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ORDER & CONSISTENCY IN ORDER & CONSISTENCY IN HUMAN BEHAVIOUR HUMAN BEHAVIOUR

Sociological ExplanationSociological Explanation

© Dr. Francis Adu-Febiri, 2012© Dr. Francis Adu-Febiri, 2012

Presentation Outline

1. Order and Consistency: Facts & Evidence 2. Structure and Dynamics of Social Structure and

Social Interaction 3. Components of the Social Structure 4. Structure and Dynamics of Social Interaction 5. Changes in Social Structure and Dynamics 6. Theoretical Perspectives of Social Structure and

Social Interaction

ORDER AND CONSISTENCY ORDER AND CONSISTENCY IN HUMAN BEHAVIORIN HUMAN BEHAVIOR

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jm6lMT3Jm6g

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ORDER AND CONSISTENCY IN ORDER AND CONSISTENCY IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR: HUMAN BEHAVIOR: QuestionsQuestions

How was it possible for many thousands of ordinary Germans—How was it possible for many thousands of ordinary Germans—products of what was regarded as the most advanced civilization products of what was regarded as the most advanced civilization on earth—to murder millions of defenseless and innocent Jews, on earth—to murder millions of defenseless and innocent Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals and people with mental disabilities Gypsies, homosexuals and people with mental disabilities systematically in German death camps? And why did the innocent systematically in German death camps? And why did the innocent often march to gas chambers without protest? often march to gas chambers without protest?

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ORDER AND CONSISTENCY IN ORDER AND CONSISTENCY IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR: HUMAN BEHAVIOR: Answers?Answers?

1. Conventional answer:1. Conventional answer: Many Nazis were evil, sadistic, or deluded Many Nazis were evil, sadistic, or deluded

enough to think Jews and other enough to think Jews and other “undesirables” threatened the existence of “undesirables” threatened the existence of the German people. Therefore they acted the German people. Therefore they acted to eliminate these people.to eliminate these people.

The innocent often marched to gas The innocent often marched to gas chambers without protest because of chambers without protest because of ignorance or fear. ignorance or fear.

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2. SOCIOLOGICAL ANSWER

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2. SOCIOLOGICAL ANSWER2. SOCIOLOGICAL ANSWER

Social Orbits (Macro and Micro Social Forces)Social Orbits (Macro and Micro Social Forces): : Culture, Property, Power, Prestige and Human Culture, Property, Power, Prestige and Human Agency:Agency:

Social Structure Social Structure (macro social forces(macro social forces)), , particularly culture and structures of economy, particularly culture and structures of economy, and power/authority and prestige, tends to and power/authority and prestige, tends to render people obedient or conformists either render people obedient or conformists either voluntarily or involuntarily.voluntarily or involuntarily.

Social InteractionSocial Interaction (micro social forces)(micro social forces) of of individuals and groups tends to produce culture individuals and groups tends to produce culture and structures that guide peoples’ definitions and structures that guide peoples’ definitions and responses to situations, including authority. and responses to situations, including authority.

2. SOCIOLOGICAL ANSWER2. SOCIOLOGICAL ANSWER

Human behavior , actions, Human behavior , actions, experiences, conditions, and experiences, conditions, and destinies destinies are scripted are scripted by social by social structure and interaction.structure and interaction.

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DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE & SOCIAL DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE & SOCIAL INTERACTIONINTERACTION

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SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND INTERACTION:SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND INTERACTION: SOCIOLOGICAL CLAIM SOCIOLOGICAL CLAIM

SOCIAL INTERACTION stabilizes into SOCIAL INTERACTION stabilizes into RELATIONSHIP or SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP or SOCIAL STRUCTURE which then shapes further STRUCTURE which then shapes further social interaction.social interaction.

““All social interaction takes place within All social interaction takes place within a a social structure-social structure---a series of predictable a series of predictable relationships composed of various relationships composed of various positions that people occupy” (Witt & positions that people occupy” (Witt & Hermiston 2010, p. 91). Hermiston 2010, p. 91).

