
in'estment decisions4 buildin% (ublic (ri'ate risk %o'ernance and disclosin% disaster risks
and costs on balance sheets o! com(anies. The 0AR concerns s(eci!ically in areas o!
S%&s' loalise# Sul" hainswhich enhance the 'ulnerability o! disaster.
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Railways
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Spanning 64,456 km with more than 7,133 railway stations, Indias rail network is the largest
in Asia and the second largest in the world (ehind the !S"#$6 %he Indian &ailways operates
1', trains daily, transporting $#65 ))% o* *reight and $3 million passengers across the
co+ntry# owe-er Indias rail in*rastr+ct+re s+**ers *rom chronic +nder.in-estment, d+e to
which its potential *or *reight mo-ement remains largely +ntapped# &ail *reight has grown at
aro+nd 7 / o-er the past *i-e years# It is e0pected to+ch the 1 illion ton mark in $13, with a
31/ share o* total *reight mo-ement across all modes o* transport# %his is in stark contrast to
its share o* '/ in 1'51#2onsidering the re+irements o* the economy and sie o* the
co+ntry, the e0pansion o* the railway network has een inade+ate# Indian &ailways ha-e
added 11,64 km o* new lines since independence#It has not een ale to co-er maor areas
in many states and has -ery little presence in the orth.ast States and the imalayan
region#%he network needs e0tensi-e modernisation, increase o* speeds, impro-ement insa*ety and modernisation o* rolling stock to meet the needs o* a rapidly growing economy#
Indian Railways Financial Position Overview
Source: 12th
Five year Plan Report
%he Indian railways (I&" ha-e consistently lost o+t to road, as the pre*erred mode *or goods
mo-ement across the co+ntry# 8hile tra**ic on rail has grown more than ten*old etween
1'51 and $7, rail track length has only grown 1#4 times d+ring the same period# )oreo-er,
tr+nk ro+tes constit+te merely 16/ o* the network and transport morethan 5/ o* total
tra**ic, res+lting in maor congestion and a low a-erage speed o* $5 km9hr *or *reight trains#$7
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As compared to gloal standards, Indias track length per s# km# is +n*a-o+rale at 44 km o*
track per 1, s# km# o* arale land, as against 137 km in the !S and 417 km in :ermany#
Traffic
;assenger %ra**ic went +p eca+se o* rising income, +ranisation dri-ing passenger tra**ic
growth# !ran pop+lation in India increased *rom 17#3 per cent o* the total pop+lation in
1'51 to 31#$ per cent in $11< this has led to increase in tra**ic etween +ran and r+ral areas
in the co+ntry# Impro-ement o* +ran.r+ral connecti-ity y rail has een another maor
contri+tor to passenger growth# =+rther, passenger tra**ic contin+es to enoy signi*icant
priority o-er rail *reight# In addition to *irst right o* mo-ement, passenger rates are highly
s+sidied y *reight
operations +tiliing +p to
7$#3/ o* network capacity
+t contri+ting only 3/ to
re-en+e, while passenger
segment acco+nts only *or
$7#7/#
Source: KPMG in India
Analysis
>espite these apparent limitations, rail contin+es to e among the *astest and most
economical modes o* transport *or *reight in India# %wo.thirds o* *reight in India is transported
o-er medi+m and long distances, *or which rail transportation o**ers signi*icant time and cost
sa-ings#
Percentage Share of Rail - Road in Freight Traffic Movement
Source:World
Ban!"""!data#an!"orl
d#an!or$
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%he capital cost o* setting +p
modes s+ch as e0pressways,
