Upload
stuti-bhadauria
View
41
Download
5
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(5th Ed)
Chapter 13
Emotion
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
Emotion
Emotion a response of the whole organismphysiological arousalexpressive behaviorsconscious experience
Emotional ArousalAutonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPERATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stresshormones
ADRENALGLANDS
Decrease secretionof stress hormones
Arousal and Performance
Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks
Performancelevel
Low
Arousal
High
Difficult tasks Easy tasks
Emotion-Lie DetectorsPolygraph
machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies
measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotionperspirationheart rateblood pressurebreathing changes
Emotion- Lie Detectors
Control Question Up to age 18, did you ever
physically harm anyone?Relevant Question
Did the deceased threaten to harm you in any way?
Relevant > Control --> Lie
Emotion-Lie Detectors
Control question
Relevantquestion
Control question
Relevantquestion(a) (b)
Respiration
Perspiration
Heart rate
Emotion-Lie Detectors
50 Innocents50 Thieves
1/3 of innocent declared guilty
1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)
Percentage
Innocentpeople
Guiltypeople
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Judged innocent by polygraphJudged guilty by polygraph
Emotion-Lie DetectorsIs 70% accuracy good?
Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guiltytest all employees285 will be wrongly accused
What about 95% accuracy? Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty
test all employees (including 999 innocents)50 wrongly declared guilty1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (2%)
Expressing Emotion
Smiles can show different emotions:
A) Mask angerB) Overly politeC) Soften
criticismD) Reluctant
compliance
Expressing Emotion
Culturally universal expressions
Experiencing Emotion
The Amygdala-a neural key to fear learning
Amygdala
Experiencing EmotionCatharsis
emotional release catharsis hypothesis
“releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon people’s tendency to be helpful when
already in a good mood
Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion
Strong
Neutral
StrongFirst experience
(a)
Strong
Neutral
StrongAfter repeated experiences
(b)
Experiencing Emotion
Subjective Well-Being self-perceived happiness or
satisfaction with life used along with measures of
objective well-beingphysical and economic indicators to
evaluate people’s quality of life
Experiencing Emotion
Are today’s collegians materialistic?
Percentagerating goal
as veryimportant
oressential
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01966 ‘68 ‘70 ‘72 ‘74 ‘76 ‘78 ‘80 ‘82 ‘84 ‘86 ‘88 ‘90 ‘92 ‘94 ‘96
Year
Developing a meaningful life philosophy
Being very well-off financially
Experiencing Emotion
Does money buy happiness?
Year
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Averageper-person
after-tax incomein 1995 dollars
Percentagedescribingthemselves asvery happy
$20,000$19,000$18,000$17,000$16,000$15,000$14,000$13,000$12,000$11,000$10,000
$9,000$8,000$7,000$6,000$5,000$4,000
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Percentage very happy
Personal income
Experiencing EmotionAdaptation-Level Phenomenon
tendency to form judgements relative to a “neutral” level brightness of lights volume of sound level of income
defined by our prior experienceRelative Deprivation
perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
Theories of Emotion
Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?
James-Lange Theory of EmotionExperience of emotion is awareness of
physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
James-Lange Theory
Fear(emotion)
Poundingheart
(arousal)
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
Cannon-BardTheory of Emotion
Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: physiological
responses subjective
experience of emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
Poundingheart
(arousal)
Fear(emotion)
Schachter’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion
To experience emotion one must: be physically
aroused cognitively
label the arousal
Schachter’s Theory
Poundingheart
(arousal)
Fear(emotion=labeled arousal)Cognitive
label
“I’m afraid”
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
Cognition and Emotion
The brain’s shortcut for emotions
Thalamus
Visualcortex
To pounding heart
Amygdala
Instant fearresponse
Slightly slowerinterpretation:
“This is a snake!Get away.”
Cognition and Emotion
Emotion and cognition feed on each other
Experiencedemotion
Cognition