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DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE & SOCIAL INTERACTION& SOCIAL INTERACTION

SOCIALINTERACTION

SOCIALSTRUCTURE

Conflict Relationshipsbased on statuses

Cohesive RelationshipsBased on statuses

Consistency in Human Behavior & Identities

Micro Social Forces

Macro Social Forces

SOCIAL STRUCTURE

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INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR,CONDITION, IDENTITIES &

INTERACTION

CULTURE

CULTURE

CU

LT

UR

E

CU

LT

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Statuses & Roles

Social Groups

Soc

ial G

rou

ps

Soc

ial I

nst

itu

tion

s

Social Institutions

Secondary

Pri

mar

y

Invo

lu

VoluInvoluVolu

Ascribed AchievedEconomy

EducationPolitics

Mass Media

Family

Religion

Hea

lth

COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE

COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURESTRUCTURE

1. CULTURE1. CULTURE: Everything people create and : Everything people create and share as members of society.share as members of society.

2. SOCIAL GROUPS2. SOCIAL GROUPS: People connected : People connected together and having awareness of their together and having awareness of their connectedness.connectedness.

3. STATUSES3. STATUSES: Social positions people occupy : Social positions people occupy 4. ROLES4. ROLES: acting or playing out : acting or playing out organized or organized or

negotiated scriptsnegotiated scripts that accompany social that accompany social positions.positions.

5. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS5. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS: Organized patterns of : Organized patterns of rules/norms, values, beliefs, functions and interaction rules/norms, values, beliefs, functions and interaction centered on basic social needs of people.centered on basic social needs of people.

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RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE COMPONENTS OF RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE COMPONENTS OF THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND INTERACTIONTHE SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND INTERACTION

CULTURE

Social Groups

Social InstitutionsIndividual/GroupInteraction, condition and identity

Social Interaction

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE COMPONENTS OF RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE COMPONENTS OF THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND INTERACTIONTHE SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND INTERACTION

SOCIAL INTERACTION initiates culture, the SOCIAL INTERACTION initiates culture, the dynamics of CULTURE produce SOCIAL dynamics of CULTURE produce SOCIAL GROUPS that construct STATUSES and their GROUPS that construct STATUSES and their accompanying ROLES to manage the dynamics accompanying ROLES to manage the dynamics of group relations. of group relations.

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS emerge to provide SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS emerge to provide the needs of group relationsthe needs of group relations. .

SOCIAL INTERACTION, individual behavior, SOCIAL INTERACTION, individual behavior, and identities make sense only within these and identities make sense only within these dynamics of the social structure. dynamics of the social structure.

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CULTURECULTURE

VALUES &BELIEFS

SYMBOLS NORMS

CLOTHING & DECORATIONS

FOOD & ENTERTAINMENT

RITUALS

ARTIFACTS

TECHNOLOGY

INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIAL GROUPS

SOCIAL GROUPSSOCIAL GROUPS

PRIMARY (Informal Relationships): PRIMARY (Informal Relationships): Involuntary & Voluntary; Usually small Involuntary & Voluntary; Usually small

SECONDARY (Formal Relationships): SECONDARY (Formal Relationships): Involuntary & Voluntary; Usually largeInvoluntary & Voluntary; Usually large

INFORMAL RELATIONS in Secondary INFORMAL RELATIONS in Secondary Groups:Groups:– CLIQUESCLIQUES– NETWORKSNETWORKS

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SOCIAL GROUPS: NETWORKS

Connections with people in same and/or different social circles in both the concrete/real and virtual worlds:

Social Networks as a Resource: – shaping our economic/employment, marriage,

political, academic, and social opportunities. Social Networks as a Liability:

– Gossips, Scandals, and Constraints damaging relationships or limiting the range of interaction.

SOCIAL NETWORK: ADOLESCENT SEXUAL NETWORKS

At “Jefferson High” there are extensive network of romantic and sexual relationships that occurred over an 18-month period. Though most of the teenagers had had just one or two partners, 288 of the 832 students interviewed were linked to a giant sexual network (Bearman, Moody and Stovel 2004).

