1/24 17/7/2002 (Papillon-02) Translation in Papillon (Ch. Boitet) The translation of examples, citations, definitions and glosses in the Papillon project

17/7/2002 (Papillon-02) Translation in Papillon (Ch. Boitet) 1/24

The translation of examples, citations, definitions and glosses

in the Papillon project

PAPILLON-02 international seminar, NII, Tokyo, 16-18 July 2002

Christian Boitet

GETA, CLIPS, IMAG, CNRS, INPG & UJF

Grenoble, France

[email protected]


Outline• The problem:

given the “pivot” architecture of monolingual dictionaries

translate all “free language elements” into all languages

& store the results, respecting the overall structure

• Proposed solutions:Storing: use auxiliary lexies and axies

Translating-1: shared tools for human translation

Translating-2: partial MT using UNL

• Perspectives


French Dictionary Interlingual Dictionary Japanese Dictionary

Vocable Carte n.f.

Lexie carte à jouer

Lexie carte géographique

地図

カード

Acception 343

UNL: card(icl>play)

Acception 345

UNL: map(fld>geography)

Internal architecture of the database

Architecture derived from Gilles Sérasset’s Ph.D. Thesis

4/24Translation in Papillon (Ch. Boitet)17/7/2002 (Papillon-02)

Interlingual links motivated by translations = "AXIEs"

Possibilitity to link 1 lexie to >1 acception

Links to other representations: AXIE—1——n—>UW

PAPILLON scenario & diagramFrench DiCo

Vocable carte n.f.

lexie carte.1 carte à jouer

lexie carte.2 carte géographique

Japanese DiCo

地図

カードAcception 343

UNL: card(icl>play),card(icl>thing)…

Acception 345

UNL: map(fld>geography)

Interlingual links

Acception 1002

UNL: card(fld>money)

a

Thai DiCo

English DiCo

Vocable card N

lexie card.1 playing card

lexie card.2 money card

Vocable=lexie map


A monolingual DiCo entry (again)

1. Name of the lexical unit: MEURTRE2. Grammatical properties: nom, masc3. Semantic Formula: action de tuer: ~ PAR L'individu X DE

L'individu Y4. Government pattern: X = I = de N, A-poss Y = II = de N, A-poss5. (Quasi-)synonyms: {QSyn} assassinat, homicide#1; crime6. Semantic derivations & collocations:

{V0} tuer {A0} meurtrier-adj / *Nom pour X*/ {S1} auteur [de ART Ø] //meurtrier-n /*Nom pour Y*/ {S2} victime [de ART Ø] /*Très choquant*/

7. Examples: La mésentente pourrait être le mobile du meurtre.8. Full Idioms:

appel au meurtre crier au meurtre

Structure derived from Alain Polguère’s work on DiCo


Fixed and free language elements

• Fixed

Stereotyped definition in semantic formula: action de tuer: Logical argument frame: ~ PAR L'individu X DE L'individu YGrammatical properties: nom, masc

• Free

Examples: La mésentente pourrait être le mobile du meurtre.

Citations (e.g. for SPIRIT): the spirit is strong, but the flesh is weak (Bible, ref.XXX)

Free definitions in semantic formula (e.g. for a disease noun such as LEUCOCYTE): sort of cell contained in the blood and attacking infectious agents

Glosses (sometimes = quasi-synonyms): character (mood)


The problem (1)

• Necessity to translate all free language elementsThe translation in L2 of an example for X(L1)

is not in general a good example for the translation of Y in L2

• Il utilise souvent des cartes IGN*He often uses IGN roadmaps/maps

He often uses AA maps IGN = Institut Géographique NationalAA = Automobile Association

Hence, the size of the problem is quadratic!


The problem (2)

• Where to store these translations?

• Not in the lexies, which must remain monolingual• Not in the axies, which must remain pure links


Solution for the storing problem

• Use auxiliary lexies and axiesterminology: x-lexie, x-axie

x {def, cit, ex, glo}

• Each free language element becomes an x-lexiecit-lexies and ex-lexies are simpler than normal lexies

• X-lexies are linked through x-axiesAn x-axie contains lists of x-lexies

and, in case of an external reference to UNL

a UNL graph (if x ≠ glo), or a UW (glo-axie)


Multilingual links = AXIES• Normal axies

for each language L, 0:n links to lexies of Lfor each semantic system S available,

0:n links to entities of S UNL UWs, WordNet synsets, NTT SemCat, Ontos concepts, LexiQuest Lex-concepts…

• Auxiliary axies for examples, citations…for each language L, 0:n links to lexies of L if UNL-annotated, 1 UNL graph


A « Montaigne » environmemt for Human Translation

• Idea: let users SHARE translation memory & tools on a serverSpecs in 1995 around Eurolang Optimizer™

no funding although « Francophony » interested…

Internet version: see www.yakushite.net (OKI)

• First version built for Laosee www.laosoftware.com (V. Berment)

• Future: bilingual editor as appletuse of Papillon server architecture (private spaces etc.)


