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Measures of Maintaining Measures of Maintaining Market Fuel Quality in JapanMarket Fuel Quality in JapanMarket Fuel Quality in JapanMarket Fuel Quality in Japan

China Round Table 2009China Round Table 2009Beijing, ChinaBeijing, China

February 13, 2009February 13, 2009

Fuels and Lubricants SubommitteeFuels and Lubricants Subommittee

y ,y ,

Japan Automobile Manufactures AssociationJapan Automobile Manufactures Association

Mitsuru OSAWAMitsuru OSAWA

1

Contents

f l li1. Importance of Fuel Quality~ Relation between emission and fuel regulation~ Role of fuel quality in vehicle developmento e o ue qua ty e c e de e op e t

2. Fuel Quality Regulation in Japan~ Regulations outline (Including inspections and penalties)

R i d l ti~ Revised regulations~ Market quality

3. Subjects of fuel quality for Diesel vehicles’ j q yintroduction (Experience in Japan)

2

Contents





3

Progress of Motorization in Japan

80

Number of Vehicles in Use

60

70

80ts

LPG vehicles

40

50

60

ns

of u

ni

Diesel vehicles

20

30

40

n m

illio

n

Gasoline vehicles

Environmental issues emerging

0

10

In Rapid growth of vehicle fleet

‘75 ‘80 ‘85 ‘90 ‘95 ‘01‘70 Year

A t bil l t d i t l i4

Automobile-related environmental issues presented in '70s.

Air Quality ImprovementChanges in Japan’s Annual Air Pollution AveragesChanges in Japan’s Annual Air Pollution Averages

NO2 (ppm)NO2 (ppm)(S Mi i t f th E i t)(S Mi i t f th E i t)

2005 Rate for meeting environmental quality standards2005 Rate for meeting environmental quality standards

0.160.16

0.180.18

Average data taken by the All Motor Vehicle EmissionAverage data taken by the All Motor Vehicle Emission

SPM (mg/m3)SPM (mg/m3) (Source: Ministry of the Environment)(Source: Ministry of the Environment)

Achieved rateAchieved rate

99 9%99 9%Urban backgroundUrban background

0.120.12

0.140.14All Motor Vehicle Emission

Monitoring StationAll Motor Vehicle Emission

Monitoring Station

SPM standard

Nitrogen dioxide

NO2

Nitrogen dioxide

NO2

99.9%99.9%

91.3%91.3%

96 4%96 4%

Urban backgroundUrban background

RoadsideRoadside

U b b k dU b b k d

0 060 06

0.080.08

0.100.10

NO2 standard

Suspended particulate matter

SPM

Suspended particulate matter

SPM

96.4%96.4%

93.7%93.7%

Urban backgroundUrban background

RoadsideRoadside

0.020.02

0.040.04

0.060.06

007070 7272 7474 7676 7878 8080 8282 8484 8686 8888 9090 9292 9494 9696 9898 0000 0202 0404 yearyear

5NO2 and SPM are improving, but some areas have not reached targets.

Regulation of Emission and Fuel

‘00‘98 ‘02‘96 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08‘94 ‘10‘92‘90‘88

Gasoline

2000Emission regulations

2005

1975-77Regulation

1978 Reglation 2009

S100, RVP (T50:75S100, RVP (T50:75--110)110) S50S50

S50 S10Fuel quality

S10S101973 Regulation

Regulation

(Implemented)( p )

Diesel

Emission 1986 Regulation 1990 (NOx) 1994 (PM)

‘00‘98 ‘02‘96 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08‘94 ‘10‘92‘90‘88

2000regulations

2005

S500S500 S50S50F l lit S5000S5000From 1974

S10S10

1974Regulation

g1997 (NOx, PM)

S2000S2000

2009

6

S500 S500 S50S50

S50

Fuel quality S5000 S5000 S10S10S2000 S2000

S10S2000(Implemented)

Transition of Emission Regulation in Japan(Gasoline Passenger Cars)

100Mode 10-15

(Gasoline Passenger Cars)

JC08Mode 10

COCO 5050%

60%

45%5% 1.6% (0.8%)

0

100

59%75%

1.6% ( )

HCHC0

48%8%

50

2.6% (1.3%)

NOxNOx

100

70%2 %

* IW ≤ 1,000kg

IW > 1,000kg

50

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

NOxNOx0

39%8%20%

27%50

2.6%

2005

(1.3%)

2010

7* 100% = Emission volume without regulations * IW = Equivalent inertia mass

Transition of Emission Regulation in Japan(Diesel Trucks)

COCO 100% Initial value

Mode 6 concentration reg

Mode 10-15 mass reg(Unregulated)

(Diesel Trucks)

JC08COCO1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

30%

2010

JC08

Mode 6 Mode 10-15 mass reg

HCHC1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

100% Initial value

30% 6%

(Unregulated)