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SOCIAL STATUS

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STATUS: Socially Defined Position STATUS: Socially Defined Position within a group/societywithin a group/society

THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL POSITIONSTHE STRUCTURE OF SOCIAL POSITIONS

STATUS(ASCRIBED & ACHIEVED)

MasterStatus

StatusSymbol

Status Set

SOCIAL STATUSES

Female

Daughter20 years old Aboriginal

Sister

Classmate

Roommate

Friend

Teammate

Student

Employee

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QUIZ 8aQUIZ 8a

The latest Canadian census data show that the face The latest Canadian census data show that the face of poverty in Canada is an Aboriginal female of poverty in Canada is an Aboriginal female living on reserve. What social position does this living on reserve. What social position does this representation suggest?representation suggest?– A) Achieved StatusA) Achieved Status– B) Ascribed StatusB) Ascribed Status– C) Status InconsistencyC) Status Inconsistency– D) Status DeflationD) Status Deflation

QUIZ 8bQUIZ 8b

Ellen Bains has observed that in most party and Ellen Bains has observed that in most party and social interaction situations in Victoria, people social interaction situations in Victoria, people want to know what she does for living. This want to know what she does for living. This suggests that in Victoria one’s job or occupation suggests that in Victoria one’s job or occupation or profession constitutes… or profession constitutes…

A) a status setA) a status set B) a status symbolB) a status symbol C) a master statusC) a master status D) none of the aboveD) none of the above23-04-19 27

ROLE

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RELATIONSHIPS AMONG RELATIONSHIPS AMONG STATUS, ROLE AND IDENTITYSTATUS, ROLE AND IDENTITY

ROLE/IDENTITY AS DYNAMIC SIDE OF STATUS (pp. 144, ROLE/IDENTITY AS DYNAMIC SIDE OF STATUS (pp. 144, 148, 293, and 294).148, 293, and 294).

STATUS ROLE

Role ConflictRole

Expectation

RolePerformance

RoleTaking

RoleExit

RolePlaying

RoleMaking

RoleStrain

IDENTITY

ROLE CLASH: ROLE CONFLICT AND

ROLE STRAIN ROLE CONFLICT:

– Incompatible expectations arising from two or more social positions held by the same person.

ROLE STRAIN:– The difficulty arising from one (the same) social

position creating conflicting demands and expectations on the person holding this one position.

ROLE EXIT:– Process of disengagement from a social expectation that is

central to one’s self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity: E.G: Ex-convicts, divorcees, recovering alcoholics, ex-nuns, former doctors, retirees, and transsexuals.

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ROLE CLASH ILLUSTRATEDROLE CLASH ILLUSTRATED

You

Daughteror Son

Friend Student Worker

Visit momin hospital

Go to 21st

Birthdayparty

Prepare fortomorrow’s

exam

Come in foremergencyovertime

RoleConflict

You

Student

Do well

Not makeothers feel bad

RoleStrain

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QUIZ 8cQUIZ 8c

Anita Bradford, a sociology major, had the Anita Bradford, a sociology major, had the privilege to meet Tiger Woods, the famous privilege to meet Tiger Woods, the famous professional golfer. Anita asked Mr. Woods to professional golfer. Anita asked Mr. Woods to do her a favour by teaching her how to golf. do her a favour by teaching her how to golf. Tiger’s response was, “I love playing golf but I Tiger’s response was, “I love playing golf but I hate to teach it to others.” From her knowledge hate to teach it to others.” From her knowledge in sociology, Anita concludes that this response in sociology, Anita concludes that this response of Mr. Woods’ represents……………of Mr. Woods’ represents……………

A) Role strainA) Role strain B) Role ExitB) Role Exit C) Role ConflictC) Role Conflict D) Role ambiguityD) Role ambiguity. .

