1.3.0 Skyway - engr.psu.edu · PDF filered letters, w/ die-cast alum. housing Wall/ Ceiling LED N/A N/A N/A 120 10 2 FC2 Low-profile cove mounted luminaire with indirect asymmetric

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Diane Emert Senior Thesis 2005 Broadway Plaza, Rochester, MN

1.3.0 Skyway 1.3.1 Introduction The skyway and accompanying lobby and bridge highlight Broadway Plaza’s appeal to the neighboring community. Due to the brisk and harsh nature of Minnesota winters, pedestrians require safe passage from the elements when traveling between buildings. To conquer this task, a skyway system was developed. Additionally, retail locations opening directly onto the skyway provide appeal to window shoppers and prospective retail establishments alike. The skyway will almost in essence become the prime area of pedestrian travel for these reasons. The skyway corridor, itself, extends to a staircase and elevator that descend to a two-story high skyway lobby. Walls are covered in a mixture of patterned wallcovering and beige paints. Floors also follow this mixture of patterns with various tile finishes throughout the skyway. The entire length of the skyway is covered on the South and West facades with 9’-6” high bays of low-e insulating glass (1.3.3 Architectural Surfaces.) In addition to the ability to integrate daylight into the passageway, this glazing will also provide an invitation for an aesthetically pleasing lighting scheme as viewed from the exterior during the nighttime hours. Cross reference can be made to the 4.0.2.2 Construction Management Breadth for Daylighting and Energy Analysis for this space. 1.3.2 Space Layout

Figure 1.3.2a: Location of Skyway Within the 2nd Floor

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Figure 1.3.2b: Skyway Floor Plan With Dimensioning (Total Area: 2405 ft2)

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1.3.3 Architectural Surfaces

Floor Finishes

Ceramic Tile-T2 Ceramic Tile-T3 MFG: Daltile MFG: Daltile Color: Noce Color: Grigid Finish: Unpolished Finish: Unpolished Reflectance: 56% Reflectance: 28.6% Ceramic Tile-T4 Ceramic Tile-T5 MFG: Daltile MFG: Daltile Color: Sabbia Color: Anthracite Finish: Unpolished Finish: Unpolished Reflectance: 72.6% Reflectance: 9.8%

Wall Finishes

Paint-P4 Paint-P6 MFG: Benjamin Moore MFG: Benjamin Moore Color: Shaker Beige Color: Driftwood Finish: Latex Semi-gloss Finish: Latex Eggshell Reflectance: 55.8% Reflectance: 24.2% Wallcovering-WC11 MFG: Pine Tex Pattern: MK3729 Reflectance: 80.8%

Ceiling Finishes

Paint-P7 Acoustical Ceiling Tile MFG: Benjamin Moore MFG: Armstrong Color: Cloud Nine System: Optima 3251 (2X2) Finish: Latex Eggshell Color: White Reflectance: 86.1% Finish: Textured Reflectance: 0.90

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Glass Types

1.3.4 Design Concept Design Goals The major dilemma when lighting the skyway is in discovering a method of efficient public lighting that maintains the unique air that Broadway Plaza wishes to evoke. It must be kept in mind that many of the walls along the length of the skyway are temporary construction and awaiting conversion into storefronts. To avoid monotony, the skyway lighting should add a bit of flare to the space while providing the necessary illuminance. The skyway, like Broadway Plaza, must market itself as a “home” for future retailers and attract shoppers once the retailers have been established. Thus, lighting must prove attractive, but not overly zealous, as such a design would detract from the retail windows. Additionally, this design must also tie itself to the lobby below. These spaces, as seen from the exterior, will appear as one entity and must cohabitate. Once shoppers are attracted to the skyway, it is important to guide them to their destination by highlighting key elements in way-finding. Likewise, the retail display cases must also draw attention with points of interest and additional sparkle on marketed items. Finally, energy consumption and daylight control will prove vital within the space. With an abundance of window façade, the skyway allows for control of fixtures based on the daylight available. Thus, through control systems, energy may be conserved. However, it is also important to recognize the appearance of fixtures when dimmed, avoiding luminaires that are too dark and ominous when not in use.