transportation, speci*ically on
other modes# Additionally, rail
%he originating passenger tra*
millionwhich is,3#$/ lower tha
cent higher than the re-ised ta
&ailways are making large re-e
s++ran segments# on.re-isi
I
Infrastructure Caacity Creati
%he le-enth ;lan attempted a
signi*icant in*rastr+ct+re capacit
s+stain moility on the network
the %enth ;lan# %he targets in res
%he e0panding re+irements o* t
along with its aility to carry larg
it *aster and e0pand the network#
o-erall national *reight market#
e0pansion m+st *actor in the *act
will e willing to pay#
%he rail network has to de-elop
ens+re en-ironmental.*riendly an
e prioritised in the importan
stock, last mile rail linkages and
rail capacity is aro+nd 4/ lower than t
hen meas+red on a ton.kilometer asis# =
high.tra**ic density corridors, are consider
**ers speed and capacity.related ene*its#
ic achie-ed in the terminal year o* the le
the original le-enth ;lan target o* ,4
get o* the le-enth ;lan#
n+e losses in passenger tra**ic oth in s++r
ono* tari** *or se-eral years has led to poor
Source: 12th
Five
on
aradigm shi*t *rom the earlier incremental a
addition to handle the +ant+m increase in
y setting amitio+s targets as compared to the
ect o* new lines and electri*ication ha-e een e
Source: 12th
Five
e economy will need m+ch *aster e0pansion o
r *reight per wagon, impro-e e**iciency o* the
%here will also e need to impro-e the share o
ith increasing incomes, passenger tra**ic will i
that demand will e *or etter +ality ser-ices
strategy to e part o* an e**ecti-e m+lti.modal
d economically e**icient transport mo-ement#In
t areas, -i# >edicated =reight 2orridors, hi
port connecti-ity#
at o* comparale
rther, costs o* rail
ly lower than *or
enth ;lan is ,13'
illion +t #75 per
an as well as non.
*inancial health o*
ear plan Report
proaches to one o*
tra**ic le-els and to
per*ormance d+ring
ceeded#
ear plan Report
the *reight network
ail system to deli-er
* the &ailways in the
ncrease +t plan *or
or which passengers
transport system to
-estment needs to
gh capacity rolling
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India has a well.de-eloped &ail network in dire need o* moderniation and is str+ggling to
increase its highway and e0pressways#
Rationali!ation of Railway freight and assenger fare"
?etween $4.5 and $1.11 the I&s inp+t costs increased y 1#6/ per ann+m# ?+t
passenger *ares remained +nchanged 9 red+ced in lower classes# %his ca+ses constraining
internal reso+rce generation, essential *or replacement 9 renewal o* assets, operation and
maintenance acti-ities and critical sa*ety and passenger amenity works# Also the cross.
s+sidy thro+gh the *reight +siness was no longer *easile eca+se o* *ast e-ol-ing
competition *rom other modes o* transport# @eeping these *actors in mind, an increase in
passenger *ares was anno+nced on ' an+ary $13, e**ecti-e *rom the an+ary $13#
# gradation of Passenger $menities
%o pro-ide the asic *acilities like drinking water, *+nctioning toilets, catering ser-ices, waiting rooms,
dormitories especially *or lady passengers and etter signage, In $' the Adarsh station scheme was
introd+ced# B+t o* identi*ied '76
stations 616 stations ha-e een
de-eloped as Adarsh stations#
%he other initiati-es are, the !%S
was made a-ailale at 1,17$
co+nters (no- C1$", the total
installed AD%)s was aro+nd
(1$.13", the =BIS (=reight Bperation
in*ormation System" and its mod+le
&)S (&ake )anagement System"
was installed at more stations#
High-Speed Passenger Trains
Indian &ailways is adopting a m+lti.