QUIZ 8dQUIZ 8d

Ameto Guluu is experiencing a confusion. Ameto Guluu is experiencing a confusion. He loves his girlfriend, Amie, but his He loves his girlfriend, Amie, but his mother hates Amie. Which of the following mother hates Amie. Which of the following concepts would help you to correctly concepts would help you to correctly represent Ameto’s situation sociologically?represent Ameto’s situation sociologically?

A) Role ExitA) Role Exit B) Role strainB) Role strain C) Role ConflictC) Role Conflict D) Role ambiguityD) Role ambiguity

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SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

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SOCIAL INSTITUTIONSSOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

– THE WEB OF ENDURING, PREDICTABLE SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS THE WEB OF ENDURING, PREDICTABLE SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS THAT EXISTS TO MEETCOMMON HUMAN NEEDS.THAT EXISTS TO MEETCOMMON HUMAN NEEDS.

FAMILYECONOMY POLITICS

RELIGION

LEISURE

EDUCATION

MEDIA

HEALTH

SOCIAL INTERACTION

SOCIAL INTERACTION

Responses of people to others/objects on the basis of their interpretation/subjective definition of the symbolic meanings of the actions of others/objects.

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SOCIAL INTERACTIONSOCIAL INTERACTION

Presentation of the Self in Presentation of the Self in Everyday LifeEveryday Life–1. Structure and Dynamics1. Structure and Dynamics

–2. Impression Making and 2. Impression Making and Impression ManagementImpression Management

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PRESENTATION OF THE SELF IN EVERYDAY LIFE: PRESENTATION OF THE SELF IN EVERYDAY LIFE:

Front Stage: MASKSFront Stage: MASKS

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SOCIAL INTERACTIONSOCIAL INTERACTIONSTRUCTURE & DYNAMICSSTRUCTURE & DYNAMICS

FRONT STAGE: THE FAKE SELFFRONT STAGE: THE FAKE SELF On the front stage the individual is usually On the front stage the individual is usually

not of her/his real self. She/he is phony, not of her/his real self. She/he is phony, faking through and through. She/he is in faking through and through. She/he is in “deep acting”. “deep acting”.

In effect, on the front stage, interacting In effect, on the front stage, interacting individuals wear MASKSindividuals wear MASKS

Because the front stage is multiple, societal members Because the front stage is multiple, societal members should have multiple masks or multiple should have multiple masks or multiple personalities.personalities. They should become They should become social chameleons social chameleons or they are labeled DEVIANTSor they are labeled DEVIANTS. .

BACK STAGE: BACK STAGE: Putting Away MasksPutting Away Masks

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SOCIAL INTERACTIONSOCIAL INTERACTIONSTRUCTURE & DYNAMICSSTRUCTURE & DYNAMICS

BACK STAGE: THE REAL SELFBACK STAGE: THE REAL SELF Where the individual can put away the masks and be of Where the individual can put away the masks and be of

her/his real self.her/his real self. At the back stage the individual recuperates from the At the back stage the individual recuperates from the

fractures, burns and bruises sustained from front stage fractures, burns and bruises sustained from front stage performances.performances.

Individuals who are unable to put away the front stage Individuals who are unable to put away the front stage masks when they enter the back stage become masks when they enter the back stage become disconnected from their true feelings; cause emotional disconnected from their true feelings; cause emotional stress to their loved ones; may suffer nervous stress to their loved ones; may suffer nervous breakdown or experience mental problems and thus go breakdown or experience mental problems and thus go through life feeling miserable. through life feeling miserable.

Oversharing: The Presentation of the Self in the Internet Age

People ‘overshare’ when they interact with others through the screens of computers and smartphones. Oversharing means to divulge more of their inner feelings, opinions and sexuality than they would in person, or even over the phone. Text messaging, Facebooking, tweeting, camming, blogging, online dating, and Internet porn are vehicles of this oversharing, which blurs the boundary between public and private life...we are much more public about what used to be private. (Ben Agger 2012).

