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12.810 class web page
eaps.mit.edu/~rap/courses/12810.html
•Handout notes
•Additional remarks
•Links to other material
•Problem Sets
500 hPa height , surface pressure
2015 Feb 04 18Z
500 hPa height , surface pressure
2015 Feb 04 18Z
Smaller scale features less evident in middle/upper troposphere
Large scales completely dominate in the stratosphere
(near 30 km)
Large scales completely dominate in the stratosphere
(near 30 km)
850 hPa , 2006 Feb 04-06
Feb 04 Feb 05 Feb 06
850 hPa , 2006 Feb 04-06
Feb 04 Feb 05 Feb 06
Synoptic scale eddies can develop rapidly (1-2 d.) and move generally eastward
Z , 2006 Feb 06
850 hPa
300 hPa
Z , 2006 Feb 06
850 hPa
300 hPa
Synoptic scale eddies tilt
westward with height
(less so when mature)
Jan 500 hPa
climatology
Quasi-stationary
planetary-scale waves
Jan 850/500/300 hPa climatology
Jan 850/500/300 hPa climatology
little if any phase shift with height (in the
troposphere)
Observed zonal mean u, T DJF
JJA
Observed zonal mean u, T DJF
JJA
tropopause
Observed zonal mean u, T DJF
JJA
main
tropospheric
jets
Observed zonal mean u, T DJF
JJA
midlatitude surface
westerlies
tropical easterlies
Observed zonal mean u, T DJF
JJA
polar night jets in winter
stratosphere
summertime
stratospheric
easterlies
Mean meridional circulation DJF
Mean meridional circulation DJF
V ~ 1 m/s
Mean meridional circulation DJF Hadley cells
Ferrell cells
Seasonal variation of the
Hadley circulation
Different averaging approaches
(Townsend & Johnson, JAS, 1985)
Average at fixed p
Average at fixed θ
mass streamfunction