12CarbonandClimate 2015 Full Part1

8/16/2019 12CarbonandClimate 2015 Full Part1

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Exam Review Session

Tuesday, April 21 4-6pm

521 Carr Hall

Exam 3

April 22

regular scheduled class time

40 multiple choice questions

Extinctions will not be covered


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Please fill out a faculty evaluation by

April 24

https://evaluations.ufl.edu/

Complete Post-test in Launchpad

April 19-22


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Gross vs. Net Primary Production

Gross Primary Production (GPP):

Total carbon produced during

photosynthesis

Photosynthesis Respiration (R):Some carbon used by

plant cells

Net Primary Production

(NPP):

Rest of carbon can be

used to make biomass

Calculating NPP:

NPP = GPP - R


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Controls on NPP• NPP in terrestrial systems is often limited by climatic factors:

– Precipitation

– Temperature


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Controls on NPPIs NPP limited by nutrients?


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Controls on NPPNPP in terrestrial systems may also be

limited by nutrients


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Controls on NPPNPP in aquatic systems is limited by

light & nutrientsAdded Iron

Lakes and coastline: N and P limited

Open ocean: Iron limited


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Why do nutrients limit

plant productivity?

• Photosynthesis uses a lot of N

50% of N in leaves tied up in Rubisco and

other photosynthetic enzymes

• Nitrogen is often hard to come by

availability dependent on form of N

• Phosphorus needed to make DNA and ATP

• Phosphorus is also hard to come by

availability dependent on form of P


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Where does nitrogenand phosphorus come from?


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Atmosphere

Ocean

Soils

Plants

Rock


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Which pool stores the most Nitrogen?

a)Soils

b)Oceanc)Rock

d)Atmosphere

e)Plants


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Nitrogen (N)

Atmosphere 78% N2

Largest pool of N

But form of N very important!

Plant’s cannot take up N2!


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How do plants get the N they need?

Atmospheric N2 must be fixed into compounds

that plants can use:

NH4+ (ammonium)

NO3- (nitrate)

DON (dissolved organic nitrogen)

Inorganic compound = NOT associated with CARBON molecules

Inorganic


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How is N2 fixed?

• Abiotic fixation

-lightening

• Biotic fixation

-free living bacteria

-symbiotic bacteria

Use the enzyme nitrogenase


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Symbiotic Biological N fixation

• Bacteria form a mutualistic symbiotic

relationship with plant roots

N2 → NH4+, NO3-

• Legumes (Rhizobiaceae)

•Some woody plants (Frankia)

• Fern Azoalla and cynobacteria

Plants give bacteria carbohydrates

and get N in return


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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2xC_WMvo5g

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2xC_WMvo5ghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2xC_WMvo5g


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If N2 can be fixed,

why is N in short supply to plants?

N2

is triple bonded

• Requires a lot of energy to break the bonds

• Consumes 25% of energy made fromphotosynthesis

• Cost-benefit analysis

http://need-media.smugmug.com/Graphics/Graphics/17024036_Bdmf8C/1423277271_xtt9d88http://need-media.smugmug.com/Graphics/Graphics/17024036_Bdmf8C/1423277271_xtt9d88


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Once N2 is fixed

Most of N used in ecosystems is recycledinternally and stays in the system

Litterfall

Decomposition

MineralizationRoot uptake

Fixation

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=tree+with+roots+clip+art&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=lnh_IKx81iaSAM&tbnid=9YVbnv6YXL0NPM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.clker.com/clipart-2525.html&ei=iBVvUcrhEobkyQGm5oHwDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNG-pyM7F2_u0XcDyDlxqr2kZkN9Yw&ust=1366320881725569http://townofwalkertown.com/2012.htmhttp://townofwalkertown.com/2012.htmhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=tree+with+roots+clip+art&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=lnh_IKx81iaSAM&tbnid=9YVbnv6YXL0NPM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.clker.com/clipart-2525.html&ei=iBVvUcrhEobkyQGm5oHwDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNG-pyM7F2_u0XcDyDlxqr2kZkN9Yw&ust=1366320881725569http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=tree+with+roots+clip+art&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=lnh_IKx81iaSAM&tbnid=9YVbnv6YXL0NPM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.clker.com/clipart-2525.html&ei=iBVvUcrhEobkyQGm5oHwDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNG-pyM7F2_u0XcDyDlxqr2kZkN9Yw&ust=1366320881725569