Visible Light

Solar Energy UV Visible

Light-Ex.Visible

Light-Int.Solar

EnergyWinter

NighttimeSummer Daytime

Solarscreen Low-E Insulating Glass VE 7-85 by Viracon

Construction: 1" Total 1/4" Azuria Color,1/2"

Airspace, 1/4" VE 85 #3

58% 24% 19% 9% 11% 7%

0.31 Btu/(hr*

sqft* degree F)

0.29 Btu/(hr*

sqft* degree F)

0.38 0.33 80 Btu/ hr*sqft

Uncoated Monolithic Glass by Viracon

Construction: 1/4" Clear88% 77% 63% 8% 8% 7%

1.02 Btu/(hr*

sqft* degree F)

0.92 Btu/(hr*

sqft* degree F)

0.94 0.82 201 Btu/ hr*sqft

Glazing Description

Transmittance Reflectance ASHRAE U-ValueShading

Coefficient SHGC Relative Heat Gain

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Figure 1.3.4b

Conceptualization and Sketches The key component in the skyway lighting scheme is that of custom coves integrated with colored glass lit from behind. These applications along the center of the skyway provide enough ambient light as well as aesthetics. While the side coves provide general indirect lighting to the area, the colored glass center adds a bit of flare to the space, Figure 1.3.4a. Again, this lighting through coves will coincide with the warm interior below. Accent of prime areas for path-finding is also a necessity. Upon entering the skyway from the skyway bridge, it is important to clearly distinguish the transition. Accomplished through the accent of the wall facing the bridge, the visitor clearly distinguishes the area. Additionally, the curved walls directing the visitor to turn into the skyway or elevator lobby are also accented for guidance purposes, Figure 1.3.4a.

The large elevator lobby is accented by a cove application guiding pedestrians to the staircase. Downlights provide general illumination in this area while a sconce will help to accent the elevator, Figure 1.3.4b. The retail displays, meanwhile, take advantage of adjustable lighting that may be used to focus light onto specific products. Low-voltage movable point sources will allow for refocusing upon changes within the display. As in all the spaces, power density and automatic shutoff

meet ASHRAE 90.1 requirements. In the case of the skyway, with the vast amount of daylight available on the South-facing façade, the use of a photocell sensor (See 1.3.6 Equipment) allows for energy savings during the day. 1.3.5 Design Criteria • Appearance of Space and Luminaires (Important)

The skyway is the most public area of the building and must strive to make passage through the building a pleasant and safe experience. The public should feel secure and comfortable while either passing through or visiting the future retail locations along the way. Light levels should be low enough to provide comfort, yet high enough to promote safety.

• Color Appearance (and Color Contrast) (Very Important) Color appearance is especially important in regards to the display lighting along the skyway. Although all lamps used in the skyway should have a CRI above 80, the overall color of the skyway is not as crucial due to the nature of time spent in the space

Figure 1.3.4a

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• Daylighting Integration and Control (Important) As windows flank the entire South and West facades of the skyway, daylighting integration and control should be taken into consideration. Daylight is desirable to create a natural and comfortable feel for the retail atmosphere.

• Direct Glare (Important) Direct glare poses the largest dilemma in terms of daylight control. Direct sunlight may easily enter the skyway and provide a glare source to pedestrians passing through the space. This is not only uncomfortable, but detracts from the psychological calling of the retail windows to impulse buy. Direct glare is not as important in terms of the luminaires due once again to the nature of mere passage through the space.

• Luminances of Room Surfaces (Important) The luminances of room surfaces can be a means of way finding and directing pedestrians in their travels. Brighter surfaces seem to come forward and draw attention.

• Modeling of Faces or Objects (Important) For security and safety purposes, adequate levels of vertical illuminance should make clear facial rendering possible.

• Shadows (Very Important) Shadowing creates an unsafe psychological feeling in what should be a secure public transportation space. This is especially important in terms of facial shadowing that can make other pedestrians appear threatening.

