1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos1 Building Energy Systems EE290N3 Costas J. Spanos Monday 1/26/2008 Issues

1/26/2009 Building Energy - C. Spanos 1

Building Energy Systems

EE290N3

Costas J. Spanos

Monday 1/26/2008

Issu

es


Outline

• Why Energy in Buildings Matters• Residential Open Problems• Commercial Open Problems



Oceans

absematm CCdt

dC

Equilibrium Between Atmospheric and Ocean CO2

K CatmCocean

ematm C

K

K

dt

dC

1

Global Energy & Carbon Balance

2007

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1950 2000 2050 2100

Atm

os

ph

eri

c C

O2

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n [

pp

m]

Year

2007

380

2057

Double of Preindustrial Level

Carbon in Atmosphere

?

Courtesy A. Majumdar, ME, UCB


Source: Fourth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Summary for Policy Makers, February 2007.

Emissions Trajectories for atmospheric CO2

concentration ceilings

2007

Courtesy A. Majumdar, ME, UCB


The “stabilization triangle”Stephen Pacala; Robert Socolow (2004-08-13). "Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies". Science. Retrieved on 2007-08-20.

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/305/5686/968?ijkey=Y58LIjdWjMPsw&keytype=ref&siteid=sci


If warming exceeds 2°C, negative effects increase and catastrophic changes become more likely

7

Today

0°C

Feedback Abrupt climate change

Water Rising seasWater shortagesGlaciers melt

Weather Storms, droughts, fires, heat waves

Ecosystems

Reefs damaged

Species extinction

Food Crop yields fall

3°C2°C1°C

Global temperature change (relative to pre-industrial era)

4°C 5°C

Courtesy: Hal Harvey (Climate Works)


The European Community has decided that 2oC warming is a reasonable Target.


Source: Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Technologies, January 2007-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

CEC Data

Business as Usual

AB 32 Scenario

% Change from 1990 levels

California Assembly Bill 32 Emissions Reductions

Provided by Prof. Daniel M. Kammen






Supply DemandFigure Courtesy Professor Arun Majumdar, UCB,

LBNL


BUILDINGS CONSUME SIGNIFICANT ENERGY

Source: U.S. Department of Energy 2007 Building Energy Data Book. Sept 2007

The Numbers Tell the Story

$370 BillionTotal U.S. Annual Energy Costs

200%Increase in U.S. Electricity Consumption Since 1990

40%Total U.S. Energy Consumption for Buildings

72%Total U.S. Electricity Consumption for Buildings

55%Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption for Buildings

The Numbers Tell the Story

$370 BillionTotal U.S. Annual Energy Costs

200%Increase in U.S. Electricity Consumption Since 1990

40%Total U.S. Energy Consumption for Buildings

72%Total U.S. Electricity Consumption for Buildings

55%Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption for Buildings


Buildings Matter! Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs

approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005. Buildings use 72 % of the electricity and 55 % of the nation’s natural gas.

Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005.

Buildings use 72 % of the electricity and 55 % of the nation’s natural gas.

Source: Buildings Energy Data Book 2007


Outline



The Cost/Benefit Equation

• Anything we do to improve the energy/emissions balance must pay for itself

• “Zero net cost” means that any improvements must be paid by energy savings.– Environmental cost is largely not captured in today’s

energy prices, so• Energy related improvements can be either be mandated

(such as in “title 24” in CA)• Energy related improvements can be subsidized (PV

incentives, etc.)


Perspectives on “Zero Cost”

• Annual cost of ownership (mortgage + energy bill) must be kept constant

• Zero net cost highly unlikely/not currently possible

• Current state-of-the-art: about $50k extra


Setting the Bar

Florida Solar Energy Center summary for National Academy of Sciences

•Zero (30 year @6.7%) cost for average home energy bill of $1600/year allows for $20k up front spending, half of current best practice

•Still hard to get zero energy, at any price

•Occupant behavior important to both heating/cooling and plug loads

Best practice for ZEH requires $40k to $50k up front cost


State of the Art Today

• Germany• Close to zero net cost• Heat/cool/hot water only – not

lighting or plug loads – still used as much energy as 70% savings homes in FSEC study



• Japan• Net zero energy• Saves $2800/yr (allows spending $38.8k

up front to achieve zero cost)• Cost $65k extra



• Austria• Cost extra $150k• 80% savings


Costs of energy savings / generation Energy Savings• Geothermal heat pump $3.5k• Triple-pane windows $9k• Upgrade to R19 from R11 $500• CFL replace incandescent $35• LED replace incandescent $1800• Solar hot water $3k

Solar or wind for 3 kW installation• PV $24k• Wind $9k• Other technologies not well developed for residential applications

with large range in potential cost: Solar collectors, biomass fuel for turbines, wood pellet burners (heat or steam for electricity), etc.


