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8/10/2019 129142407 LTE Radio Procedures
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
LTE Radio Interface Procedures
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Contents
1- FAQs
2- Reselection3- SIBs
3- Registration
4-Paging
5-Handover
6-DL Power
Control
7-DL Scheduling8-ANR
9-ICIC
IDLE Mode
Connected Mode
Self Optimization Network
Frame Structure//Throughput Calculations e
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FAQs
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Frame Structure (FDD)
Related Concept
1- Radio Frame
2-Subframe
3-Slot
4- Subcarrier
5- Resource Block (Scheduling Minimum Unit)
6- Resource ElementChannel
BW (MHz) RB
Number Subcarrier
Number
1.4 6 72
3 15 180
5 25 300
10 50 600
15 75 900
20 100 1200
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Number of Scheduled User in 1 TTI
Scheduling information is in PDCCH frame.
1- Total Number of RE for PDCCH=100(RB for 100Mhz)*12(SC)*3
2- Total Number of bits for PDCCH in 1 TTI=100*12*3*Modulation
2bits for QPSK4bits for 16QAM
6bits for 64QAM
Based on CQI
Take 6 as example:
Total Number of bits for PDCCH in 1 TTI=100*12*3*6=21600
Number of bits required by each user for scheduling= 17
Total User support for scheuding =21600/17=1270 Users
Note : Actually need to consider PCFICH+PHICH (from diagram)
i.e. (1270-PCFICH-PHICH)/17 ~~ 1000 users approx
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Downlink CalculationDownlink maximum throughput = Number of RB× 12 (Number of Sub-carrier with
one RB)× 14 (Number of Symbols with a Sub-frame)× [ 1- (RS overhead and PDCCH
overhead) ]× Modulation symbols efficiency× MIMO× 1000 (Number of Sub-frame
in one second)× Coding rate
Example:
Calculate the FDD LTE system 10M, 2 * 2 MIMO, 64QAM, the Coding rate is 1.
The single cell downlink physical layer theory rate = 50*12*14*(1-(2/21+1/21))*6*2*1000*1 =82.4Mb
50 50 RB
12 One RB includes 12 sub-carrier
14 A sub-frame 14 symbol
6 64QAM each symbol represents 6 bits
2 2*2 MIMO1000 1s=1000ms
2/21RS overhead (total symbol of one RB=12*14=168, RS symbol number=16, 16/168=2/21)
1/21PDCCH overhead (If downlink sub-frame PDCCH accounted for only a symbol, and the PDCCH s
symbol of the sub-frame, this is the minimal overhead in PDCCH, a downlink sub-frame occupies 8 sub
minimal PDCCH overhead is 8 symbols, 8 / (14 * 12) =8/168= 1/21.
82.4Mbps this is an ideal value, because the SCH, BCH also take up some of the resources, and consid
the actual Downlink peak rate around 70Mbps
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Uplink Calculation
Uplink maximum throughput = Number of RB× 12 (Number of Sub-carrier with one RB)×
14 (Number of Symbols with a Sub-frame)× ( 1- RS overhead )× Modulation symbols efficiency×
1000 (Number of Sub-frame in one second)× Coding rate
Example:
Calculate the FDD LTE system 10M, None MIMO, 16QAM, the Coding rate is 1.
The UE uplink physical layer theory rate = 46*12*14*(1-1/7)*4*1000*1=26.5Mbps
46 46 RB
12 One RB includes 12 sub-carrier
14 A sub-frame 14 symbol
4
16QAM each symbol represents 4 bits1 Coding rate
1/7Pilot overhead
1000 1s=1000ms
UE cat4 does not support 64QAM and MIMO in uplink, and consider the PUCCH occupied 4RB, the pilo
the uplink can reach the peak rate 25.6Mbps, in fact should also consider the impact of sounding and P
peak rate around 25Mpbs
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E-UTRA
Operating
Band
Downlink
FDL_low [MHz] NOffs-DL Range of NDL FUL_lo
1 2110 0 0 – 599
2 1930 600 600 - 1199
3 1805 1200 1200 – 1949
4 2110 1950 1950 – 2399
5 869 2400 2400 – 2649
6 875 2650 2650 – 2749
7 2620 2750 2750 – 3449
8 925 3450 3450 – 3799
9 1844.9 3800 3800 – 4149
10 2110 4150 4150 – 4749
11 1475.9 4750 4750 – 4949
12 728 5000 5000 – 5179
13 746 5180 5180 – 5279
14 758 5280 5280 – 5379
…
17 734 5730 5730 – 5849
18 860 5850 5850 – 5999
19 875 6000 6000 – 6149
20 791 6150 6150 - 6449
21 1495.9 6450 6450 – 6599 …
33 1900 36000 36000 – 36199
34 2010 36200 36200 – 36349
35 1850 36350 36350 – 36949
36 1930 36950 36950 – 37549
37 1910 37550 37550 – 37749
38 2570 37750 37750 – 38249
39 1880 38250 38250 – 38649
40 2300 38650 38650 – 39649
NOTE: The channel numbers that designate carrier frequencies so close to th
extends beyond the operating band edge shall not be used. This implie
channel numbers at the lower operating band edge and the last 6, 14,
upper operating band edge shall not be used for channel bandwidths o
Channel raster
The channel raster is 100 kHz for all bands, whichmeans that the carrier centre frequency must be an
integer multiple of 100 kHz.
Carrier frequency and EARFCNThe carrier frequency in the uplink and downlink is
designated by the E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency
Channel Number (EARFCN) in the range 0 - 65535.
The relation between EARFCN and the carrier frequency
in MHz for the downlink is given by the following equation,
where FDL_low and NOffs-DL are given in table 5.7.3-1 and
NDL is the downlink EARFCN.
FDL = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL – NOffs-DL)
The relation between EARFCN and the carrier frequencyin MHz for the uplink is given by the following equation
where FUL_low and NOffs-UL are given in table 5.7.3-1 and
NUL is the uplink EARFCN.