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Once N2 is fixed

Some N is lost from the system andreturned to the atmosphere or leached

Litterfall

Decomposition

MineralizationRoot uptake

Fixation

Leaching

Denitrification

Ammonium

volatilization

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=tree+with+roots+clip+art&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=lnh_IKx81iaSAM&tbnid=9YVbnv6YXL0NPM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.clker.com/clipart-2525.html&ei=iBVvUcrhEobkyQGm5oHwDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNG-pyM7F2_u0XcDyDlxqr2kZkN9Yw&ust=1366320881725569http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=tree+with+roots+clip+art&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=lnh_IKx81iaSAM&tbnid=9YVbnv6YXL0NPM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.clker.com/clipart-2525.html&ei=iBVvUcrhEobkyQGm5oHwDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNG-pyM7F2_u0XcDyDlxqr2kZkN9Yw&ust=1366320881725569http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=tree+with+roots+clip+art&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=lnh_IKx81iaSAM&tbnid=9YVbnv6YXL0NPM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.clker.com/clipart-2525.html&ei=iBVvUcrhEobkyQGm5oHwDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNG-pyM7F2_u0XcDyDlxqr2kZkN9Yw&ust=1366320881725569http://townofwalkertown.com/2012.htmhttp://townofwalkertown.com/2012.htmhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=tree+with+roots+clip+art&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=lnh_IKx81iaSAM&tbnid=9YVbnv6YXL0NPM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.clker.com/clipart-2525.html&ei=iBVvUcrhEobkyQGm5oHwDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNG-pyM7F2_u0XcDyDlxqr2kZkN9Yw&ust=1366320881725569http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=tree+with+roots+clip+art&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=lnh_IKx81iaSAM&tbnid=9YVbnv6YXL0NPM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.clker.com/clipart-2525.html&ei=iBVvUcrhEobkyQGm5oHwDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNG-pyM7F2_u0XcDyDlxqr2kZkN9Yw&ust=1366320881725569


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Decomposition

• Detritivores breakdown dead organic matter

Organic N → DON (soluble)

Rate of decomposition influenced by

temperature, moisture, litter quality/quantity,

microbial community

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Nitrification

• Conversion of ammonium to nitrate

NH4+ → NO2

- → NO3-

• Done by nitrifying bacteria:

Nitrosolobus and Nitrobacter

(chemoautotrophs)

Rate of nitrification depends on

availability of NH4+ and O2


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Denitrification

• Conversion of nitrate to dinitrogen gas

NO3-→ NO2

- → NO → N2O → N2

Occurs when:

concentrations of NO3- are high

O2 concentrations are low

adequate supply of organic C

• Done by microbesNO2

- = nitrite

NO = nitric oxide

N2O = nitrous oxide


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Terrestrial Nitrogen Cycle

Atmosphere(N2)

Plants

(Organic N)

Soil

(Organic N, NH4+, NO3

-)

Fixation

(N2 → NH4+, NO3

-)

Fixation

(N2 → NH4+) Denitrification

(NO3- → N2)

N deposition

(NH4+ , NOx)

Decomposition

(Organic N → DON)

Mineralization/Nitrification

(DON → NH4+ → NO2

- → NO3-)