pronged strategy to pro-ide sa*er,
*aster, cleaner, and more
com*ortale passenger trains# Se-en
corridors ha-e een identi*ied *or
cond+cting pre.*easiility st+dies *or
Source: http:%%"""!uic!or$%IMG%&p$%carte'inde!&p$
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r+nning high.speed trains (pop+larly re*erred to as +llet trains" at speeds ao-e 35 kmph#%hese
corridors will e set +p thro+gh ;;; ro+te# Initially, the )+mai.Ahmedaad corridor has een taken
+p *or which the pre.*easiility st+dy has een completed# 8ork is in progress in respect o* the
remaining corridors# A st+dy is also eing done on the >elhi.)+mai ro+te *or raising the speed o*
passenger trains *rom 16 kmph to $ kmph, i#e# *or r+nning semi.high speed trains#Ma%or trends in Indian Railways
1# %here is a rapid increase in demand *or +ran mass transportation systems in the co+ntry#Se-eral metro rail proects are in progress to impro-e connecti-ity within cities< the >elhi
)etro has emerged as an internationally acclaimed -ent+re#
$# Indian &ailways (I&" la+nched moile ticketing ser-ices in A+g+st $11 to make the ticketiss+ing process more e**icient# !sers can directly +y a ticket *rom their moiles that wo+ld e
deli-ered to them thro+gh a non.trans*erale S)S#3# I& has attracted increasing in-estments *rom o-erseas thro+gh strategic alliances with -ario+s
co+ntries o-er the last *ew years# S+sidiaries o* *oreign companies are eing set +p to cater
to the h+ge demand o**ered y I
4# I& is planning to +ild se-en high.speed rail corridors to pro-ide *aster rail connecti-ity acrossthe co+ntry# %he trains will e capale o* r+nning at speeds +p to 3 kilometres per ho+r#
Modernisation of Indian Railways
%o modernie Indian &ailways, the *oc+s is on two *+ndamental dri-ers . Sa*ety and :rowth and along
a *i-e.pronged strategy
1. )odernise core assets . %hey are keyre-en+e generating assets
2. 0plore new re-en+e models . %o meet the*+nding needs *or modernisation and growth
3. &e-iew proects . %o ens+re *inancial-iaility, social ene*its, and timely
implementation
4. =oc+s on enalers . =or a holistic and longterm approach to modernisation and
e0ec+tion
5. )oilie reso+rces . %o capitalise on anopport+nity
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Benefits of High Speed Rail...more Sustainable Transportation
Impro-e the economic de-elopment o* the regions ser-ed, increase their competiti-eness andred+ce their peripherallyation in an optim
In India the maintenance of roads is
treated as a non-plan activity and
has, therefore, tended to be
neglected because of financial
resources constraints. :part from
inade?uacy of resources,
management of roads are
unsystematic and inspections are
irregular.
The villages which are connected
economic impacts on villages which
listed below%
Improved connection to the Reducing the time spent in tr Improving villagers access to Improvement in the accessib :ster access to health faciliti 4ecline in infant and child m Improvement in agricultural
This ind of initiative can also be ex
villages.
Trends in the Road Sector
1. 7overnment policy to increainfrastructure industry with
888 model. The type of 888
/) of their total length is wider than two lan
of bypasses, inade?uate capacity, insufficient
dgesCculverts are some of the other deficienci
ined properly to prevent disintegration and de
m manner and road safety of its users.
Lane composition of National Highway
Source: 12th
y 8radhan2antri 7ram adaFo3ana !827F$
indicate multiple benefits generated through
arets
avelling
timely treatment, especially in emergency
ility to education
s
rtality which
roduction, income, employment generation
rcised at country level to maximi>e the benefi
se private sector participation has proved to b
large number of private players entering the
odels used in road pro3ects are G6T toll and G6
23%
54%
23%
L
F
es, leading to heavy
pavement thicness
s. The road networ
terioration, ensuring
(2012)
ive Year Plan Report
have several socio-
it. Hew of them are
for all, similarly lie
a advantage to the
usiness through the
T annuity.
ingle/Intermediate
ane
ouble Lane
our/Six/Eight Lane
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2. Through # per cent H4I in the roads sector, most foreign companies have formed partnershipswith Indian players to participate in the sector.
3. Infrastructure is the ey to supporting double-digit 748 growth in India during the medium- tolong-term hence the government has made infrastructure development a ey policy issue and
plans to spend J4#." trillion during HF#/-#( on the sector.