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CHANGES IN SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND INTERACTION

CHANGES IN SOCIAL STRUCTURE & SOCIAL CHANGES IN SOCIAL STRUCTURE & SOCIAL INTERACTIONINTERACTION

CHANGE PROCESSES & HOMEOSTASISCHANGE PROCESSES & HOMEOSTASIS: : 1. FUNCTIONALISM:1. FUNCTIONALISM:

– Through evolution there is change from a traditional society Through evolution there is change from a traditional society characterized by MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY or characterized by MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY or GEMEINSCHAFT ((close-knit community) GEMEINSCHAFT ((close-knit community) to a modern society to a modern society characterized by ORGANIC SOLIDARITY or GESELLSCHAFT characterized by ORGANIC SOLIDARITY or GESELLSCHAFT (impersonal mass society).(impersonal mass society).

2. 2. S0CIAL CONFLICT: S0CIAL CONFLICT:

– From PRE-CAPITALIST society to CAPITALIST SOCIETY, and From PRE-CAPITALIST society to CAPITALIST SOCIETY, and eventually to COMMUNIST society through a SOCIALIST eventually to COMMUNIST society through a SOCIALIST revolution.revolution.

3. INTERACTIONISM:3. INTERACTIONISM:

– Constant and multidirectional micro changesConstant and multidirectional micro changes 4. FEMINISM:4. FEMINISM:

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GEMEINSCHAFT TO GESELLSCHAFTGEMEINSCHAFT TO GESELLSCHAFT

FUNCTIONALISM:FUNCTIONALISM: GEMEINSCHAFT & MECHANICAL SOLIDARITYGEMEINSCHAFT & MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY: :

– Close-knit CommunityClose-knit Community: Homeostasis provided by : Homeostasis provided by tradition and collectivist practices focusing on tradition and collectivist practices focusing on primary primary or informal relations. That is the local, the personal and or informal relations. That is the local, the personal and the intimate the intimate or face-to-face contacts such as family, or face-to-face contacts such as family, kinship, friendship and community.kinship, friendship and community.

GESELLSCHAFT & ORGANIC SOLIDARITY:GESELLSCHAFT & ORGANIC SOLIDARITY:– Impersonal Mass Society:Impersonal Mass Society: Homeostasis provided “large- Homeostasis provided “large-

scale, impersonal, economically based, and utility-driven scale, impersonal, economically based, and utility-driven marketplace with no foundational sense of virtue, marketplace with no foundational sense of virtue, morality or home” (Butin 2010, p. 115), but rather morality or home” (Butin 2010, p. 115), but rather individualistic values focusing on individualistic values focusing on impersonal or impersonal or secondary or formal relations secondary or formal relations such as occur at the such as occur at the workplace, school, bureaucratic public domains. workplace, school, bureaucratic public domains.

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QUIZ 8eQUIZ 8e

Scotia Bank has employed you as a sociologist Scotia Bank has employed you as a sociologist to use your knowledge to help it advertise its to use your knowledge to help it advertise its products/services as if the bank has an informal products/services as if the bank has an informal relations with customers. What sociological relations with customers. What sociological concept would best capture this proposition of concept would best capture this proposition of the bank?the bank?

A) Social ClosureA) Social Closure B) GesellschaftB) Gesellschaft C) GemeinschaftC) Gemeinschaft D) AndrocentrismD) Androcentrism E) CapitalismE) Capitalism

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PRE-CAPITALISM THROUGH PRE-CAPITALISM THROUGH CAPITALISM TO COMMUNISMCAPITALISM TO COMMUNISM

SOCIAL CONFLICT:SOCIAL CONFLICT: PRE-CAPITALISMPRE-CAPITALISM: This social structure is : This social structure is

characterized by:characterized by:– Inequalities Inequalities based on ascriptionbased on ascription– lack of individual freedom.lack of individual freedom.

CAPITALISMCAPITALISM: This social structure is : This social structure is characterized bycharacterized by– Class struggles:Class struggles: social inequality, violence, crime, social inequality, violence, crime,

alienation, stress and rhetoric of individual freedom alienation, stress and rhetoric of individual freedom COMMUNISMCOMMUNISM: This social structure is characterized by : This social structure is characterized by

– ClasslessnessClasslessness: social equality and absolute individual : social equality and absolute individual freedom.freedom.