FUL = FUL_low + 0.1(NUL – NOffs-UL)
Carrier Frequency EARFCN Calculation(3GPP : 36.104)
Table 5.7.3-1 E-UTRA channel number
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Example
FDL (center Freq) = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL (EARFCN) – NOffs-DL)
Or
NDL (EARFCN)= 10*(FDL (center Freq) - FDL_low ) + NOffs-DL
Say FDL (center Freq) = 1815
NDL (EARFCN)=10*(1815-1805)+1200
NDL (EARFCN)=1300
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IDLE Mode Behavior
Idle Mode OverviewPLMN Selection
Cell selection & cell reselection
System Information reception
Tracking area registration
Paging monitoring procedure
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Idle Mode Overview
A UE that is powered on but does not have an RRC connection to the radio network
is defined as being in idle mode. In the case of idle mode management, the eNodeB
sends configurations by broadcasting system information, and accordingly, UEs selectsuitable cells to camp on. Idle mode management can increase the access success rate,
improve the quality of service, and ensure that UEs camp on cells with good signal
quality.
PLMN Selection
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PLMN Selection
A PLMN identity consists of a Mobile Country Code (MCC) and
a Mobile Network Code (MNC).
When a UE is powered on or recovers from lack of coverage,
after the cell search, the UE first selects the last registered
PLMN and attempts to register on that PLMN. If the registration
on the PLMN is successful, the UE shows the selected PLMN on
the display, and now it can obtain service from an operator. If
the last registered PLMN is unavailable or the registration on
the PLMN fails, another PLMN can be automatically or
manually selected according to the priorities of PLMNs stored
in the USIM.
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Cell Selection & Reselection
Cell search is a procedure in which a UE achieves time and frequency
synchronization with a cell, obtains the physical cell ID, and learns the
signal quality and other information about the cell based on the
physical cell ID. Before selecting or reselecting a cell, a UE performs
a cell search on all carrier frequencies.
In the Long Term Evolution (LTE) system, Synchronization Channels
(SCHs) are specially used for cell search. There are two types of
SCH: Primary Synchronization Channel (P-SCH) and
Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH).
The cell search procedure on SCHs is as follows:
The UE monitors the P-SCH to achieve clock synchronization with a
maximum synchronization error of 5 ms. Physical cell IDs have
one-to-one mapping with primary synchronization signals. Therefore,
the UE acquires the physical cell ID by monitoring the P-SCH.
The UE monitors the S-SCH to achieve frame synchronization, that is, time synchronization with the cell.
Cell ID groups have a one-to-one relation with secondary synchronization signals. Therefore, the UE acquires the num
of the cell ID group to which the physical cell ID belongs by monitoring the S-SCH. The UE monitors the downlink refe
signal to acquire the signal quality in the cell. The UE monitors the Broadcast Channel (BCH) to acquire other informat
about the cell.
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Cell Selection Criteria
During cell selection, a UE needs to check whether a cell fulfills the cell selection criteria. The cell selection is b
on the RSRP of the E-UTRAN cell. Before a UE can select a cell to camp on, the RSRP of the cell must be highe
the user-defined minimum receive (RX) level Qrxlevmin of the cell.
The formula for cell selection decision is as follows:
Srxlev > 0
where Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) - Pcompensation
Qrxlevmeas is the measured RX level in the cell (RSRP), expressed in decibels with reference to one milliwatt (
Qrxlevmin is the minimum required RX level (set in the eNodeB) in the cell, expressed in units of dBm.
Qrxlevminof fset is the offset to Qrxlevmin . This offset is taken into account when the UE attempts to camp on aa higher-priority PLMN. That is, when camped on a cell in a VPLMN, the UE considers this offset parameter, wh
was signaled from the associated cell in the higher-priority PLMN, in the Srxlev evaluation.
Pcompensat ion is generated according to the function max(PMax - UE Maximum Output Power, 0). The value is
expressed in decibels (dB).
PMax is the maximum allowed transmit power of the UE in the cell, expressed in units of dBm. It is used in upli
transmission.
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Cell Reselection
The signal strength of both serving cell and neighboring cells varies with the
movement of UE and so the UE need to select the most suitable cell to camp o
This process is called cell reselection.
Cell reselection process:
Measurement Start criteria
Cell reselection criteria
Intr
Inte
Inte
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Intra frequency Measurement
If the intra frequency measurement triggering threshold is not configured, the
performs intra frequency measurements always.
If the intra frequency measurement triggering threshold is configured:
Srxlev > SintraSearch,
the UE does not perform intra frequency measurement.
Srxlev <= SintraSearch,
the UE perform intra frequency measurement.
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Inter Frequency // RAT Measurement
For the neighbor with higher priority
The UE always perform inter frequency / RAT measurement
For the neighbor with Low or equal priority If the threshold is not configured , the UE always perform inter frequency/RAT measurem
If threshold is configured:
When Srxlev > SNonIntraSearch, UE does not perform inter frequency / RAT
measurement
When Srxlev <=SNonIntraSeach, UE perform inter frequency / RAT measurement
From SIB, UE can get the serving cell & inter frequency / RAT neighbors’ priority
For the high priority cells, UE measure them always, for low priority cells, UE measure them incase of ser
Than threshold.
The intra frequency cells have the same frequency priority, frequencies of different RATs must have diffe
Intra Frequency//Same Priority Cell Reselection
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Intra Frequency//Same Priority Cell ReselectionDecision A UE makes a cell reselection decision according to cell reselection criteria. When making a decision on reselection to an in tra-
frequency or equal-priority inter-frequency cell, the UE checks whether the signal quality of a neighboring cell is higher than that
serving cell. The UE evaluates the neighboring cell only after the cell meets the cell selection criteria.
The cell-ranking criteria R_s for the serving cell and R_n for neighboring cells are defined as follows:
R_s = Qmeas,s + Qhyst
R_n = Qmeas,n - CellQoffset
where:
Qmeas,s is the measured RSRP of the serving cell, expressed in units of dBm.
