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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
STUDENT NOTEBOOK
YEAR 12 ANCIENT HISTORYSpartan Society to the Battle of Leuctra 371BC
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
CONTENTS
1. The geographical setting1.1 The geographical setting, natural features and resources of ancient Sparta
Summary of HTA:1.2 Significant sites: Sparta
Summary of HTA:2. Social structure and political organisation
2.1 The issue of Lycurgus (the Great Rhetra)Summary of HTA:
2.2 Roles and privileges of the two kingsSummary of HTA:
2.3 Government: ephorate, gerousia, ekklesiaSummary of HTA:
2.4 Social structure: Spartiates, perioeci, ‘inferiors’, helotsSummary of HTA:
2.5 Role of the Spartan armySummary of HTA:
2.6 Control of the helots: the military, syssitia, krypteiaSummary of HTA:
2.7 Artisans, helotsSummary of HTA:
2.8 Educational system: agogeSummary of HTA:
2.9 Role and status of women: land ownership, inheritance, educationSummary of HTA:
3. The Economy3.1 Land ownership
Summary of HTA:3.2 Technology: weapons, armour, pottery
Summary of HTA:3.3 Economic roles of the periokoi (‘dwellers around’) and helots
Summary of HTA:3.4 Economic exchange: use of iron bars, trade
Summary of HTA:
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
4. Religion, death and burial4.1 Gods and goddesses: Artemis Orthia, Poseidon, Apollo
Summary of HTA:4.2 Myths and legends: Lycurgus and the Dioscuri
Summary of HTA:4.3 Festivals: Hyakinthia, Gymnopaedia, Karneia
Summary of HTA:4.4 Religious roles of the kings
Summary of HTA:4.5 Funerary customs and rituals
Summary of HTA:5. Cultural life
5.1 Art: sculpture, painted vases, bone and ivory carvingSummary of HTA:
5.2 Architecture: Amyklaion, Menelaion, the Sanctuary of Artemis OrthiaSummary of HTA:
5.3 Writing and literature: Alcman and TyrtaeusSummary of HTA:
5.4 Greek writers’ views of Sparta: Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Aristotle, Pausanias, Plutarch
Summary of HTA:6. Everyday life
6.1 Daily life and leisure activitiesSummary of HTA:
6.2 Food and clothingSummary of HTA:
6.3 Marriage customsSummary of HTA:
6.4 OccupationsSummary of HTA:
Back to Contents 3
HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
1. The geographical setting
1.1 The geographical setting, natural features and resources of ancient Sparta
Thursday, July 26
Reading:
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
● ‘The Spartans.pdf’ - p.74-77
Tasks:1. Take notes under the same subheadings given in the text from p. 74-77.2. Complete Activities 1 & 2 on p. 76 (Activity 2 asks you to use coloured sheets of cardboard.
Complete the same activity on your laptops using different coloured fonts).3. Complete Activities 1, 2 & 3 on p. 77.
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
Back to Contents 6
HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
Friday, July 27
POWERPOINT NOTES:
INTRO
● The Spartans were unique in the ancient world.● For reasons partly unknown, they developed a society almost completely geared for war.● Very few primary sources from Sparta have survived. Our view of Spartan society is formed
from ancient writers not totally devoid of bias.● Ancient writers were divided in their views on Sparta.● Much of what is known is disputed and remains the subject of debate.
MYTHS
● It was a society based on equals.● All things were owned and shared in common, so that society was not divided into rich and
poor.● They were uncultured and illiterate.● All the changes that took place in their society were due to a lawgiver called Lykourgos.● They were an unbeatable fighting force.● Theirs was a perfect, well-ordered society, free from civil strife.● Spartan men were thought to be homosexual because they spent a significant amount of time
in the barracks with other men. ORIGINS
● The origins of the Spartan people are lost in ancient myths and conjecture.● The Mycenaean civilisation existed around surrounding areas of the Peloponnese, however
their civilisation is said to have collapsed c.1200-1100 BC.● Writings from Pausanias, an ancient Greek writer (2nd century AD), and the better known
Homer (8th century BC), tell of Spartans that pre-date 1000 BC. Homer in particular mentions Spartans taking part in the Trojan War, c.1194-1184 BC.