• Points of Interest and Sparkle/Desirable Reflected Highlights (Very Important) The retail display areas should be accented to sell merchandise and create a desire to impulsively buy an item. Jewelry and other precious objects that may be displayed within the window should create the sparkle that makes them valuable purchases. This may be done through individual fixtures aimed at specific features of the display rather than an even overall illuminance.

• Reflected Glare (Important) The combination of glass specularity and improperly placed luminaires can cause reflected glare and obscure merchandise. Reflected glare from luminaires in the display windows may cause a dilemma during the nighttime hours. This, however, should not pose a major problem during normal daytime conditions.

• System Control and Flexibility The system should strive to integrate light levels based on the time-of-day and daylight available. During the nighttime hours, moderate levels of illuminance are desirable to maintain the feeling of security.

• Illuminance (Horizontal) Horizontal illuminance levels should be maintained at 10 fc for simple orientation, window shopping, and short visits in a mall concourse atmosphere.

• Illuminance (Vertical) Vertical illuminance for facial rendering should be kept uniform at a minimum 5 fc throughout the skyway. Avoidance of facial shadows and ominous appearances is a must. Vertical illuminances within the display cases should fall between 50 fc and 100 fc and avoid undesirable shadowing effects.

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1.3.6 Equipment

FC2

Focal Point- Covelight26

FC3 Celestial –

Curvable Channel

WW3

Elliptipar- Wall Wash 205

FD2 Lightolier-

Downlight 8037

SC1 Visa-

Visage Sconce

# Type

EX1

Universal-mounting LED exit sign, single face, red letters, w/ die-cast alum. housing

Wall/ Ceiling LED N/A N/A N/A 120 10 2

EX2

Universal-mounting LED exit sign, double face, red letters, w/ die-cast alum. housing

Wall/ Ceiling LED N/A N/A N/A 120 10 2

FC2

Low-profile cove mounted luminaire with indirect asymmetric distribution

Cove 1 F28T5/830 DIM-ELECTRONIC 85 3000 12062

(2 lamp ballast)

32 (16-"2 lamp ballasts")

Luminaire: Focal Point Covelight26 Lamp: Philips Ballast: Lutron Eco 10%

FC3 Surface-mounted CF field-curvable striplight, overlamping lamps

Cove 1 PL-L 40W/830/4P RS/IS DIM-ELECTRONIC 82 3000 120

84 (2 lamp

ballast), 41 (1 lamp)

13 (6-"2 lamp ballasts", 1-"1 lamp ballast")

Luminaire: Celestial Channelite 5000 Lamp: Philips Ballast: Compact SE 5%

FS1 Surface-mounted fluorescent strip Surface 1 F14T5/830 DIM-ELECTRONIC 85 3000 120

32 (2 lamp ballasts)

16 (8-"2 lamp ballasts")

Luminaire: Lithonia MS5 Lamp: Philips Ballast: Lutron Eco 10%

FD27" Dia. horizontal lamp CF downlight w/ clear reflector

Recessed 1 CFTR32W/GX24q/830 DIM-ELECTRONIC 82 3000 120

67 (2 lamp



Luminaire: Lightolier 8037 Lamp: GE Ballast: Compact SE 5%

SC1 2' Decorative Linear Sconce, ADA Compliant Surface 1 F24T5/830/HO ELECTRONIC 85 3000 120 27 1

Luminaire: Visa, Visage CB6638 Lamp: Philips Ballast: Advance Centium T5

WW3

Semi-recessed, low profile wall wash with hood and clear specular reflector

Semi-Recessed 1 CFQ26/SPX30 DIM-ELECTRONIC 82 3000 120

57 (2 lamp



Luminaire: Elliptipar 205 Lamp: Philips Ballast: Compact SE 5%

C2 Custom adjustable MR16 fixtures on movable track Track 1 Q20MR16/SP NA 100 3000 120 / 12 20 Adjustable (20)