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=nitrogen+cycle&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GsmisHfpxtEIQM&tbnid=sfZH2Ck8iEZWVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://oecotextiles.wordpress.com/tag/nitrogen-cycle/&ei=zeVuUe3BGKm4yQHY8oCIDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNEo9478ajqvVRZEvhrLnYQkGM9jqQ&ust=1366308447397410http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=nitrogen+cycle&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GsmisHfpxtEIQM&tbnid=sfZH2Ck8iEZWVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://oecotextiles.wordpress.com/tag/nitrogen-cycle/&ei=zeVuUe3BGKm4yQHY8oCIDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNEo9478ajqvVRZEvhrLnYQkGM9jqQ&ust=1366308447397410http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=nitrogen+cycle&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GsmisHfpxtEIQM&tbnid=sfZH2Ck8iEZWVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://oecotextiles.wordpress.com/tag/nitrogen-cycle/&ei=zeVuUe3BGKm4yQHY8oCIDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNEo9478ajqvVRZEvhrLnYQkGM9jqQ&ust=1366308447397410http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=nitrogen+cycle&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GsmisHfpxtEIQM&tbnid=sfZH2Ck8iEZWVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://oecotextiles.wordpress.com/tag/nitrogen-cycle/&ei=zeVuUe3BGKm4yQHY8oCIDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNEo9478ajqvVRZEvhrLnYQkGM9jqQ&ust=1366308447397410http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=nitrogen+cycle&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GsmisHfpxtEIQM&tbnid=sfZH2Ck8iEZWVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://oecotextiles.wordpress.com/tag/nitrogen-cycle/&ei=zeVuUe3BGKm4yQHY8oCIDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNEo9478ajqvVRZEvhrLnYQkGM9jqQ&ust=1366308447397410http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=nitrogen+cycle&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GsmisHfpxtEIQM&tbnid=sfZH2Ck8iEZWVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://oecotextiles.wordpress.com/tag/nitrogen-cycle/&ei=zeVuUe3BGKm4yQHY8oCIDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNEo9478ajqvVRZEvhrLnYQkGM9jqQ&ust=1366308447397410http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=nitrogen+cycle&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GsmisHfpxtEIQM&tbnid=sfZH2Ck8iEZWVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://oecotextiles.wordpress.com/tag/nitrogen-cycle/&ei=zeVuUe3BGKm4yQHY8oCIDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNEo9478ajqvVRZEvhrLnYQkGM9jqQ&ust=1366308447397410http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=nitrogen+cycle&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GsmisHfpxtEIQM&tbnid=sfZH2Ck8iEZWVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://oecotextiles.wordpress.com/tag/nitrogen-cycle/&ei=zeVuUe3BGKm4yQHY8oCIDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNEo9478ajqvVRZEvhrLnYQkGM9jqQ&ust=1366308447397410http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=nitrogen+cycle&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GsmisHfpxtEIQM&tbnid=sfZH2Ck8iEZWVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://oecotextiles.wordpress.com/tag/nitrogen-cycle/&ei=zeVuUe3BGKm4yQHY8oCIDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNEo9478ajqvVRZEvhrLnYQkGM9jqQ&ust=1366308447397410http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=nitrogen+cycle&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GsmisHfpxtEIQM&tbnid=sfZH2Ck8iEZWVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://oecotextiles.wordpress.com/tag/nitrogen-cycle/&ei=zeVuUe3BGKm4yQHY8oCIDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNEo9478ajqvVRZEvhrLnYQkGM9jqQ&ust=1366308447397410http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=nitrogen+cycle&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GsmisHfpxtEIQM&tbnid=sfZH2Ck8iEZWVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://oecotextiles.wordpress.com/tag/nitrogen-cycle/&ei=zeVuUe3BGKm4yQHY8oCIDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNEo9478ajqvVRZEvhrLnYQkGM9jqQ&ust=1366308447397410http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=nitrogen+cycle&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GsmisHfpxtEIQM&tbnid=sfZH2Ck8iEZWVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://oecotextiles.wordpress.com/tag/nitrogen-cycle/&ei=zeVuUe3BGKm4yQHY8oCIDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNEo9478ajqvVRZEvhrLnYQkGM9jqQ&ust=1366308447397410http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=nitrogen+cycle&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GsmisHfpxtEIQM&tbnid=sfZH2Ck8iEZWVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://oecotextiles.wordpress.com/tag/nitrogen-cycle/&ei=zeVuUe3BGKm4yQHY8oCIDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNEo9478ajqvVRZEvhrLnYQkGM9jqQ&ust=1366308447397410http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=nitrogen+cycle&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GsmisHfpxtEIQM&tbnid=sfZH2Ck8iEZWVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://oecotextiles.wordpress.com/tag/nitrogen-cycle/&ei=zeVuUe3BGKm4yQHY8oCIDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNEo9478ajqvVRZEvhrLnYQkGM9jqQ&ust=1366308447397410http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=nitrogen+cycle&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GsmisHfpxtEIQM&tbnid=sfZH2Ck8iEZWVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://oecotextiles.wordpress.com/tag/nitrogen-cycle/&ei=zeVuUe3BGKm4yQHY8oCIDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNEo9478ajqvVRZEvhrLnYQkGM9jqQ&ust=1366308447397410http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=nitrogen+cycle&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GsmisHfpxtEIQM&tbnid=sfZH2Ck8iEZWVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://oecotextiles.wordpress.com/tag/nitrogen-cycle/&ei=zeVuUe3BGKm4yQHY8oCIDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNEo9478ajqvVRZEvhrLnYQkGM9jqQ&ust=1366308447397410http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=nitrogen+cycle&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GsmisHfpxtEIQM&tbnid=sfZH2Ck8iEZWVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://oecotextiles.wordpres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Nitrogen Cycle