● Historic Sparta, however, is believed to have emerged around the 9th century BC. GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING The geographical setting, natural features and resources of ancient Sparta
● Spartans were referred to in historical texts by a number of names:
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
● Spartans – derived from the city-state of Sparta.● Lakonians – from Sparta’s location on the plains of Lakonia.● Lakedaemonians – Lakedaemon referred to the broader political unit of Sparta and the areas it
controlled.● Peloponnesians – Sparta was situated in the large peninsula of southern Greece, known as
the Peloponnese.● Dorians – the word ‘Dorian’ was often used to describe the Spartans on the basis of their
cultural/political characteristics.● Set on one of the most fertile plains in Greece - good for growing crops and grazing horses.● Consisted of five villages and large rural area, unlike typical Greek city-states which comprised
of a single city.● Four of Sparta’s villages were situated on the Eurotas River, which provided Sparta’s water
supply.● Bordered by three mountain ranges:● Taygetus mountains in the West.● Parnon mountains in the East.● Arcadian mountains in the North.● These mountains formed a natural barrier for Sparta, both protecting and isolating it from the
rest of Greece.● Climate was cold in winter (snow on Taygetus mountains) and hot in summer.● Rainfall was light but adequate.● Main harbour was Gytheion.● Invading Dorian tribes took control of the land and made the native peasants into helots –
state-owned serfs who had to work the land.● Around 750 BC, they expanded and took the lands of the neighbouring Messenia. Messenians
were also made into helots.● Laconia and Messenia were then joined and known as Lacedaemon.● Natural resources of Laconia and Messenia included:● Iron and lead.● Crops – barley and wheat● Fruit orchards – figs, olives, grapes (for wine)● Plains to graze sheep and goats, which provided milk, cheese, skins, wool, hair and fat.● Pigs and hens.● Animals hunted for food and sport.● Bees to provide honey and wax.● Timber and stone from mountains.● Shellfish and fish from Gytheion (shellfish also provided dye for the textile industry).
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
Summary of HTA:
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
1.2 Significant sites: Sparta
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
Q: List the main features of the Temple of Athena Chalkioikos that are described by Pausanias in Source 4.18.A:
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
Q: List the ‘interesting things’ at Amyclae that Pausanias describes in Source 4.19.A:
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
Q: Explain how the archaeologists were able to date the different levels of deposits at the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia.A:
Q: Why is it ‘contrary to the rules of excavation to dig a deposit from the side instead of from above’?A:
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
The following is an extract from http://www.civilisation.org.uk/greece/artemis%20orthia.htm:
Sparta - The Shrine of Artemis OrthiaA crucial story in the study of ancient Sparta is formed by the finds from the temple of Artemis Orthia. Orthia was a local goddess in the Southern Peloponnese -- there is also a temple to Orthia at Messene — but she was later assimilated with the better known goddess Artemis. The temple began very early, perhaps as early as the ninth century BC, but became famous or perhaps notorious as the scene of one of the Spartan initiation ceremonies in which boys and young men were flogged until they bled. Indeed according to later traditions, the goddess demanded blood, and young men had to be flogged until the blood flowed.
In the Roman period, this became a very popular spectator sport to see boys and young men being flogged in this way, and in the third century AD, the temple was enclosed by a theatre where spectators could watch the floggings. The building of the theatre seating had the fortunate by-product in that earlier remains were preserved under the later seating and early in the 20th century the site was excavated by the British School at Athens with remarkable results, revealing that in the early period, that is the eighth to sixth centuries BC, the artistic standards of the offerings made at the temple were very high indeed — as fine as anything found anywhere else in Greece at that time.Here we see the temple in the centre and the altar in front of it where the floggings took place, at the bottom right corner. On the left are the foundations of the seats of the theatrical arrangements of the Roman period.
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
The shrine of Artemis Orthia (click on picture for enlargement)
This stitched-together panoramic photo (below) gives a good impression of the arrangements, with the temple to the right and the altar, where presumably the floggings took place, in the centre, with the seating arrangements around. The site looks somewhat bare because when we were there in 2008 and took these photos it was in process of being re-displayed. The site lies in an out of the way part of the modern town, on the other side of the town from the Acropolis where the Roman theatre and the archaeological park are situated. Sadly the site had been somewhat neglected and gypsies moved in, but now the gypsies have been removed and the site is being restored with the help of a grant from the EU and restoration work was in progress which is why the site looks so barren.But modern Sparta can be seen in the middle distance with Taygetus beyond. The river Eurotas lies just behind the photographer.
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
Some of the finds from the excavation are now in the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge which received them as their share of the finds of the excavations at a time when it was customary to divide up the finds between the host country and the country that carried out the excavations. The small lead figurines shown here over-sized, are crude and mass-produced, but give some idea of the liveliness of artistic work at Sparta in the seventh and sixth centuries BC.
Figurines from the shrine of Artemis Orthia: human and divine figures
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
More Figurines: note the animals in the centre
Many other objects were found among the votive deposits .Left is one of the terracotta masksRight are some of the hairpins, brooches and othe domestic ornaments
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
The following is an extract from http://www.civilisation.org.uk/greece/mycenaean%20sparta.htm:
Where is Mycenaean Sparta? In the Homeric poems, Sparta plays a major role. It was the home of Helen, the wife of the King Menelaus and it was the rape of Helen that caused the Trojan War. But where was the site of Mycenaean Sparta?