Why is it challenging?• Home construction is HIGHLY

standardized.

• Even minor changes disrupt construction and increase cost.

• Local (micro) climate makes tremendous difference.

• There is no universally accepted definition of “comfort”.

• The behavioral patterns of the residents often make more difference than the features of the house. Source:


Many opportunities to innovate

• Local (micro) climate makes tremendous difference.• A virtual home can be simulated in several climate variants and

energy options.


Other Opportunities – Passivhaus in Germany (and in Berkeley!)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Passivhaus_Darmstadt_Kranichstein_Fruehling_2006.JPG

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Passivhaus_thermogram_gedaemmt_ungedaemmt.png


Passivhaus

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Passivhaus_section_en.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Passivhaus_heating_de_Kompakt.png


Berkeley Passive House

2440 Grant Street, Berkeley, CA


Open Research Questions for Home Energy

• Lets view the home as part of a system• First, preserve!• Then, optimize!• View both aspects as a systems problem where

the home is just a part.• Local and grid generation, local and grid storage


Wireless Sensor Networks for Demand Response

• Summer heat creates over-demand for AC• Avoid brown-outs (level the demand) during peak usage with enabling

technology:– Meters, thermostats, temperature-nodes:

In ad hoc self-organizing wireless networks

• Demand Response scenario:– Smart Thermostat receives

price signals every ¼ hour(or, emergency signals ASAP)

– Users’ responses to pricepoints lower energy costs

Cal ISO Daily Peak LoadsJanuary 1, 2000 - December 31, 2000

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

GW

Peak Day August 16 - 43.5 GW

Commercial AC

Residential AC

Source: Professor Paul Wright, CITRIS/ME UCB


New thermostat shows price of electricity in ¢/kWhr + expected monthly bill.

New meter conveys real-timeusage, back to service provider.

Wireless beacons (smart dust) allow for fine-tuned comfort/control.

Incoming price signals

Appliance lights show price level & appliances powered-down

Demand-Response in a “Smart House”


Going many steps further: What if the Energy Infrastructure were Designed like the

Internet?

• Energy: the limited resource of the 21st Century• Needed: Information Age approach to the Machine Age

infrastructure• Lower cost, more incremental deployment, suitable for developing

economies• Enhanced reliability and resilience to wide-area outages, such as

after natural disasters

• Packetized Energy: discrete units of energy locally generated, stored, and forwarded to where it is needed; enabling a market for energy exchange

Source: Professors David Culler, Randy Katz, Seth Sanders, EECS, UCB


Intelligent Power Switch

(IPS)

Energy Network

PowerComm Interface

EnergyStorage

PowerGeneration

Host Load


(IPS)EnergyStorage


(IPS)EnergyStorageEnergyStorage


(IPS)EnergyStorage




(IPS)EnergyStorage




(IPS)EnergyStorage



Host LoadHost Load

energy flows

information flows


• PowerComm Interface: Network + Power connector• Scale Down, Scale Out



TheGrid

LocalGeneration

Local Load

Grid TieInverter

LocalStorage

Energy Markets

• Typical home solar system configuration• Run meter backwards• Optional local storage for off-grid operation

– Vast majority of home systems do NOT have storage



EnergyInterconnect

LocalGeneration

Local Load

IPS

LocalStorage

IPS

IPS

IPS

IPS

IPS

Energy Markets

• Hierarchical aggregates of loads and IPSs• Overlay on existing Energy Grid

Energy InterconnectCommunications Interconnect



PVs - Calculating the Optimal Subsidy


Motivating the Optimal Subsidy


A “Moore’s Law” for PV?


PV Manufacturing vs. Semiconductor Manufacturing

• Tremendous cost advances have been driven into semiconductor manufacturing through SPC/APC, real-time equipment diagnostics, etc.

• Data mining, model development, performance optimization, production malfunction diagnosis is also possible in PV manufacturing, where cost rather than fidelity becomes the objective.

• Issues such as predictive binning and performance matching are similar to problems faced in high volume memory production.

• Cost-saving measures such as virtual metrology can accelerate adoption.


Energy Storage at Home – ideas?

Plug-in (two way) hybrid?

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/56/Felix-car-batteries-full.jpg


Another Opportunity - Occupant Behavior…


Also of Interest:Statistical Modeling of Grid behavior

• “Smart” Grids involve distributed instrumentation monitoring status at very high data rates

• A grid is an inherently statistical entity

• Statistical / machine learning model of loading under D/R will allow intelligent data mining and drive dynamic pricing and Demand / Response strategies.