4. Most terrestrial ecosystems (outside of tropics) are

N limited (most limiting nutrient resource)

1. Nitrogen changes forms due to enzymatic

(biological) oxidation-reduction reactions.

2. This occurs because it is a source of energy for

some microbes, and a source of N for plants andmicrobes.

3. Different forms of N can move to different pools withinand outside ecosystems

Nit C l


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Nitrogen Cycle1. Oxidation/reduction forms of inorganic nitrogen

N2 (nitrogen gas)NH3/NH4+ (ammonia/ammonium)

NO2-2 (nitrite)

NO3- (nitrate)

NO (nitric oxide)N2O (nitrous oxide)

3. NO, N2O, N2 are gases that are lost from ecosystems

to the atmosphere

2. NO3- and NH4

+ are used by plants and

microbes for protein synthesis


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Phosphorus

P enters ecosystems by weathering of rocks

P does not have a gas form and is not

found in the atmosphere

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=rock+weathering+image&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=9MnLhYAC8GpOJM&tbnid=LuyCrvVhknLKUM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_Rock_State_Park&ei=lJZvUdauEYiBywHv24C4CQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNGQzRTewKuvgDtYqe2DNqKEgE62rA&ust=1366353854366628http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=rock+weathering+image&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=qOLXUUdjFysu-M&tbnid=HS9XHjGHfpYEIM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.rosssea.info/rock-weathering.html&ei=ipdvUffUBomrygGw4oHACQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNGQzRTewKuvgDtYqe2DNqKEgE62rA&ust=1366353854366628http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=rock+weathering+image&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=9MnLhYAC8GpOJM&tbnid=LuyCrvVhknLKUM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_Rock_State_Park&ei=lJZvUdauEYiBywHv24C4CQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNGQzRTewKuvgDtYqe2DNqKEgE62rA&ust=1366353854366628http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=rock+weathering+image&source=images&cd=&docid=uYPp0BPQE1NR0M&tbnid=n6uC9Zrxu_Q9WM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://hcslms.hardin.kyschools.us/course/view.php?id=148&cal_m=12&cal_y=2011&ei=O5dvUeW7MILWyQG14oGoBQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNGQzRTewKuvgDtYqe2DNqKEgE62rA&ust=1366353854366628http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=rock+weathering+image&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=qOLXUUdjFysu-M&tbnid=HS9XHjGHfpYEIM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.rosssea.info/rock-weathering.html&ei=ipdvUffUBomrygGw4oHACQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNGQzRTewKuvgDtYqe2DNqKEgE62rA&ust=1366353854366628http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=rock+weathering+image&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=qOLXUUdjFysu-M&tbnid=HS9XHjGHfpYEIM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.rosssea.info/rock-weathering.html&ei=ipdvUffUBomrygGw4oHACQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNGQzRTewKuvgDtYqe2DNqKEgE62rA&ust=1366353854366628http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=rock+weathering+image&source=images&cd=&docid=uYPp0BPQE1NR0M&tbnid=n6uC9Zrxu_Q9WM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://hcslms.hardin.kyschools.us/course/view.php?id=148&cal_m=12&cal_y=2011&ei=O5dvUeW7MILWyQG14oGoBQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNGQzRTewKuvgDtYqe2DNqKEgE62rA&ust=1366353854366628http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=rock+weathering+image&source=images&cd=&docid=uYPp0BPQE1NR0M&tbnid=n6uC9Zrxu_Q9WM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://hcslms.hardin.kyschools.us/course/view.php?id=148&cal_m=12&cal_y=2011&ei=O5dvUeW7MILWyQG14oGoBQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNGQzRTewKuvgDtYqe2DNqKEgE62rA&ust=1366353854366628http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=rock+weathering+image&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=9MnLhYAC8GpOJM&tbnid=LuyCrvVhknLKUM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_Rock_State_Park&ei=lJZvUdauEYiBywHv24C4CQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNGQzRTewKuvgDtYqe2DNqKEgE62rA&ust=1366353854366628http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=rock+weathering+image&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=9MnLhYAC8GpOJM&tbnid=LuyCrvVhknLKUM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_Rock_State_Park&ei=lJZvUdauEYiBywHv24C4CQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNGQzRTewKuvgDtYqe2DNqKEgE62rA&ust=1366353854366628