Qhyst is the hysteresis for the serving cell used in the ranking criteria, expressed in units of dB. It is set in the eNodeB.
Qmeas,n is the measured RSRP of the neighboring cell, expressed in units of dBm.
CellQoffset is the offset for the neighboring cell used in the ranking criteria, expressed in units of dB. It is set in the eNodeB.
According to the cell reselection criteria, the UE should reselect the new cell only if both the following conditions are met:
The new cell is ranked higher than the serving cell during the cell reselection time.
More than one second has elapsed since the UE camped on the serving cell.
During cell reselection, the UE needs to check whether access to that cell is allowed according to the cel lAccessRelatedInfo Info
Element (IE) in the SIB1. If the cell is barred, it must be excluded from the candidate list, and the UE does not consider the cell as
candidate for cell reselection. If the cell is unsuitable because it is part of the list of forbidden TAs for roaming or it does not belo
the registered PLMN or an EPLMN, the UE does not consider this cell and other cells on the same frequency as candidates for
reselection for a maximum of 300 seconds.
Inter-RAT/Inter Frequency High Priority Cell
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Inter-RAT/Inter Frequency High Priority CellReselection Decision
For the high priority cells, the UE perform cell reselection if following c
are met:
In “ reselection time”, “Sxlev” of a neighbor is higher than “ ThreshXHigh”
More than one second has elapsed since the UE camped on the serving cell.
Note: If the highest cell is unsuitable because is part of list of forbidden Tac for roaming or it
not belong to registered PLMN or an EPLMN, the UE does not consider this cell as candidate
reselection for a maximum of 300 seconds.
Inter-RAT/Inter-Frequency low Priority Cell
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Inter-RAT/Inter-Frequency low Priority CellReselection Decision
For low priority cells, the UE perform cell reselection if the following c
met:
No cell on a higher priority frequency meets the criteria
In “ reselection time”, “Srxlev” of the serving cell is lower than “ ThrshServLow”,
value of the evaluated neighbor cell is greater than “ ThreshXLow”
More than one second has elapsed since the UE camped on the serving cell.
System Information Block Contents
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SI Block Content
MIB Downlink bandwidth of a cell , Physical HARQ Indication Channel (PHICH) parameters, and System FrameNumber (SFN)
SIB1 Parameters related to cell access and cell selection and scheduling information of SI messages
SIB2 Common radio parameters used by all the UEs in a cell
SIB3 Common cell reselection parameters for all the cells and intra-frequency cell reselection parameters
SIB4 Intra-frequency neighboring cell list, reselection parameters of each neighboring cell used for cellreselection, and intra-frequency cell reselection blacklist
SIB5 Inter-frequency E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (EARFCN) list and reselectionparameters of each EARFCN used for cell reselection
Inter-frequency cell list and reselection parameters of each neighboring cell used for cell reselection
Inter-frequency cell reselection blacklist
SIB6 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) neighboring EARFCN list andreselection parameters of each EARFCN used for cell reselection
UTRA Time Division Duplex (TDD) neighboring EARFCN list and reselection parameters of each EARFCNused for cell reselection
SIB7 GERAN neighboring EARFCN list and reselection parameters of each EARFCN used for cell reselection
SIB8 CDMA2000 pre-registration information
CDMA2000 neighboring frequency band list and reselection parameters of each band used for cellreselection
CDMA2000 neighboring cell list of neighboring frequency band
SIB9 Name of the home eNodeB
SIB10 Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) primary notif ication
SIB11 ETWS secondary notification
System Information Block Contents
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MIB
i) MIB is transmitted at a fixed cycles (every 4 frames starting from SFN 0)
S t I f ti T 1
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System Information Type-1
1- MCC/MNC
2- Tracking area code: TAC
3- Cell identity
Scheduling information of other SIBs
SIB1 Parameters related to cell access and cell selection and scheduling information of SI messages
i) SIB1 is also transmitted at the fixed cycles (every 8 frames
starting from SFN 0).
System Information (Sib 3)
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System Information (Sib-3)
SIB3 Common cell reselection parameters for all the cells and intra-frequency cell reselection pa
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System Information(Sib-4//Sib-6)
SIB4 Intra-frequency neighboring cell list, reselection parameters ofeach neighboring cell used for cell reselection, and intra-
frequency cell reselection blacklist
SIB6 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRAneighboring EARFCN list and resel
used for cel
UTRA Time Division Duplex (TDDreselection parameters of each E
Tracking Area Registration
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Tracking Area Registration
TA in SIB1:
A UE informs the EPC of its Tracking area in 2 ways.
Attach/Detach
TA update (Periodic + Normal)
EPC send paging messages to all enodeB in the TA. A TA is identified by
Tracking area identifier (TAI), which consist of MCC+MNC+TAC
Attach//Detach
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Attach//Detach
When a UE needs to obtain service from a network but is not registered to the
network, the UE perform an attach procedure for TA registration
When the UE fails to access the EPC or the EPC doesn’t allow the access of t
UE, a detach procedure is initiated. After the detach procedure, EPC no longe
pages the UE.
TA Update (Periodic + Normal)
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TA Update (Periodic + Normal)
TA update are performed in the following situations:
The UE detects a new TA
The periodic TA update timer expires(T3412)
The UE perform reselection to an E-UTRAN cell from another RAT
The RRC connection is released because of load balancing
The information on UE capabilities stored in the ECP changes
The DRX parameter changes
Paging Monitoring Procedure
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Paging Monitoring Procedure
Key Concept
1- DefaultPagingCycle (T), DRX Cycle Coefficient.2- Paging Frame (PF)
3- Paging Occasion (PO)Function of IMSI
SFN for PF
SFN mod T = (T div N) x (UE_ID mod N)
For Subframe POThe subframe number i_s of a PO is derived from the following formula:
i_s =Floor (UE_ID/N) mod Ns
Paging Parameters in SIB2
BCCH-DL-SCH-Message ::= SEQUENCE
+-message ::= CHOICE [c1]
+-c1 ::= CHOICE [systemInformation]
+-systemInformation ::= SEQUENCE+-criticalExtensions ::= CHOICE [sys
+-systemInformation-r8 ::= SEQU
+-sib-TypeAndInfo ::= SEQUENCE
| +- ::= CHOICE [sib2]
| +-sib2 ::= SEQUENCE [00]
......
| | +-pcch-Config ::= SEQUENC
| | | +-defaultPagingCycle ::=
| | | +-nB ::= ENUMERATED [o
*Occasion (PO) is a subframe where there may be P-RNTI transmitted on PDCCH addressing the
paging message.