In modern and indeed classical Sparta itself, there are no traces of Mycenaean material. However there is an important Mycenaean site known as the Menelaion which lies some distance outside Sparta on the other side of the river on the eastern side, the opposite side to Mount Taygetus. Indeed most of the dramatic photos of Sparta with Taygetus in the background are taken from the Menelaion. The most dramatic part of the Menelaion is a rectangular foundation that was a heroon, that is a shrine to a hero, in this case Menelaus, the King of Sparta. It was originally constructed in the eighth century BC that is probably five centuries after the presumed date of the Trojan War. Numerous lead placards have been found there, many of them dedicated to Menelaus which gives proof of what it was. In its present form it is a rebuild of the fifth century BC, constructed of fine ashlar masonry. Recently a number of trees have been planted around it, but the photos show well in the position of Taygetus in the background.
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
And here below is a picture taken from the top of the Menelaion looking out over the fertile valley in which Sparta lies. Modern Sparta is off to the right: this is looking southwards. Across the bottom right is the River Eurotas, still full with water, but covered with greenery.
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
View over the fertile valley of the River Eurotas
However behind the Menelaion is the Mycenaean palace seen below.
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
This is sometimes called a Mycenaean house, because it is rather smaller than the typical Mycenaean
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
Palace. Excavations have revealed the three separate phases the first in the 15th century BC and the third and last in the 13th century BC, that is slightly earlier than the majority of the Mycenaean palaces. But this is surely the place where the hero lived: is this the place that launched a thousand ships?
Plan of the Mycenaean building. The earlier building (in black) was replaced by the larger building shown hatched. Drawn by D Smythe.
Summary of HTA:
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
2. Social structure and political organisation
2.1 The issue of Lycurgus (the Great Rhetra)
Summary of HTA:
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
2.2 Roles and privileges of the two kings
Summary of HTA:
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
2.3 Government: ephorate, gerousia, ekklesia
Summary of HTA:
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
2.4 Social structure: Spartiates, perioeci, ‘inferiors’, helots
Summary of HTA:
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
2.5 Role of the Spartan army
Summary of HTA:
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
2.6 Control of the helots: the military, syssitia, krypteia
Summary of HTA:
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
2.7 Artisans, helots
Summary of HTA:
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
2.8 Educational system: agoge
Summary of HTA:
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HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
2.9 Role and status of women: land ownership, inheritance, education
Summary of HTA:
Back to Contents 32
HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
3. The Economy
3.1 Land ownership
Summary of HTA:
Back to Contents 33
HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
3.2 Technology: weapons, armour, pottery
Summary of HTA:
Back to Contents 34
HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
3.3 Economic roles of the periokoi (‘dwellers around’) and helots
Summary of HTA:
Back to Contents 35
HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
3.4 Economic exchange: use of iron bars, trade
Summary of HTA:
Back to Contents 36
HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
4. Religion, death and burial
4.1 Gods and goddesses: Artemis Orthia, Poseidon, Apollo
Summary of HTA:
Back to Contents 37
HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
4.2 Myths and legends: Lycurgus and the Dioscuri
Summary of HTA:
Back to Contents 38
HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
4.3 Festivals: Hyakinthia, Gymnopaedia, Karneia
Summary of HTA:
Back to Contents 39
HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
4.4 Religious roles of the kings
Summary of HTA:
Back to Contents 40
HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
4.5 Funerary customs and rituals
Summary of HTA:
Back to Contents 41
HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
5. Cultural life
5.1 Art: sculpture, painted vases, bone and ivory carving
Summary of HTA:
Back to Contents 42
HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
5.2 Architecture: Amyklaion, Menelaion, the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia
Summary of HTA:
Back to Contents 43
HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
5.3 Writing and literature: Alcman and Tyrtaeus
Summary of HTA:
Back to Contents 44
HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
5.4 Greek writers’ views of Sparta: Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Aristotle, Pausanias, Plutarch
Summary of HTA:
Back to Contents 45
HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
6. Everyday life
6.1 Daily life and leisure activities
Summary of HTA:
Back to Contents 46
HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
6.2 Food and clothing
Summary of HTA:
Back to Contents 47
HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
6.3 Marriage customs
Summary of HTA:
Back to Contents 48
HSIE DepartmentDe La Salle College, Revesby Heights
“Building on Strength”
Student Name
6.4 Occupations
Summary of HTA:
Back to Contents 49