29/44

Once P enters the system

Most of P used in ecosystems is recycledinternally and stays in the system

Litterfall

Decomposition

Bound to soil

Root uptake

Weathering

PO43-

Porg

Pbound

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=tree+with+roots+clip+art&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=lnh_IKx81iaSAM&tbnid=9YVbnv6YXL0NPM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.clker.com/clipart-2525.html&ei=iBVvUcrhEobkyQGm5oHwDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNG-pyM7F2_u0XcDyDlxqr2kZkN9Yw&ust=1366320881725569http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=tree+with+roots+clip+art&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=lnh_IKx81iaSAM&tbnid=9YVbnv6YXL0NPM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.clker.com/clipart-2525.html&ei=iBVvUcrhEobkyQGm5oHwDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNG-pyM7F2_u0XcDyDlxqr2kZkN9Yw&ust=1366320881725569http://townofwalkertown.com/2012.htmhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=rock+clip+art&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=jrGRa5BoqyQllM&tbnid=0Erd2T5mYlFQpM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/4500/4515/rock_1.htm&ei=optvUZXEC4GMygGJiYDIBw&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNHmMtxI0Q6UVd361LZQnpaNO1qung&ust=1366355188899446http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=rock+clip+art&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=jrGRa5BoqyQllM&tbnid=0Erd2T5mYlFQpM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/4500/4515/rock_1.htm&ei=optvUZXEC4GMygGJiYDIBw&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNHmMtxI0Q6UVd361LZQnpaNO1qung&ust=1366355188899446http://townofwalkertown.com/2012.htmhttp://townofwalkertown.com/2012.htmhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=tree+with+roots+clip+art&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=lnh_IKx81iaSAM&tbnid=9YVbnv6YXL0NPM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.clker.com/clipart-2525.html&ei=iBVvUcrhEobkyQGm5oHwDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNG-pyM7F2_u0XcDyDlxqr2kZkN9Yw&ust=1366320881725569http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=tree+with+roots+clip+art&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=lnh_IKx81iaSAM&tbnid=9YVbnv6YXL0NPM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.clker.com/clipart-2525.html&ei=iBVvUcrhEobkyQGm5oHwDQ&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNG-pyM7F2_u0XcDyDlxqr2kZkN9Yw&ust=1366320881725569


30/44


Some P is lost from the system throughleaching

Litterfall

Decomposition

Bound to soil

Root uptake

Weathering

PO43-

Porg

PboundLeaching



31/44


Some P enters the system throughwindblown dust

Litterfall

Decomposition

Bound to soil

Root uptake

Weathering

PO43-

Porg

PboundLeaching

Dust



32/44

Terrestrial P Cycle


33/44

Phosphorus Cycle

1. phosphate (PO43-) does not undergo oxidation-

reduction reactions under most conditions

4. Aquatic systems (lakes) are often limited by P

Old tropical soils can be limited by P (most limiting

nutrient resource)

2. no gas forms of P

3. P can be bound tightly to minerals in soils

W lk d S ’ M d l (1976)