* Paging Frame (PF) is one Radio Frame, which may contain one or multiple Paging Occasion(s).
Meaning of ParametersSFN for PFSFN mod T = (T div N) x (UE_ID mod
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Meaning of ParametersFor Subframe PO
The subframe number i_s of a PO i
i_s =Floor (UE_ID/N) mod Ns
T=DRX Cycle
N=N is min(T,NB). The NB parameter specifies the number of PO subframes in a DRX cycle. Based on
configuration on the eNodeB, NB can be set to 4T, 2T, T, T/2, T/4, T/8, T/16, or T/32.
Ns =max(1,NB/T).
UE_ID is IMSI mod 1024.
SIB-2
Understanding of NB
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Understanding of NB
ExampleSFN for PFSFN mod T = (T div N) x (UE_ID mod N)
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Example
IMSI: IMSI(448835805669362)
N=N is min(T,NB) N=min(T,T) T=128
Ns =max(1,NB/T) Ns=max(1,NB/T)Ns=max(1,T/T) 1
UE_ID is IMSI mod 1024 (448835805669362) mod 1024=1010
For Subframe PO
The subframe number i_s of a PO is deriv
i_s =Floor (UE_ID/N) mod Ns
SFN mod T=(128 div 128) x (1010 mod 128)= 114
i_s=Floor(UE_ID/N) mod Ns= Floor(1010/128) mod 1= Floor(7.890625) mod 1=7 mod 1= 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 … …. …. 114 … … 123 124 125 126 127
PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PO
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Connected Mode
Handover
Power Control (DL)
Scheduling (DL)
Handover Procedure
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Handover Procedure
Mobility Management Overview
Intra Frequency handoverInter Frequency handover
Inter RAT handover
Mobility Management Overview
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Handover Procedures Entities
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a do e ocedu es t t es
Measurement Triggering
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gg g
Only voice
Handover Events
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Key Concept
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y pStep Direction Message
1 UE <---> SS < Power On and Registration >
2 UE <---> SS < Now UE is in IDLE mode >
3 UE <--- SS Paging
4 UE ---> SS RRC Connection Request
5 UE <--- SS RRC Connection Setup
6 UE ---> SS RRC Connection Setup Complete
7 UE <--- SS Security Mode Command
8 UE ---> SS Security Mode Complete
9 UE <--- SS RRC Connection Reconfiguration
10 UE ---> SS RRCConnectionReconfigurationCompl
11 UE <--- SS RRC Connection Reconfiguration
12 UE ---> SS RRCConnectionReconfigurationCompl
13 UE ---> SS Measurement Report
14 UE <--- SS RRC Connection Reconfiguration
15 UE ---> SS PRACH
16 UE <--- SS RACH Response
17 UE ---> SS RRCConnectionReconfigurationCompl
18 UE <--- SS ueCapabilityEnquiry
19 UE ---> SS ueCapabilityInformation
20 UE ---> SS ulInformationTransfer + Detach Reque
21 UE <--- SS RRC Connection Release
RRC Connection Reconfiguration is use to
Modify/establish/release RB/to perform
Handover, to setup/modify/release measurement
Main IE:
Measurementconfiguration
Mobilitycontrolinformation
Nas-DedicatedInformation
RadioResourceConfiguration
SecurityconfigurationUe-RelatedInformation
Gap Mode
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p
A measurement gap is a time period during which the UE
performs measurements on a neighboring frequency of the
serving frequency. Measurement gaps are applicable to inter-
frequency and inter-RAT measurements. The UE performsinter-frequency or inter-RAT measurements only within the
measurement gaps. One UE normally has only one receiver,
and consequently one UE can receive the signals on only one
frequency at a time.
When inter-frequency or inter-RAT measurements are
triggered, the eNodeB delivers the measurement gap
configuration, and then the UE starts gap-assisted
measurements accordingly. As shown above, Tperiod denotesthe repetition period of measurement gaps, and TGAP denotes
the gap width, within which the UE performs measurements
Intra-Frequency handover
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Event A3 will be trigger for Intra-frequency handover.
Handover Procedure
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RRC Connection Reconfiguration == Measurement Control
Measurement Report == Measurement Report
RRC Connection Reconfiguration == Physical Channel
Reconfiguration or ActiveSetUpdate
RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete == Physical
Channel Reconfiguration Complete or
ActiveSetUpdateComplete
LTE Vs WCDMA Jargon
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The data forwarding process is as follows: Afte
eNodeB sends a handover command to the UE
detaches the connection from the source eNoeNodeB then forwards the uplink (UL) data tha
of order and the DL data to be transmitted, to
eNodeB.
Data forwarding prevents a decrease in the d
and an increase in the data transfer delay that
user data loss during the handover.
Intra-eNodeB handovers do not require data
the case of inter-eNodeB handover, the source
a data forwarding path by using the X2/S1 ada
mechanism.
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When a handover fails, the UE performs a cell selection
procedure and then initiates a procedure of RRC connection re-
establishment towards the selected cell. The eNodeB makes a
decision based on whether the context of the UE is present or
not. If the eNodeB accepts the re-establishment request, the
UE accesses the selected cell, thus avoiding drop of the call
caused by the handover failure.