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ANDROCENTRISM TO ANDROCENTRISM TO EGALITARIANISMEGALITARIANISM

FEMINISMFEMINISM ANDROCENTRISM: ANDROCENTRISM:

– Male dominance causing inequality and Male dominance causing inequality and oppression against girls and women.oppression against girls and women.

EGALITARIANISM: EGALITARIANISM:

– Equity (perfect equality) and absolute Equity (perfect equality) and absolute individual freedom and empowermentindividual freedom and empowerment

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND INTERACTION

FUNCTIONALISM

Homeostasis:

-Emphasizes the importance of social order. Sees social structure and interaction as carrying out the key tasks in this regard.

SOCIAL CONFLICT

Political Economy & Social Closures:

-Emphasizes power differential among groups: sees social structure and interaction as reinforcing inequality and maintaining the status quo

INTERACTIONISM

Human Agency:

-Emphasizes everyday interaction, shaped by subjective definition of situations, as the basis for constructing reality. Social structure and interaction reflect and reinforce that constructed reality.

FEMINISM

Patriarchy:

-Emphasizes how social structure and interaction are gendered; how women and men receive differential treatment in culture and institutions.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Human behaviour, Human behaviour, actions, experiences, actions, experiences, conditions, and conditions, and destinies are scripted destinies are scripted by social structure by social structure and interaction.and interaction.

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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

The facts of contemporary history are also facts about The facts of contemporary history are also facts about the success and failure of individual men and women. the success and failure of individual men and women. When a society is industrialized, a peasant becomes a When a society is industrialized, a peasant becomes a worker; a feudal lord is liquidated or becomes a worker; a feudal lord is liquidated or becomes a businessman. When classes rise or fall, a man is businessman. When classes rise or fall, a man is employed or unemployed; when the rate of investment employed or unemployed; when the rate of investment goes up or down, a man takes new heart or goes broke. goes up or down, a man takes new heart or goes broke. When wars happen, an insurance salesman becomes a When wars happen, an insurance salesman becomes a rocket launcher, a store clerk, a radar man; a wife lives rocket launcher, a store clerk, a radar man; a wife lives alone; a child grows up without a father (C. Wright alone; a child grows up without a father (C. Wright Mills 1959: Sociological Imagination). Mills 1959: Sociological Imagination).

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SAMPLE MIDTERM EXAM SAMPLE MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONQUESTION

1. Gabriel has found out in his reading on culture 1. Gabriel has found out in his reading on culture that the theories of the Hindu practice of keeping that the theories of the Hindu practice of keeping cattle as sacred animals have no available empirical cattle as sacred animals have no available empirical evidence to support them. Therefore, he has decided evidence to support them. Therefore, he has decided to conduct a survey research to produce the to conduct a survey research to produce the necessary empirical evidence to test the existing necessary empirical evidence to test the existing theories on this issue. This type of research theories on this issue. This type of research is……….?is……….?– A) Quantitative and InductiveA) Quantitative and Inductive– B) Quantitative and DeductiveB) Quantitative and Deductive– C) Qualitative and InductiveC) Qualitative and Inductive– D) Qualitative and DeductiveD) Qualitative and Deductive

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SAMPLE MIDTERM EXAM SAMPLE MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONQUESTION

2. One of your Sociology 100 classmates has expressed 2. One of your Sociology 100 classmates has expressed to you that she’s having difficulty identifying the correct to you that she’s having difficulty identifying the correct research method or technique to use to collect data for research method or technique to use to collect data for her research assignment on hidden crimes. You have her research assignment on hidden crimes. You have advised her to use a content analysis to examine advised her to use a content analysis to examine backyard party conversations. What sociological backyard party conversations. What sociological paradigm(s) would support this research technique?paradigm(s) would support this research technique?– A) InteractionismA) Interactionism– B) Feminism B) Feminism – C) FunctionalismC) Functionalism– D) Social ConflictD) Social Conflict– E) All of the aboveE) All of the above