2010

JC08


Mode 10-15 mass reg

NOxNOx80%

68%49%

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005100%

(Unregulated)

2010


Mode 10-15 mass reg

NOxNOx

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

19%

2005

56%49%

40% 100% Initial value54% 38%

2010

10%

JC08

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

PMPM100%Initial

Mode 10-15 mass reg

36%

Black smoke concentration reg

2010

JC08

8

* Direct-injection diesel trucks, medium-duty (over 1.7t, up to 2.5t)1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

PMPM Initial value 30%36%

6%

2010

2%

Contents





9

Role of Fuel Quality in Vehicle Development Political Requirements:

- Emission Standard- Fuel Standard

National Fuel Quality SurveysMarket Requirements:- Safety & Reliability

Low Emission Fuel Standard- Energy Policy- Biofuels etc.Prescribe Range

of Fuel Quality

- Low Emission- Fuel Economy- Driveability etc.

o u Qu y

Engine Design

V ifi ti T t Adj t t

Determination of fuel specs for each test procedure.

Supply ofTest FuelTrial and Error,

Feedback

Verification Tests, Adjustment(Performance, Emissions, Reliability)

Vehicle Certification with Approved Fuel

For new fuels, this process takesseveral years.

Vehicle Certification with Approved Fuel

Vehicle Sales Country, Region

After-ServiceIf problems were to develop with use of a designated fuel, a vehicle recall would become necessary.

10Basic Position - Fuel Quality and Vehicle Development Linked

Background of Fuel Regulation in Japan(1)Necessity of Fuel Quality Regulations~Necessity of Fuel Quality Regulations~

V hi l t ti f f tVehicle protection for safety– Vehicles are designed assuming a certain

fuel qualityfuel qualityEnvironment protection– Inappropriate fuel deteriorates exhaust emissionConsumer protection– Consumers cannot distinguish fuel qualities

dPrevention of low quality fuels by tax evasion– Fuel dilution by poor quality can thin a high tax

and

Fuel dilution by poor quality can thin a high tax

11Fuel quality should be regulated and monitored

Background of Fuel Regulation in Japan(2)Import Deregulation made Stricter Control necessary~Import Deregulation made Stricter Control necessary~

Before March,1996:Before March,1996: – Only several companies could supply fuels

Refining capability was a requisite to import petroleum products

– The several companies had been controlling supply chainssupply chains

Abolition of “Provisional Measures Law on the Importation of Specific Petroleum Refined Products”

Since April,1996: – Regulation was relaxed:

Petroleum Refined Products

Any companies can import– Fuels from various sources came into market

12– Stricter control of fuel quality became

necessary

Contents





13

Law System on Environmental Preservation for Vehicle in Japan

[Authority in charge]

Preservation for Vehicle in Japan

Reservation Road VehiclesMinistry of Land, Infrastructure

[Item] [Object] [Mandate]

Reservation of safety

Road Vehicles Law

Air Pollution

Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism（MLIT)

Structure of vehicle

Prevention of pollution

Air Pollution Control Law Noise Regulation

Law

Ministry of the Environment

Reservation of safety in

Law

NOx・PM Law

L R di th

（MOEN）

sa e yvehicle traffic, prevention of

pollution

Energy saving

Law Regarding the Rationalization of

Energy Use

Industrial Ministry of

Fuel for vehicle

Fuel quality control

Standardization Law

Law on the Quality Control

Economy, Trade and Industry

(METI)

14

Quality Control of Gasoline and

Other FuelsJapanese Industrial Standards

(JIS)･･･Voluntary

Structure between Emission and Fuel Regulation in JapanFuel Regulation in Japan

Central Environmental Council Reportp

Ai P ll ti C t l L (MOEN)Air Pollution Control Law (MOEN)<<Emission regulation>>

Allowable limit of emission level<<Fuel regulation>>

Allowable limit concerning vehicleAllowable limit of emission level on vehicle operation

(Notification)

Allowable limit concerning vehicle fuel quality, or allowable limit of substance level in vehicle fuel

(Notification）(Notification）

d h lRoad Vehicles Law(MLIT)

Law on the Quality Control of Gasoline and Other Fuels

(METI)

15Safety standard of road vehicles

(Ministerial ordinance・Notification)Gasoline and diesel fuel standard

(Ministerial ordinance)

Outline of Fuel Regulationg

“Law on the Quality Control of Gasoline and Other Fuels” (LQCF)– Gas stations (GSs) are required to register to

METIMETIAbout 45,000 GSs

– Quality standards (Mandate and Voluntary) forQuality standards (Mandate and Voluntary) for Gasoline(’96~), Diesel fuel(’97~) and Kerosene

– GSs are required to check quality of gasoline once in:

10 daysa year (if supply chain is approved by METI*)a year (if supply chain is approved by METI )

– Check work can be outsourced to the 4 registered testing organizations, including

16NPA**

* Ministry Economy, Industry and Trading**National Petroleum Association

Sulfur Reduction for GasolineCorresponding to 2009 Regulation of Emission(POST new long-term), sulfur concentration in fuel is 10ppm or less.