(See Detail)Luminaire: Custom Lamp: Philips

Luminaire Designation Description Mounting Lamp Ballast/

Transformer CRI CCT Volts Watts Quantity Comments

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Controls Occupancy and photocell sensors alike, control the skyway. A ceiling-mounted photocell is located along the curved wall to the elevator lobby. Please refer to the lighting plan for exact location. Placement of this device was determined through the daylighting study conducted on energy savings within the Construction Management Breadth. Through this control device, the lighting system is lowered and increased depending on the daylight available. In case of failure, the system provides a bypass switch to enable lighting to be turned on if the sensor should fail. Dimming is particularly important within this space. Thus, most luminaires are capable of dimming during unoccupied times. The most important of these times being that of the late evening. While the skyway may experience a great deal of traffic during the day and early evening hours when storefronts are open, the late evening hours will see little if any traffic. Thus, an astronomical time clock shall be set to dim the lighting of the skyway to 50% light output of all luminaires from 11:00 pm through 5:00 am. To allow for higher light levels, should pedestrians choose to travel the skyway during these hours, four ceiling-mounted ultrasonic occupancy sensors line the space. If detection of movement is indicated, the lighting levels will be increased. After all sensors find no sign of movement for a sustained period of 15 minutes, the lighting levels along the skyway will once again be dimmed to 50%. Thus, the space will continue to promote safe passage while conserving energy during non-peak times. Together with the daylight sensor, these devices are connected to the lighting control system and subsequent building automation system. This provides automatic shut off control of the space as required by ASHRAE 90.1 Cross reference can be made to the 4.0.2.2 Construction Management Breadth for Daylighting and Energy Analysis for this space.

Control Control Description ZoneR7 &

01HEA-8,10R10 &

01HEA-8,10

R11

a

b

c

Corridor: Dimmable 10-100%

Elevator Lobby: Dimmable 10-100%

Retail Display Cases: On/Off

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1.3.7 Lighting Plans

Figure 1.3.7a: Lighting Plan Showing Luminaire Location, Fixture Designation, and Circuiting

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Figure 1.3.7b: Close-up of Elevator Lobby Lighting Plan

Figure 1.3.7c: Close-up of Entrance From Skyway Bridge

Figure 1.3.7d: Close-up of Skyway Corridor Lighting Plan

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Figure 1.3.7e: Detail of Custom Cove Application

Figure 1.3.7f: Detail of Display Window Lighting

Figure 1.3.7g: Lighting Plan Showing Control Zones

Control Control Description ZoneR7 &

01HEA-8,10R7,R10, &

01HEA-8,10

R11

a

b

c

Corridor: Dimmable 10-100%

Elevator Lobby: Dimmable 10-100%

Retail Display Cases: On/Off

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1.3.8 Circuiting

1.3.9 Analysis ASHRAE 90.1 Power Density ASHRAE 90.1 Power Density Allowance: 1.7 W/sq.ft. (Mall Concourse)

Design Watts: 2879 W Total Room Area: 2405 sq.ft.

Power Density: 1.20 W/sq.ft

Satisfies ASHRAE 90.1 Power Density Requirements

Minnesota Energy Code, which takes into consideration ASHRAE 90.1_1989, also allows for a reduction in power density with the use of a daylight apparatus. According to Minnesota Rule, Chapter 7676, the skyway wattage may be reduced by 35% for those luminaires automatically controlled by daylight sensors, continuous dimming, and programmable timing. A reduction of 15% is allowed for the skyway luminaires operated under the programmable timing control. With this in consideration, the new design watts will be 2044 W or a power density of 0.85 W/sq.ft. Thus, using this method the power density can be considered even lower according to Minnesota Energy Code.

* No power density requirements exist within a retail display window in which ceiling height partitions are used. This applies to this application.

Light Loss Factors

FC2 VI Clean- 12 Months 2900 2750 0.95 0.86 0.88 1.00 0.72FC3 I Clean- 12 Months 3500 3250 0.93 0.93 0.88 0.98 0.74FS1 V Clean- 12 Months 1350 1275 0.94 0.88 0.92 1.00 0.76FD2 IV Clean- 12 Months 2400 2040 0.85 0.89 0.97 0.98 0.72SC1 V Clean- 12 Months 2000 1845 0.92 0.88 0.92 1.02 0.76

WW3 IV Clean- 12 Months 1800 1545 0.86 0.89 0.97 0.98 0.73C2 I Clean- 12 Months 500 475 0.95 0.93 0.97 0.98 0.84