Inter-Frequency Measurement
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Event A2 Triggering Algorithm
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In a coverage-based inter-frequency handover, event A2 triggers
inter-frequency measurements. The triggering of this event
indicates that the signal quality in the serving cell is lower
than a specified threshold.
Ms: The measurement result of the serving cell
Hys: The hysteresis for event A2
Thresh: The threshold for event A2, it can be
defined separately with RSRP or RSRQ
Event A1 Stop Algorithm
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Ms: The measurement result of the serving cell
Hys: The hysteresis for event A1
Event A4 Handover Execution
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Mn: The measurement result of the neighboring cell.
Ofn: The frequency-specific offset for the frequency of the
neighboring cell.Ocn: The cell-specific offset for the neighboring cell.
Hys: The hysteresis for event A4
Thresh: The threshold for event A4
Inter-RAT Measurement
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Measurement Trigger
Measurement Object
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Measurement Object
Handover Trigger B1 Event
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Handover Trigger B1 Event
Mn: The measurement result of the neighboring cell
Ofn: The frequency-specific offset for the frequency of the
neighboring cellHys: The hysteresis for event B1. The hysteresis values for
inter-RAT handovers to UTRAN,
LTE UMTS PS Handover Flow
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LTE UMTS PS Handover Flow
Power Control
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Classification of Power Control
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Downlink Power Control Classification
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The configured power must meet the requirements for the
downlink coverage of the cell
Fixed power assignment
Fixed power assignment is applicable to the cell-specificreference signal, synchronization signal, PBCH, PCFICH, and
the PDCCH and PDSCH that carry common information of the
cell. Users configure fixed power based on channel quality.
The configured power must meet the requirements for the
downlink coverage of the cell.
Dynamic power controlDynamic power control is applicable to the PHICH and the
PDCCH and PDSCH that carry dedicated information sent to
UEs. Dynamic power control lowers interference, expands cell
capacity, and increases coverage while meeting users'
QoS requirements. However, these channels can also support
fix power assignment, and in fact, this is our recommendation because the AMC function can also meet the requirem
Cell Specific RS Power Setting
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The cell-specific reference signal is transmitted in all downlink
subframes. The signal serves as a basis for downlink channel
estimation, which is used for data demodulation.
The power for the cell-specific reference signal is set through
the ReferenceSignalPwr parameter, which indicates the Energy
Per Resource Element (EPRE) of the cell-specific reference
signal.
Synchronization Signal Power Setting
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The synchronization signal is used for cell search and system
synchronization. There are two types of synchronization signals,
the Primary Synchronization Channel (P-SCH) and the
Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH).
The offset of the power for the P-SCH and S-SCH against the
power for the cell-specific reference signal is set through the
SchPwr parameter.
PBCH/PCFICH Power Setting
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On the PBCH, broadcast messages are sent in each frame. The
messages carry the basic system information of the cell, such as
the cell bandwidth, antenna configuration, and frame number.
The offset of the power for the PBCH against the power for thecell-specific reference signal is set through the PbchPwr
parameter.
The PCFICH carries the number of OFDM symbols used for
PDCCH transmission in a subframe. The PCFICH is always
mapped to the first OFDM symbol of each subframe.
The power for the PCFICH is set through the PcfichPwr
parameter, which indicates an offset of the power for the
PCFICH against the power for the cell-specific reference signal.
PDCCH/PDSCH Power Setting
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Dynamic Power Control - PHICH
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Dynamic Power Control - PDCCH
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When PDCCH carry the following dedicate info,
power control should be performed to ensure the receive
reliability
Uplink scheduling information (DCI format 0)
Downlink scheduling information
(DCI format 1/1A/1B/2/2A)
PUSCH/PUCCH TPC commands
(DCI format 3/3A)
PDSCH Power Presentation
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Regarding power control for the PDSCH, the
OFDM symbols on one slot can be classified
into two types. Above table shows the
OFDM symbol indexes within a slot wherethe ratio of the EPRE to the EPRE of RS is
denoted by ρA or ρB.
Automatic Neighbor Relation
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ANR is a self-optimization function. It automatically maintains the integrity and effectiveness of neighb
increase handover success rates and improve network performance. In addition, ANR does not require
which reduces the costs of network planning and optimization.
Neighbor relations are classified into normal and abnormal neighbor relations. Abnormal neighbor recases of missing neighboring cells, unstable neighbor relations, PCI collisions, and abnormal neighbor
coverage. ANR automatically detects missing neighboring cells, PCI collisions, and abnormal neighbor
and maintains neighbor relations.
ANR classifications
Concepts Related to ANR-NCL
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-NRT
-TempNRT
-BlackList
-HO Black List
-X2 Black List
-WhiteList
-HO White List
-X2 White List
-PCI Collision
-Abnormal Neighbor Cell
coverage
NCL
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An NCL of a cell contains the information about the neighboring cells of a cell. Unle
otherwise stated, neighboring cells mentioned in this document exclude intra-eNode
neighboring cells. NCLs are classified into intra-RAT NCLs and inter-RAT NCLs. Ea
cell has one intra-RAT NCL and multiple inter-RAT NCLs.
An NCL includes the ECGIs (for E-UTRAN cells) or CGIs (for inter-RAT cells), PCIs
EARFCNs of the neighboring cells.
The eNodeB adds newly detected neighboring cells to the NCL. The NCL is used a
basis for creating neighbor relations. Neighboring cells in the NCL can be automatic
managed (for example, added, deleted, or modified) by ANR. They can also be
managed manually.