4. Through Hive-Fear 8lans, India has increased the length of national highways from +#,/(5ilometres during the late #9"s to (#,((+ ilometres by the end of the ##th Hive Fear 8lan !HF5-
#+$. The 9th Hive Fear 8lan !HF#99(-HF+$ recorded the largest addition to the highway networ
!+/,5#" ilometres$.
National Highways to be constructed under various Five!ear plans
Source: *oistics a%e chaners + ,rans#or%in Indias loistics industr!-'P()
Jntil +1, the road construction maret was dominated by public sector companies. The government
has been eager to involve private sector funding for infrastructure pro3ects and thereby reduce strains on
the budget. The 888 model has emerged as the favoured one for private sector participation in roads
pro3ects. Hrom the investment perspective, a comparison of estimated investments in the road sector in
the Eleventh 8lan !+(B#+$ vis--vis pro3ected investments for the Twelfth 8lan !+#+B#($ indicates a
significant 3ump, approximately +.+-fold.
To encourage private players, the
7overnment has announced several
incentives such as declaring the road
sector as an industry, providing # ) tax
exemptions in any consecutive # years
out of + years, duty free imports of
certain identified construction plants and
Source: .risil report /Private participation in National
Hihwa!s to drive invest%ent in roads& 22 (a! 2012
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e?uipment, H4I of up to # ), and increased concession periods !up to / years$. 7iven these incentives,
the private sector is expected to fund // ) of the total investment in the Twelfth Hive-Fear 8lan.
Roads are a ma3or user of construction material especially bitumen and asphalt which are nown to
release emission gases into atmosphere. There is need for maximi>ing the investment in RK4, green
technology and design for better and safer roads.
The ma3or reasons behind the higher road traffic are, growth in small and medium enterprises in India,
rising incomes leading to increasing number of vehicle owners, 7rowing movement of goods within the
country due to economic integration, Getter ?uality roads maes road travel cheaper and safer and
Increasing roadways leading to greater accessibility between different citiesCtownsCvillages. The number
of vehicles has been growing at an average of #.#0) per annum over the last five years. This strains the
road infrastructure.Roads traffic share of the total traffic in India has grown from #/.5 ) to 01) in freight
traffic and from #1.") to 9) in passenger traffic from #91# to +##.
The main hurdle in the development of highways at a faster pace is the delay in land ac?uisition and
statutory clearances. In the absence of stronger land laws, land ac?uisition becomes a contentious issue
in a country lie India with a large population. Effective legal framewor and proper execution with
respect to land ac?uisition is needed for a faster development of roads. 7overnment must ensure faster
procurement of all statutory clearances.
Huture prospects remain bright for the roads sector.In future national and state highway pro3ects are
estimated to create an opportunity of J4"#.+ billion and J4 9.9 billion respectively, over next five
years. The Road pro3ects contribute around 0) of 888 pro3ects in the country. To promote this sector,
the government has allowed # ) H4I under the automatic route for all road development pro3ects and
#) income tax exemption is granted for a period of # years.
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Wat rways
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Indias 95%by volume and
the sea route. India has a co
has 13major ports (Fig. 1);
the eastern coast and 7 o
western coast. It also has
200 non major ports! in
1/3 are operational."he I
Water "ransport (IW")
interface between maritim
rail and road transport. #
2011-12, 60$ and 40$ omaritime cargo were handl
major and non% major
respectively.
The aviation sector is stru
for survival, while roadway
railways are bleeding the tre
dry. Inland navigation
economical and environment
The Three waterways that ha
(a) Allahabad-Haldia stretc
declared National Waterway-
(b) Sadiya-Dhubri stretch (
Waterways- II in &e%tember,
(c) Kottapuram-Kollam stret
canal ("' #ms) and dyogm
+ebruary, "!!*.
&s we seen the aviation se
transportation are bleeding
support from government!
0%by value global merchandise trade is c
ast line of 7,517m with two basic catego
6 on
the
bout
hich
land
form
and
uring
thed by
ports
gling
and
asury
is
-friendly.
e been declared as National Waterways are
(" #ms) of anga-$hagirathi-/ooghly
I in 0ctober, "!.