Luminaire Designation

Maintenance Category

Cleaning/ Atmosphere

Initial Lms/ Luminaire

Design Lms/ Luminaire LLD LDD RSDD Ballast

Factor Total LLF

VA Load99254577231425627

2879

3598.75

SC1

FD2WW3FS1

Total SkywayLuminaire

Lighting LoadX DF (1.25)Total VA

FC2FC3

Circuit Load (VA) Wire Size Breaker SizeR7 1105 12 AWG 20 A

R10 1226 12 AWG 20 AR11 400 12 AWG 20 A

01HEA-8 290 12 AWG 20 A01HEA-10 258 12 AWG 20 A

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Critical Design Performance In terms of performance, the skyway meets or exceeds the design criteria set forth. Horizontal illuminance levels are fairly uniform over all parts of the skyway. At full light output, values along the skyway average in the 30-40 fc range. This uniformity relationship can be seen in the

included Figures 1.3.9a-b. Additionally, luminance values have been varied enough to allow for interest and orientation. By washing the curved walls fairly evenly, pedestrians entering the space are directed to their destination, and architectural elements that may go unnoticed are instead highlighted, Figure 1.3.9c. The custom cove application is both attractive and efficient at delivering illuminance to the floor. The indirect light from the coves provides a relaxing ambient light while the direct light from the glass may be used for orientation. The display window lighting, meanwhile, allows for flexibility. Figure 1.3.9d displays the vertical illuminance along the display window when 10 luminaires are used. By including adjustable track, fixtures may be added and redirected to provide focus on specific retail items. Additionally, MR16 fixtures will provide sparkle on items in a once monotonous enclosure.

Figure 1.3.9a: Horizontal Illuminance of Elevator Lobby

Figure 1.3.9b: Horizontal Illuminance of Corridor

Figure 1.3.9c: Vertical Washed Wall Figure 1.3.9e: Display Case

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Facial illuminance also meets expectations. In the heavily traveled corridor, faces are lit by nearly 40 fc. In the elevator lobby, this value falls to 11 fc. However, this measurement still satisfies the minimum 5 fc set forth. This measurement was taken at the max distance between downlights, and therefore, is the least value that any face should receive. A summary of illuminance values is as follows.

1.3.10 Renderings

Floor Display Case Vertical

Display Case Horizontal

Wall Adjacent to Bridge

Average 34.87 84.27 72.34 24.68Maximum 47.5 506 117 37.4Minimum 0.7 26.6 46 12.7Avg/Min 49.81 3.17 1.57 1.94Max/Min 67.86 19.03 2.56 2.94Coeff. Of Var. 0.12 0.7 0.16 0.25Unif. Gradiant 40 4.49 1.85 1.26

Face: Corridor Face: Lobby Ceiling Above

CoveAverage 38.46 11.28 74.77Maximum 43.9 13.3 181Minimum 35.2 10.4 22.2Avg/Min 1.09 1.08 3.37Max/Min 1.25 1.28 8.16Coeff. Of Var. 0.06 0.06 0.59Unif. Gradiant 1.05 1.13 1.24

Illuminance Value Summary (fc)

Figure 1.3.10a: View Upon Entering from Skybridge

Figure 1.3.10b: View Within Corridor

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1.3.11 Conclusions The skyway lighting design provides an aesthetically pleasing appearance. Whether they are pedestrians passing through, residents of the building entering from this floor, or shoppers to the future retailers, all should be left feeling safe and calm in the warm atmosphere. Simple orientation tasks are made even easier with variances in luminance along walls. Meanwhile, the warm tones from the coves tie to the lobby atmosphere on the floor below to provide a space that looks appealing from the exterior.

Figure 1.3.10c: Entering the Elevator Lobby

Figure 1.3.10d: Elevator Lobby

Figure 1.3.10e: Display Case

Documents

1.3.0 Skyway - engr.psu.edu · PDF filered letters, w/ die-cast alum. housing Wall/ Ceiling LED N/A N/A N/A 120 10 2 FC2 Low-profile cove mounted luminaire with indirect asymmetric