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Animal Nutrition and Feeds

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What is Nutrition?

Nutrition is the science of dealing with the utilization of food by the body processes which transform

food into body tissues and energy.

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To obtain and utilize surplus or unusable feed stuffsand convert them to desirable products such as meat,

milk, eggs, fiber and work.

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What is a Nutrient?

A single class of food or group of like foods that aids in the support of life and makes it possible for animals to grow or provide energy for physiological processes.

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Digestible NutrientThe portion of the nutrient which may be broken down (digested) and absorbed and used by the body.

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The Six Nutrients Needed

• Protein• Carbohydrates• Fats• Minerals• Vitamins• Water

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Protein is needed for the following

1. Developing and repairing body

organs

2. Producing milk, wool, and eggs

3. Generating enzymes and

hormones

4. Developing antibodies

5. Transmitting DNA

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Proteins

Needed for growth and repairHelps form muscles, internal organs,

skin, hair, wool, feathers, hoofs and horns

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Complex nutrients, composed of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and

nitrogen

Proteins

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Examples of Proteins

1. Meat and Bone Meal2. Fish Meal3. Soybean Meal4. Cottonseed Meal5. Dried Skim Milk6. Amino Acids

ProteinsWhat are proteins?

Organic compounds that are made up of amino acids

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

Most expensive part of animal ration

Proteins

What are the 2 types of amino acids?

1. Non-Essential Amino Acids

– Needed by animals

– Are synthesized by the body from other A.A.’s and do not have to be provided

Proteins

What are the 2 types of amino acids?

2. Essential Amino Acids

– Cannot be made from other A.A.’s

– Must be provided in the diet

– Nonruminants need most of their A.A.’s provided

ProteinsWhat are the 2 sources of proteins?

1. Animal Proteins– Meat and Bone Scraps– Blood Meal– Fish Meal

2. Vegetable Proteins– Soybeans– Peanut Meal– Hay– Pastures

Proteins

Animal Proteins Source vs. Vegetable/Plant Protein Source

Which is a better source?

Animal Proteins

Why?

They contain a good balance of the essential amino acids

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Carbohydrates

• Furnish energy for body functions, growth and reproduction• The largest part of the animal’s food supply and usually the fibrous part of the diet• Include sugars, starch and cellulose•Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

Contain the chemical elements

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Made up of a group of chemicals

called sugars, starches and crude

fiber

Carbohydrates

Energy Nutrients- Carbs

There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what are they?

1. Simple Carbs– Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE’s)– Consist of sugars and starches– Supply immediate energy– Come from cereal grains

Energy Nutrients- Carbs

There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what are they?

2. Complex Carbs– Known as fiber– Consist of cellulose and lignin– More difficult to digest than simple CHO’s– Fiber is found primarily and roughages such

as hay and pasture plants.– Examples are alfalfa, brome grass, orchard

grass, and bluegrass.

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Fats• Furnish a concentrated source of energy, up to 2.25 times as much energy as carbohydrates do• Form cholesterol, steroids and other body compounds• Found in every cell in the body• Affect the condition of skin and hair• Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, but contain much larger proportions of carbon and hydrogen than carbohydrates do • They also provide energy reserves, protection for vital organs, and they insulate the body

Made up of the same chemical

elements as carbohydrates but in

different combinations

Fats

Fats are needed for:

1. Providing energy

2. Absorbing fat soluble vitamins

3. Providing fatty acids

Continued…

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Minerals Primarily found in bones and teeth Important in blood for the carrying of oxygen Regulates heartbeat with potassium, sodium and calcium

Example: Calcium Formation Found in rocks

Like vitamins however they

support materials needed for

building the skeletal system

Also, producing body regulators

such as enzymes and hormones.

Minerals

Minerals

What are minerals?

Inorganic substances that animals need in small amounts

Minerals contain no carbon

Minerals

What are some functions of minerals?

1. Provide material for growth of:– Bones, Teeth, and Tissue

2. Help with muscular activities

3. Reproduction

4. Digestion of feed

Minerals

Minerals are divided into 2 groups, what are they?

1. Major (macro) Minerals

2. Trace (micro) Minerals

Minerals- Major Needed in large amounts

7 Macro Minerals– Calcium

– Phosphorus

– Sodium

– Chlorine

– Potassium

– Sulfur

– Magnesium

Minerals- Major

What are the most common major minerals animal rations lack?