!" #ms) of the $rahma%utra river was
!.
h (" #ms) of the West 1oast 1anal alon
andal canal (* #ms) was declared Nation
tor is struggling for endurance! whereas
the capital dry. 'ut due to lac of lon
inders the growth of inland waterways. I
arried out through
ries of ports. India
:
river system was
declared National
with 1ham%a#ara
l Waterways-III in
railways and road
g term vision and
t is ironical that in
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spite of being economical! e
sector remains underutilised
Traffic and Capacity at P
"he capacity creation for ma
only 689.83" was achiev
36.67$."he capacity of min
228.31" to 557".
"he traffic handled by majo
lower than the projection by
07 with the growth of 29.
186.11" in the year
200
growth of 98.81$ and also h
Cargo Traffic
&ccording to the 12th Five
meet the projected traffic
815.20 ") by the end of
sector is predicted to be 22
").
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Major Po
CargoTraffic(MMT)
FY 07
ficient and environment friendly! the inla
.
orts
jor ports during year 2011-12was project
d. "his shows the increase in the capacity
r ports and private ports was envisaged
r ports in financial year 2011-12 was 56
26.55$ but increased from 463.78" of fi
8$. &t the minor ports traffic handled w
-07 to
37.00 " in the year
2011-12!
gher than the projection of 23.26$.
Source: Ministry of Shipping, India Brand Eq
ear plan! the capacity and "raffic is nee
of 1758.26 " (major ports% 943.06 "
2th five year plan (2016-17)! the total ca
9.04" (major ports% 1229.24" and mi
FY 07
FY 08
FY
ts
Non Major
PortsFY 08 FY 09 FY 10 FY 11 FY 12
d water transport
d 1001.80" but
of major ports by
to increase from
.12" which was
ancial year 2006-
as increased from
thus registering a
ity Foundation
ed to e*pand. "o
and minor ports%
pacity of the port
or ports% 1059.80
9
FY 10
FY 11
FY 12
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Capacity Addition
At Major
Ports +*isti(2011-
Total 560.
Capacity by the end of 12t
Major
+*isting(2011-12)
Total
Coodity689.83
Major Trend in the W
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
FY0!
58!
CapacityAddition
(MT)
&ource:
Traffic (MT) Capa
g12)
Forecast(2016-17)
+*isting(2011-12)
5 943.06 689.93
plan
orts Minor Ports
Forecast(2016-17)
+*isting(2011-12)
Forecast(2016-17) (2
1229.24 544.65 1059.80 1
aterways Transportation
FY07FY08
FY09FY10
"8#
$!%
"$! "$
inistry of &hi%%ing,
ity (MT)
Forecast(2016-17)
1229.24
Total
*isting011-12)
Forecast(2016-17)
234.48 2289.04
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&s shown in above graph! t
average turnaround time is
entrance path."here is an im
" in year 2006-07to 10,9
Indian ports around 57$
#etention trendis only one t
"he other important trend
Increasing Private Particip
Model. 'ecause of favou
encourages both the invest
investing in port logistics
government has shifting fr
services) to a /Landlord P
while port operations are d
0hennai! 1isahapatnam an
"enefits of #ater$ays Tr
Efficient and Economic:
"he cost of infrastructure d
roadways. &s per r. ,
+conomics! 3niversity of
than that of roadways. 4an
building a road or a railway li
"he fuel used in waterways
would carry about 105tonn
200!%07 2007%08
97&' 10071
()!2()9(
10)0' 11)&
A&era'e (re-berthin'
A&era'e )utput per sh
&ou
at there is improvement in turnaround ti
influenced by feature such as si5e of parc
provement of average output per ship be
7" in year 2011-12. #ue to port associ
f turnaround time of ships is delayed.
at continuous shows the increasing style.
s seen in this sector is ,etting up of
tion, Specialist Terminal ased Ports a
rable investment condition and strong
or! i.e. rivate and Foreign. "he private
services. Further! to attract private
om the /Service Port6 model (port aut
rt6 model (port authority acts as a regul
ne by the private companies)."he major p
"uticorn are e*ample of this reformed.
nsport
evelopment for IW" sector is also very lo
riraman of Walchand 2irachand rofe
mbai. , #andapat! chief engineer! IW&I. It
ac9uition cost accounts for : per cent
ne.
transportation is diesel. &s per the study!
s over a ilometre through waterways!