Explanation of demand response effects on a quantity (Q) - price (P) graph. Under inelastic demand (D1) extremely high price (P1) may result on a strained electricity market.If demand response measures are employed the demand becomes more elastic (D2). A much lower price will result in the market (P2).

It is estimated[1] that a 5% lowering of demand would result in a 50% price reduction during the peak hours of the California electricity crisis in 2000/2001. The market also becomes more resilient to intentional withdrawal of offers from the supply side.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_electricity_crisis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Demand_response.png


THE ENERGY FREE HOME CHALLENGESource: The Thomas and Stacey Siebel Foundation

The Goal: Build an Energy Free Home

Zero Net Cost

Costs no more to own and operate than a traditional home

Zero Net Cost

Costs no more to own and operate than a traditional home

Zero Net Energy

Produces enough renewable energy to cover all its energy use

Zero Net Energy

Produces enough renewable energy to cover all its energy use

Consumer Appealing

Requires no major changes in lifestyle. Consumers find it appealing

Can be replicated in many locations.

Consumer Appealing

Requires no major changes in lifestyle. Consumers find it appealing

Can be replicated in many locations.


TWO-PHASE CHALLENGEREWARD BOTH COMPONENT AND WHOLE-HOME INNOVATION

04/21/23

Phase 2: Whole-Home Innovation

Phase 2: Whole-Home Innovation

Teams Develop Components of an Energy Free

Home

Teams Design an Energy Free

Home

10 Winning Home Designs

Built and Monitored

Phase 1: Enabling Technologies

Innovation

Phase 1: Enabling Technologies

Innovation

Prizes•10 --$500,000•10 --$250,000•50+ demo at EFHC Summit

10 Finalists$250,000 to

build a home

One $10,000,000 Grand Prize

100+ Energy Free Homes Built

Source: The Thomas and Stacey Siebel Foundation


Phase 1: Enabling Technologies Innovation

Phase 1: Enabling Technologies Innovation

TIMELINEFIVE YEARS TO DRIVE MULTIPLE LEVELS OF

INNOVATION

04/21/23

100+ Energy Free Home Community100+ Energy Free Home Community

$7.5 Million in Prizes$7.5 Million in Prizes Ten Finalists $250,000 to build

Ten Finalists $250,000 to build



20092009 20102010 20112011 20122012 20132013

Phase 2: Whole-Home InnovationPhase 2: Whole-Home Innovation

Home DesignHome Design Home Build and MonitorHome Build and Monitor

20142014



POST-CHALLENGE

• 100+ Energy Free Home Community

• Fundamentally change the energy equation

• Influence energy policy

• Change the way buildings are designed, built, and operated in the future



Outline



Buildings Matter! Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs

approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005. Buildings use 72 % of the electricity and 55 % of the nation’s natural gas.

Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005.

Buildings use 72 % of the electricity and 55 % of the nation’s natural gas.

Source: Buildings Energy Data Book 2007


Building Design Platform (BDP)Tool for Architects to Design New Buildings

With Embedded Energy Analysis

Windows & Lighting

HVAC

Onsite Power & Heat

Natural Ventilation, Indoor Environment

Building Operating Platform (BOP) Sensors, Communication, Controls,

Real-Time Optimization for Cost, Energy Use, CO2 Footprint

Building Materials

Appliances

Thermal & ElectricalStorage

System of Systems Integrated Whole Building Approach


Performance by DesignSimulation / DOE-2





We can simulate, but it is VERY difficult to measure the actual result.


Prior Impacts of EETD’s Efficiency R&DPrior Impacts of EETD’s Efficiency R&DFrom National Academy of Sciences ReportFrom National Academy of Sciences Report

• Primary energy savings = 9% of 2025 residential energy use

• Carbon reductions in 2025= 132 million metric tons CO2/year

NAS estimate of economic benefits of EE R&D assigns $23 of $30 billion in savings to LBNL - derived technologies

Additional $48 billion in savings from energy efficiency standards for 9 residential products


Of further Interest

• Materials, technology scaling, finance, marketing, energy-related psychology & physiology, etc.

• Localized Energy Storage• Interaction with other Energy segments (plug-in hybrids, etc.)• Lifecycle footprint• Climate “Navigator”


QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Physical BiosciencesDivision

Materials Sciences Division

Environmental Energy Technology Division

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Biological Sciences

College of Chemistry

Physical Sciences

College of Engineering

University of California, Berkeley

Energy BiosciencesInstitute (EBI)

Biofuels

BP = $500MDOE = $125M

DOE = $120M

PhotovoltaicsPhotoelectro-chemical Devices

Helios Project - Supply SideHelios Project - Supply Side Demand SideDemand Side

Documents

1/26/2009Building Energy - C. Spanos1 Building Energy Systems EE290N3 Costas J. Spanos Monday 1/26/2008 Issues