NRT
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SN LCI Local CellPLMN
TCI No Remove No HO
1 LCI#1 46001 TCI#1 TRUE TRUE
2 LCI#1 46001 TCI#2 FALSE FALSE
3 LCI#1 46001 TCI#3 TRUE TRUE
An NRT of a cell contains the information about the neighbor relations between a cell a
NRTs are classified into intra-RAT NRTs and inter-RAT NRTs. Each cell has one intra-R
one intra-RAT inter-frequency NRT, and multiple inter-RAT NRTs. The intra-RAT intra-fr
intra-frequency NRT are referred to as the intra-RAT NRT in this document.
shows an example of the NRT. The information in this table is for reference only.Table 3-1 An example of the NRT
TempNRT
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A TempNRT is a temporary NRT. It has the same data structure as the NRT. Each cell has an intra-RAT intr
TempNRT and an intra-RAT inter-frequency TempNRT but does not have an inter-RAT TempNRT. The Intra
frequency TempNRT and intra-RAT intra-frequency TempNRT are referred to as the intra-RAT TempNRT in
After detecting a new intra-RAT neighbor relation, the eNodeB adds it to the intra-RAT TempNRT. Then, tregularly maintains the neighbor relation in the TempNRT. If the new neighbor relation is normal, the eN
intra-RAT NRT.
Blacklist
HO Blacklist
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HO Blacklist
An HO blacklist contains the information about neighbor relations that cannot be used for a handover or
from the NRT by ANR. The neighbor relations in the HO blacklist must meet the following conditions:
NO Remove = TRUE
NO HO = TRUE
A neighbor relation can be added to the HO blacklist manually.
X2 Blacklist
An X2 blacklist contains the information about an eNodeB and its neighboring eNodeBs. X2 interfaces ca
automatically between the eNodeB and the neighboring eNodeBs. If an X2 interface has been set up, it w
automatically.
Whitelist
HO Whitelist
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HO Whitelist
An HO whitelist [1] contains the information about neighbor relations that can be used for a handover b
automatically from the NRT by ANR. The neighbor relations in the HO whitelist must meet the following
NO Remove = TRUE
NO HO = FALSE
A neighbor relation can be added to the HO whitelist manually.
X2 Whitelist
An X2 whitelist contains the information about an eNodeB and its neighboring eNodeBs. The X2 interfac
the eNodeB and the neighboring eNodeBs cannot be removed automatically
PCIA PCI is the identifier of a physical cell. A maximum of 504 PCIs are supported, according to reference do
collisions occur inevitably. PCI collisions negatively affect handover performance and the handover succe
PCI collision handling
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PCI collision handling,
The PCI of an E-UTRAN cell corresponds to:
The primary scrambling code (PSC) of a UTRAN FDD cell
The cell ID of a UTRAN TDD cell
The base transceiver station identity code (BSIC) of a GSM/EDGE radio access network (GERAN) cell
The pseudo number (PN) offset of a CDMA cell
Abnormal Neighboring Cell Coverage
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Abnormal neighboring cell coverage (also called cross-cell coverage) refers to the coverage of a cell that is
of the serving cell but can be detected by a UE in the serving cell. The eNodeB regards this cell as a neighserving cell and therefore attempts to add the neighbor relation to the NRT,. The signals of an abnormal n
generally unstable and therefore the success rate of handovers to this cell is low. The coverage of neighb
abnormal in any of the following scenarios:
l The antenna tilt or orientation changes because of improper installation or a natural phenomenon such
l In mountains, the signals of the umbrella cell cover lower cells.
Classification of ANR
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Intra-RAT ANR
Intra-RAT Fast ANR
Inter-RAT ANR
Inter-RAT Fast ANR
Intra-RAT ANR
1. The source eNodeB delivers the inter-frequency measurement
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Source
configuration to the UE and requests the UE to measure inter-frequency
neighboring cells that meet the measurement configuration.
2. The UE detects that the PCI of cell B meets the measurement configuration and
reports it to the source eNodeB. Then, the source eNodeB checks whether the intra-
RAT NCL of cell A includes the PCI of cell B. If yes, the procedure ends. If no, the
following steps continue.
3. The source eNodeB instructs the UE, using the newly discovered PCI as a
parameter, to read the ECGI, Tracking Area Code (TAC), and PLMN ID list of cell B.
4. The source eNodeB schedules appropriate idle periods to allow the UE to read
the ECGI, TAC, and PLMN ID list of cell B over the broadcast channel (BCH).
5. The UE reports the detected ECGI, TAC, and PLMN ID list of cell B to the source
eNodeB.
The source eNodeB adds the newly detected neighboring cell of cell B to the intra-RAT NCL of
cell A and adds the neighbor relation to the intra-RAT TempNRT
Intra-RAT Fast ANR
Before a UE performs handovers, the eNodeB can obtain the information about all neighboring cells with
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reaching or exceeding certain RSRP (it is specified by the FastAnrRsrpThd parameter) based on the repo
measurements. This reduces the impact of event-triggered UE measurements on handover performance
performs handovers.
Inter-RAT ANR
1. The source eNodeB delivers the inter-RAT measurement configuration
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(including target RATs and EARFCNs) to the UE, activates the measurement
gap mode, and instructs the UE to measure the neighboring cells that meet
the measurement configuration.
2. The UE detects that the PCI of cell B meets the measurementconfiguration and reports it to cell A. If the source eNodeB detects that its
NCL does not include the PCI of cell B, it proceeds to the following step.
3. The source eNodeB instructs the UE, using the newly discovered PCI as a
parameter, to read other parameters of cell B, such as CGI.
4. The source eNodeB schedules appropriate measurement gaps to allow the UE to
read the CGI and other parameters of cell B over the BCH.
5. The UE reports the source eNodeB the CGI and other parameters of cell B.
The source eNodeB adds the newly detected neighboring cell to its inter-RAT NCL and
adds the neighbor relation to the inter-RAT NRT.
Inter-RAT Fast ANR
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After inter-RAT fast ANR is activated, the eNodeB delivers the inter-RAT measurement configuration to th
UE to detect neighboring GERAN, UTRAN, and CDMA cells by using periodic measurements.
The principles of inter-RAT fast ANR are the same as those of intra-RAT fast ANR
PCI Collision HandlingA PCI collision occurs if two cells in an NCL have the same PCI but different ECGIs. PCI collisions may be c
network planning or abnormal neighboring cell coverage (also known as cross-cell coverage). If two intra
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cells have the same PCI, interference will be caused.