2008%09 2009%10 2010%11
10&7(10&82 107('
()87
&)&2 &)!7
9)''11)7' 11)7!
etention Time A&era'e Turnaround T
ip berth days ce: "
th+ive 3ear 4lan,
e in 2011-12. "he
l! cargo type! and
th day from 9,745
ted inefficiency at
"he re%berthing
port based ,+-s!
nd Landlord Port
growth potential!
layer aggressively
investments! the
hority provide all
ator and landlord
orts such as 78"!
as compared to
sor of "ransport
is 5 to 10per cent
f the total cost of
one litre of diesel
5 tonnes through
2011%12
109!7
&)&&
11)1&
ime
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railways and24tonnes throu
comparisons into monetary
Affordable:
"here was a2012report! by
under the 8ational "ranspo
0ommission. It highlighted tthrough waterways would c
0.50and
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Conclusion
Efficient mobility of people is one of the key factors for the progress and prosperity of a society and
a nation. Public Transport services play a major role in reducing the poverty and keeping deprivation
at check in rural areas. Apart from offering the rural population a viable and convenient way to
market their agricultural produce, it also enables them to access other sources of income such as
engagement in informal services in nearby urban nodes and formal employment in manufacturing,
food processing, transport and other industries, etc. Certain inherent characteristics of the us
transport system make it the ideal mode for meeting the huge and increasing demand for passenger
transport services. us transport makes the most optimum use of the available road space and fossil
fuel by transporting the ma!imum number of people per unit of road space. "n an average, a car
consumes nearly # times more energy than an average bus, while two wheelers consume about $.%
times and three&wheelers consume '.( times more energy in terms of per passenger km.
The transport sector of )ndia is facing several challenges which can be taken as opportunities to
overcome from them and make )ndia leader of this sector in the group of developing countries. The
challenges are,
Congested and inefficient ports, *evere capacity constraints facing by +ailways, Airport infrastructure is strained, interland connectivity by different modes of transport +oads are congested and poor in -uality
rom the below given table we can see that government of )ndia heavily in all major transportation
modes.
Ministry /Department wise 12th
Five Year Plan Outlays for Transport Sectors
*ource/ 0$th
ive 1ear Plan
Way forward
E!panding construction capacity& construction industry capacity already overstretched&-uality, price affected
)mproving Contract 2anagement& on average publicly financed road construction contractssuffering 3%4 cost over runs
Ministry GS Outlay !"#
2inistry of +oad Transport 5
ighways
0''(#6 #'73'
2inistry of Civil Aviation 0#673 0#$0%
2inistry of +ailways 06'$$0 $$%888
2inistry of *hipping #6#8 $0668
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Poor -uality of designs 9and ac-uisition Tariff :pricing policy 2ulti modal connectivi
transportation modes. )
ocus on high&growth punderutili
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Bibliography
1. Twelfth Five Year Plan(20122017)-!ono"i! #e!tor$% &ol ''% by o'2. 'nia Bran *+ity Fo+nation (,ar!h 201)%. /eport on ogi$ti!$ ga"e!hanger$ - Tran$for"ing 'nia$logi$ti!$ in+$try by P,%3. ing 4heel$- 'nve$ting in the 'nian tran$portation 5 ogi$ti!$ 'n+$try by P,%6. 8 web$ite9. :at+ral highway$ p+bli$he in own to arth7. 'nian /ailway$ web$ite;. The /oa hea highway$ PPP in 'nia