34/44

Walker and Syer’s Model (1976)

Available to plants

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=phosphorus+cycle+image&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=DsZb5y0aQzU6DM&tbnid=2hDTf0l0kn_TZM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://elements.geoscienceworld.org/content/4/2/89/F2.expansion.html&ei=tJhvUaT1B-GsyAHLnYHABA&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNHpRcCtrAz74l3Yj9xdNZaUfwpsPA&ust=1366354295613092http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=phosphorus+cycle+image&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=DsZb5y0aQzU6DM&tbnid=2hDTf0l0kn_TZM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://elements.geoscienceworld.org/content/4/2/89/F2.expansion.html&ei=tJhvUaT1B-GsyAHLnYHABA&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNHpRcCtrAz74l3Yj9xdNZaUfwpsPA&ust=1366354295613092http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=phosphorus+cycle+image&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=DsZb5y0aQzU6DM&tbnid=2hDTf0l0kn_TZM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://elements.geoscienceworld.org/content/4/2/89/F2.expansion.html&ei=tJhvUaT1B-GsyAHLnYHABA&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNHpRcCtrAz74l3Yj9xdNZaUfwpsPA&ust=1366354295613092


35/44

Experimental test of the

Walker and Syer’s Model

Vitousek and Farrington (1997) Biogeochemistry

• Forest in Hawaii

• Chronosequence ofsoil age

• Treatments:

-control-N addition

-P addition

-N + P addition

• Measured diametergrowth of the treeMetrosideros polymorpha

Crews et al. 1995, Ecology


36/44

Which site/s are limited by P availability?


300 yr

20,000 yr

4,100,000 yr

Walker and Syer’s Model (1976)


37/44

Walker and Syer s Model (1976)

Available to plants

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=phosphorus+cycle+image&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=DsZb5y0aQzU6DM&tbnid=2hDTf0l0kn_TZM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://elements.geoscienceworld.org/content/4/2/89/F2.expansion.html&ei=tJhvUaT1B-GsyAHLnYHABA&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNHpRcCtrAz74l3Yj9xdNZaUfwpsPA&ust=1366354295613092http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=phosphorus+cycle+image&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=DsZb5y0aQzU6DM&tbnid=2hDTf0l0kn_TZM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://elements.geoscienceworld.org/content/4/2/89/F2.expansion.html&ei=tJhvUaT1B-GsyAHLnYHABA&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNHpRcCtrAz74l3Yj9xdNZaUfwpsPA&ust=1366354295613092http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=phosphorus+cycle+image&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=DsZb5y0aQzU6DM&tbnid=2hDTf0l0kn_TZM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://elements.geoscienceworld.org/content/4/2/89/F2.expansion.html&ei=tJhvUaT1B-GsyAHLnYHABA&bvm=bv.45368065,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNHpRcCtrAz74l3Yj9xdNZaUfwpsPA&ust=1366354295613092


38/44

Which site/s are limited by N availability?


300 yr

20,000 yr

4,100,000 yr


39/44

Nitrogen accumulates over primary succession


40/44

Experimental test of the

Walker and Syers Model


300 yr

20,000 yr

4,100,000 yr

• P more

available in

younger soils

• N more

available inolder soils


41/44

Other variables that can alter nutrient

availability to plants:

• Soil type

• Disturbances

• Vegetation type

All of these variables can limit fluxes of

nutrients among different pools!

The degree of limitation various across regions.


42/44

Haber Bosch Process

3CH4 + 6H2O --> 3CO2 + 12H2

4N2+12H2 --> 8NH3 (high T, pressure, Fe)

Changing Nitrogen Cycle

Humans have doubled the

N fixation rates over natural levels

Bread AND Bombs

Fritz Haber Carl Bosch


43/44

Changing Nitrogen Cycle

About 1/2 of human

additions come fromfertilizer production

About a 1/4 from

increasing amount of

biological N fixation

The other 1/4inadvertently from fossil

fuel combustion

Global Carbon Cycle


44/44

Global Carbon Cycle

POOLS

Petagram (1Pg = 1015 g)

FLUXES

Pg per year

Documents

12CarbonandClimate 2015 Full Part1