When a PCI collision occurs, the eNodeB cannot determine the target cell for a handover. This deteriorat
performance and reduces the handover success rate. Therefore, eliminating PCI collisions is an importan
optimization.
After a PCI collision is eliminated, the PCI is unique in the coverage area of the cell and unique in the neicell.
PCI collision detections are triggered after intra-RAT ANR updates neighboring cells. PCI collision handlin
detecting PCI collisions and reallocating PCIs.
PCI reallocation is a process of allocating a new PCI to a cell whose PCI collides with the PCI of another c
eliminate PCI collisions.
If Optimization Analysis Mode is set to Immediate or Scheduled, the M2000 triggers PCI reallocation in by the value of Optimization Analysis Mode. The M2000 also provides suggestions on PCI reallocation u
collision alarm.
Overview ICICAll physical resource blocks (PRBs) occupied by user equipment (UEs) in
a cell are mutually orthogonal in the frequency domain; therefore,
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intra-cell interference is very low. However, inter-cell interference is
relatively high because the frequency reuse factor is 1, in which case
every cell can provide services over the entire system band. For cell
edge users (CEUs), the impact of the inter-cell interference is especially
severe. Therefore, to increase the cell capacity and CEU throughput,inter-cell interference must be mitigated.
ICIC is a technology that collaborates with power control and media access control (MAC) schedulin
mitigate inter-cell interference. ICIC divides the entire system band into three frequency bands and
frequency bands at the edge of neighboring cells. CEUs, which cause high interference or may be se
interference, are preferentially scheduled in the cell edge bands to mitigate inter-cell interference. Tmitigation enhances the network coverage and improves the CEU throughput
DL
Static Dynam
Technical Principles of ICICKey Concept:
A3 Event for ICIC
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CEU/CCU
Power Control
MAC Scheduling
The relationships between the key techniques are described
as follows:
i) CEU/CCU identification is a technique of identifying the UE
type (CEU or CCU) based on event A3.
ii) Edge band mode assignment is a technique of allocating
different edge bands to neighboring cells. Edge band
adjustment is a technique of expanding or shrinking the edge
band of a cell based on inter-cell interference and the cell
load. Edge band mode assignment and edge band adjustmentcollaborate to determine the edge band of each cell.
iii) Power control and MAC scheduling collaborate to allocate
PRBs to UEs based on cell edge bands and UE types. PRBs in
edge bands are mainly allocated to CEUs, and those in center
bands are mainly allocated to CCUs.
CEU/CCU IdentificationPrinciplesWhen initially accessing a network, a UE is recognized as a CCU by the serving cell; after a handover, the
CEU b th t t ll Aft h t i d f ll i th i iti l h d th N d B t t t
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eNodeBs identify CEUs and CCUs based on ICIC event A3 as follows:
i) If an ICIC event A3 report contains the measurement result only about the
serving cell of a UE, the eNodeB treats the UE as a CCU. An example of this is
when the UE moves from the cell edge to the cell center.
ii) If an ICIC event A3 report contains the measurement result about at least one
neighboring cell, the eNodeB treats the UE as a CEU.
CEU by the target cell. After a short period following the initial access or handover, the eNodeB starts to
(referred to as ICIC event A3 in this document) to determine whether the UEs are CEUs or CCUs.
ICIC Event A3 Based on RSRP Measurement
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Entering Condition for ICIC Event A3
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Leaving Condition for ICIC Event A3
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More Parameter of ICIC Event A3
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Edge Band Mode Assignment
Edge band mode assignment is a technique of allocating
different edge bands to neighboring cells. There are three edge
band modes: MODE1 MODE2 and MODE3 whichrepresent
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band modes: MODE1, MODE2, and MODE3, whichrepresent
low-, medium-, and high-frequency bands, respectively. The
bandwidth of each band is about 1/3 of the physical downlink
shared channel (PDSCH) or physical uplink shared channel
(PUSCH) bandwidth. The PRBs available to CEUs in a cell using aspecific edge band mode correlate with the ICIC policy and
system bandwidth. The policy can be either dynamic ICIC or
static ICIC.
If there are three cells per eNodeB, as shown in Figure 3-2,
neighboring cells use different edge band modes so that CEUs
in the cells are served by different frequency bands in the
system band. Theoretically, the use of three edge band modes
can eliminate inter-cell interference in the frequency domain.
Edge Band Adjustment (Only in Dynamic ICIC)There are two ICIC policies: static ICIC and dynamic ICIC. The difference between them is that only dynam
bands.
i) Edge band expansion condition
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i) Edge band expansion condition
The current cell expands its edge band if its edge band is heavily loaded while the edge bands in its neig
loaded. Figure is used as an example to describe edge load evaluation: Yellow grids for the current cell re
defined in static ICIC, and green grids with Y denote the PRBs that CEUs in the current cell actually use be
defined in static ICIC. In this situation, the current cell determines that the number of PRBs required by Cnumber of cell edge PRBs defined in static ICIC. The edge load of the current cell is high while the edge lo
cell is low.
ii) Edge band shrinking condition
− Active shrinking: The current cell actively shrinks its edge
band if its edge load is relatively low.
− Passive shrinking: When the neighboring cell expands itsactual edge band within the edge band defined in static ICIC,
the current cell shrinks its edge band if the PRBs used by the
current and neighboring cells collide. Figure shows an example
of passive shrinking.
SchedulingThe eNodeB implements scheduling at the media access control (MAC) layer and provides time-frequen
and downlink through scheduling. On the premise of guaranteed quality of service (QoS), scheduling aim
the channel with better quality and maximize system throughput by using different channel qualities am
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the channel with better quality and maximize system throughput by using different channel qualities am
Scheduling Policies
Max C/I
l Round robin (RR)
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l Round robin (RR)
l Proportional fair (PF)
l Enhanced proportional fair (EPF)
Scheduling Policy Effect Factor Scheduling Priority Usage
Max C/I Channel quality The UE with better channel quality has a higher priority inscheduling.