Sodium

Calcium

Phosphorous

Minerals- Major

Sodium Functions:

– Maintain osmotic pressure in cells– Muscle and nerve activity

Deficiencies:– Reduced appetite– Rough hair coat– Cannibalism in chickens– Dirt eating

Minerals- Major

Calcium Functions:

– Bone development– Nerve and muscle function

Deficiencies:– Rickets- in young animals bones are soft,

bend easily, and are malformed

Minerals- Major

Phosphorus Functions:

– Bone and Teeth Development– Appetite

Deficiencies:– Rickets– Stiffness in joints– Loss of appetite

Minerals- Trace Needed in small amounts

– Sulfur– Magnesium– Iron– Iodine– Copper– Cobalt– Zinc– Manganese– Boron– Molybdenum– Fluorine– Selenium

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• Are only needed in small amounts • Are essential for life and health• Provide a defense against disease, promote growth and reproduction• Contribute to the general health of the animal

Are organic substances required in very small amounts

Are necessary for biochemical reactions within the body.

Vitamins

Vitamins

What are vitamins?

Trace organic compounds needed in small amounts by animals

Needed for development of normal tissues and for health, growth and maintenance

Vitamins

Vitamins are divided into 2 groups, what are they?

Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A,D,E,K)

– Dissolved in fat

Water-Soluble Vitamins (C, B-Complex)

– Dissolved in water

This Vitamin is associated with EYESIGHT

What am I?

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Vitamin A Function:

– Vision– Conception Rates– Disease Resistance

Deficiencies:– Night Blindness– Blindness in calves– Reproductive problems

This Vitamin is associated with BONES

What am I?

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Vitamin D Function:

– Bone Development – Growth

Deficiencies:– Rickets (young animals)– Osteomalacia (older animals)

This Vitamin is associated with REPRODUCTION

What am I?

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Vitamin E Function:

– Reproduction– Muscle Development– E and Selenium together help immune

system

Deficiencies:– Reproduction failure– Muscular dystrophy

This Vitamin is associated with BLOOD

What am I?

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Vitamin K

Function:– Blood Clotting

Deficiencies:– Blood doesn’t clot fast

Vitamins

What are some sources of Vitamin A,D,E,K?

Green Leafy Hay

Yellow Corn

Cod Liver

Fish Oils

This Vitamin is associated with TEETH/BONES

What am I?

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Vitamin C

Function:

– Formation of teeth and bones

– Prevents infections

This Vitamin is associated with APPETITE

What am I?

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B- Complex

Function:– Appetite

– Growth

– Reproduction

Vitamins

What are some sources of water-soluble vitamins?

Green Pastures and Hay

Cereal Grains

Milk

Water is in every cell of the animal

It is more important than any other

nutrient group

The composition of an animals

blood is 90-95 percent water

Water

1. Drinking Water

How much water do mature, non-stressed animals need?

Swine= 2-5 gal/hd/day

Sheep= 1-4 gal/hd/day

Cattle= 8-16 gal/hd/day

Horses= 10-14 gal/hd/day

2. Water Within The Feed

Grains can range from 8% to 30% water

Forages can range from 5% in a dry hay to more than 90% water in lush young grass

3. Metabolic Water

Water produced by the body during chemical reactions

5-10% of total water intake

Water Loss

How is water lost from the animals body?1. Urine

2. Feces

3. Sweat

4. Milk production

Water DeficienciesWhat happens if animals are deprived of

water?1. Reduced feed consumption

– Reduces amount of feed eaten by 27%– Reduces feed efficiency by 33%– Reduces weight gain by 50%

2. Weight Loss

3. Water Intoxication– 4-5 days without water animal will drink up to

50% of body weight in ½ hour4. Death

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAUw9GO6tgE

Questions?

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FEED CLASSIFICATIONS

1.Roughages2.Concentrates3.Supplements

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ROUGHAGES•High in fiber and relatively low in digestible nutrients

Examples of roughages:1. Alfalfa2. Clover3. Soybean4. Oat hay5. Corn Silage

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Concentrates• Are low in fiber and high in digestible nutrients

Examples of concentrates:1. Corn2. Cottonseed3. Barley4. Oats5. Sorghum

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Supplements• Supplements are extras that supply the body with additional nutrients.

• Some supplements are minerals, salt, copper, iodine and iron• Vitamin A and D are also very important to ruminant animals

Salt Copper Iron