Scenario & possible GUI

… …

source segment N-2

translated segment (done)

source segment N-1

translated segment (done)

suggestion(s) from the TM

source segment Ntranslated segment

(currently being created)

source segment N+1

source segment N+2

dictionary suggestions

Typical layout of a bilingual editor in a TSS


Design & implementation issues

• Peer-to-peer architecturePapillonMontaigne

• Possibility to modify input text & segmentation

• Integrate with private lexicon(s)

• Open to plug-ins (voice input…)


Automating translation using UNL

• UNL = a project

a language to represent NL utterance meanings

a format for multilingual documents (htmlxml)

• Elements of the UNL languageUWs: headword(restrictions) book(icl>do)

Attributes: @future, @past, @complete…, @entry

Relations: agt, aoj, mod, obj, tim…

(Hyper)graphs: subgraph is connex & has an entry node


pos pos

objagt

goal(icl>abstract thing, fld>sport)

met

head(pof>body).@def

pltcorner(icl>body)

modleft(aoj<thing)

Ronaldo(icl>human)

score(icl>event,agt>human,fld>sport).@entry.@past.@complete

goal(icl>concrete thing, fld>sport){fr}Ronaldo marqua un but avec la tête dans le coin gauche des buts.{/fr}{en}Ronaldo scored a goal with his head into the left corner of the goal. {/en}

A simpleUNL input graph


Possible interactive disambiguation at analysis time

Le capitaine a rapporté un vase de chine.

de Chine, le capitaine a rapporté un vase.

Le capitaine a rapporte (un vase de chine).


Interactive disambiguation (2)

capitaine

Officier qui commande une compagnie d'infanterie, un

escadron de cavalerie, une batterie d'artillerie

Officier qui commande un navire de commerce

Chef d'une équipe sportive

- gives a correct unique multilevel concrete (UMC) tree- then a correct unique multilevel abstract (UMA) tree- and finally a correct UNL graph


Possible text-graph « coedition » at reading time

• applicable if there is a UNL graph associated with a segment one wants to modify

• goal : share the revisions across languages, by reflecting them on the UNL graph

• Ex: FB2204 (Forum Barcelona 2004) « Une cité retrouvera une zone côtière après un

forum »

• add ".@def" on the nodes for "city", ”forum”• transform “forum” into “Forum”• replace "retrieve" by "recover" • add ".@complete" on the node containing it.

« La cité récupérera une zone côtière après le Forum »





Principles of coedition (1)

• It is impossible in principle to deduce the modification on the graph from a modification on the text For example, replacing "un" ("a") by "le" ("the") does not entail that the following noun is determined (.@def),

because it can also be generic• "il aime la montagne" = "he likes mountains"

• Revision is not done by modifying directly the text, but by using a menu system

• Menu items have a "language side" and a hidden "UNL side"


Principles of coedition (2)

• when a menu item is chosen,only the graph is transformed, the action to be done on the text is delayed and shown

• at any time, the new graph may be deconverted • If is is satisfactory, that shows that errors were due

to the graph and not to the deconverter, and the graph may be sent to deconverters in other languages.

• Versions in some other languages known by the user may be displayed, so that improvement sharing is visible and encouraging.


Conclusion

• Need for a translation task (#7) in Papillon• Seamless integration with x-lexies + x-axies• Possible combination of TA & MT• Mutualization spirit (Papillon, Montaigne) for TA• Use of UNL (2 « pivot » architectures) for MT• Mutualization again in MT part (humans involved)

Interactive disambiguationCoedition textUNL graph… & of course lexical data contribution through Papillon!

Documents

1/24 17/7/2002 (Papillon-02) Translation in Papillon (Ch. Boitet) The translation of examples, citations, definitions and glosses in the Papillon project