To verthroug
RR None Each UE has equal opportunity to be scheduled. To versched
PF Service rate and channel quality The UE with a small ratio between the service rate and channelquality has a higher priority in scheduling.
To verand fa
EPF Service rate, channel quality, and QoSrequirement
In ope
Scheduling Scheme
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Semi Persistent
Dynamic
Semi-Persistent Scheduling
Semi-persistent scheduling is introduced to reduce the overhead of control signaling. Semi-persistent
process where one user uses the same time-and-frequency resources in a specified semi-persistent s
ms in Huawei eNodeB) until they are released. Semi-persistent scheduling is mainly used for processi
constant rate, regular packet arrival, and low delay requirements, such as the Voice over IP (VoIP). By
persistent scheduling, VoIP services can save the overhead of control signaling and increase the VoIP
Dynamic Scheduling
In dynamic scheduling, scheduling is performed every Transmission Time Interval (TTI) of 1 ms and al
scheduled are notified with the scheduling information through control signaling within this TTI. Dyn
no requirements on the size and arrival time of data packets. Therefore, dynamic scheduling is applic
DL SchedulerDownlink scheduling allocates time-and-frequency resources at
the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) for transmission
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of system messages and downlink data. Downlink scheduling
described in this chapter is based on the EPF scheduling
strategy.
Downlink scheduling calculates available scheduling resources
based on the current remaining power. In addition, the
scheduling priority and Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)
are determined based on the amount of data at the Radio Link
Control (RLC) layer, QoS requirements of bearers, and UE
channel quality. In downlink scheduling, the UE channel quality
information is obtained through the CQIs reported by the UE.
The prioritization and MCS selection of scheduling depend onthe CQI information. Therefore, if reported CQIs cannot
properly reflect the actual channel conditions, the downlink
resource efficiency is low.
DL Scheduling
VoIP service
Th V IP i i i i i h d li h h hi h
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The VoIP service experiencing semi-persistent scheduling has the highest
priority. Semi-persistent scheduling is used in the talk spurts of the VoIP
services.
Control-plane data and IMS signaling
Control-plane data consists of common control messages and UE-level control
messages. Common control messages consist of broadcast messages, paging
messages, and random access response messages. UE-level control messages
consist of Signaling Radio Bearer 0 (SRB0), SRB1, and SRB2.
The scheduling of IMS signaling is the same as that of UE-level control
messages.
HARQ retransmission data
Other initial transmission services
Other initial transmission services refer to the initial transmission services of
other QCIs excluding VoIP services and IMS signaling.
VOIP
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Control-Plane Data and IMS Signaling
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The scheduling priority of control-plane data is only lower than that of VoIP services. Control-plane
dynamic scheduling. Control-plane data consists of common control messages and UE-level control
scheduling of IMS signaling is the same as that of UE-level control messages. Handover and Power
Level Control messages.
HAQR Retransmission Data
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Total Process of Other Services Prioritization
*UEs that experience semi-persistent scheduling
*UEs that experience HARQ retransmission sched
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*UEs that run out of HARQ process numbers
*UEs that enter the measurement gap
*UEs that enter the DRX dormant period
*UEs that stay out of synchronization and have fa
Rate of non-GBR service > Min_GBR (DLMINGBR
Within Time T:
Rate of GBR service > T*{Maximum number of D
transport block bits received within a TTI}
Prioritization of Remaining ServicesPrioritization of Non-GBR Service
CQI
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The service with higher spectral efficiency of the corresponding wideband CQI has a
higher priority.
Average rate of non-GBR servicesThe non-GBR service with a larger average rate has a lower priority.
UE differentiation factor
The UE differentiation factor reflects the priority of UEs of different levels. The UE with
a higher level set by operators has a higher priority in scheduling.
Weight factor {Bit Torrent Vs Non-Bit Torrent And/Or QCI}
Weight factors in downlink scheduling are classified into QCI class weight factors andservice type-based weight factors. Huawei eNodeB can distinguish between Bit Torrent
(BT) and non-BT services using a switch under the DlSchSwitch parameter.
Larger weight factor leads to higher priority of scheduling
Alloc
Serv
Max
Prioritization of GBR
Channel quality
The instantaneous channel quality of the UE is taken into account The UE with
Prioritization of GBR Service
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The instantaneous channel quality of the UE is taken into account. The UE with
better instantaneous channel quality has a higher priority. In the case of the same
channel quality, the GBR service with QCI of 1 has a higher priority than other GBR
services.
Delay
The closer the waiting time of the first packet in the buffer is to the Packet Delay
Budget (PDB), the higher the priority is. The PDB value depends on the QCI.
Relative priority
The prioritization of GBR services is different from that of non-GBR services. This
factor is added to compare the priority of GBR services with that of non-GBRservices. Serv
MCS Selection & Resource Allocation
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Calculation of Throughput based on MCS If you know the MCS index, you can calculate the throughput for that specific MCS index as
Calculation Procedure for downlink(PDSCH) is as follows :
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i) refer to TS36.213 Table 7.1.7.1-1
ii) get I_TBS for using MCS value (ex, I_TBS is 21 if MCS is 23)
iii) refer to TS36.213 Table7.1.7.2.1
iv) go to column header indicating the number of RB
v) go to row header ‘21’ which is I_TBS
vi) you would get 51024 (if the number of RB is 100 and I_TBS is 21)
vii) (This is Transfer Block Size per 1 ms for one Antenna)
If we use 2 antenna, it is 51024 bits * 2 Antenna * 1000 ms = about 100 Mbps
Calculation Procedure for uplink(PUSCH) is as follows :
Same as the downlink as above except that you have to refer to 36.213 Table 8.6.1-1 at step
Uplink Analysis Parameter Calculation
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