1996：Regulation of Sulfur 100ppm or less based on Compulsive quality standard with liberalization of imports (Abolition of Specific Petroleum

Sulfur reduction has progressed by the voluntary of oil industries before 1995 (Abolition of Specific Petroleum

Products Law).2005: Introduction of Sulfur 10ppm or less by the independent measure of oil industries (except for Okinawa, some

～～

industries before 1995.

( p ,detached islands and so on).2008: Regulation of Sulfur 10ppm or less by revised LQCF.100ppm

100ppm

Dot line shows Compulsive standard.50ppm50ppm

C/Y

10ppm 10ppm

1996 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

10ppm

17No regulation

(Voluntary by oil industries)Compulsive standard by LQCF

Sulfur Reduction for Diesel fuelCorresponding to 2009 Regulation of Emission(POST new long-term), sulfur concentration in fuel is 10ppm or less.

1953: Set up JIS standard.1997: Regulation of Sulfur 500ppm or less based on Compulsive quality standard with liberalization of imports (Abolition of12,000ppm

Sulfur reduction has progressed by the voluntary of oil industries before 1996 with liberalization of imports (Abolition of

“Specific Petroleum Products Law”).2003: Start of Sulfur 50ppm or less by the independent measure of oil industries.2005: Introduction of Sulfur 10ppm or

5 000ppm5,000ppm

12,000ppm

industries before 1996.

less by the independent measure of oil industries (except for Okinawa, some detached islands and so on).2007: Regulation of Sulfur 10ppm or less b i d LQCF

2,000ppm

5,000ppm

2,000ppm

by revised LQCF.

500ppm

～～

50ppm

500ppm

Dot line shows Compulsive standard.50ppm

C/Y1997 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20102003199219761953

50ppm

10ppm

50ppm

10ppm

Dot line shows Compulsive standard.50ppm

10ppm

18

C/Y Applied by JIS standard Compulsive standard by LQCF

Item Standard valueCompulsive

standardJIS

standard Main

Gasoline Quality StandardItem Standard value standard

=Mandatestandard

=Voluntary Classification

Lead N.D. ○EnvironmentSulfur ≦0.0010wt%(10ppmt) ○ ○

Revised(Jan.’08~）

（Air pollution）MTBE ≦7vol% ○ ○Oxygenate ≦1.3wt% ○ ○Benzene ≦1vol% ○ ○ Health impairment

Kerosene contamination ≦4vol% ○

Revised(Aug.’03~）

Kerosene contamination ≦4vol% ○

SafetyMethanol N.D. ○

Existent gum ≦5mg／100ml ○ ○*1

Ethanol ≦3vol％ ○ ○

Revised(Aug.’03~)

Color Orange ○ ○ DiscernmentRON Premium 96.0≦／Regular89.0≦ ○ Vehicle performance

Density @15℃ 0.783 g/cm3≦ ○ Environment

Distillation

T10 ≦70℃ ○ Vehicle performance

T50 75℃≦，≦110℃ ○ ↑

T90 ≦180℃ ○ EnvironmentEP ≦220℃ ○ ENG Reliability

Carbon residue ≦2.0vol％ ○ ↑

Cu corrosion@50℃,3h ≦1 ○ ↑

44～78（Winter:≦95kPa

[email protected]℃ 44～78（Winter:≦95kPa,

Summer:≦65kPa） ○ Vehicle performance

Oxidation stability ≦240min ○ ENG Reliability*1 Indicated as Unwashed gum : ≦20mg/100ml

Item Standard valueCompulsive

standardJIS

standard Main

Diesel fuel Quality StandardItem Standard value standard

=Mandatestandard

=Voluntary Classification

Sulfur ≦0.0010wt%(10ppmt) ○ ○Environment（Air pollution）

Cetane index 45≦ ○ ○*1*2≦ ℃ ○ ○

（Air pollution）T90 ≦360℃ ○ ○*3

Tri-glyceride ≦0.01wt% ○

FAME content≦0 1 0 1-5 0wt% ○

Non FAME containing FAME containing

Revised(Jan.’07~)

Safety

≦0.1 0.1 5.0wt%

Methanol - ≦0.01wt% ○Acid value - ≦0.13mgKOH/g ○

Sum of Formic acid/Acetic≦0 003 t% ○

Sum of Formic acid/Acetic acid/Propionic acid - ≦0.003wt% ○

Delta-TAN - ≦0.12mg/KOH/g ○Special

#1 #1 #2 #3Special

#3#1 #1 #2 #3 #3

Flash point 50℃≦ 50℃≦ 50℃≦ 45℃≦ 45℃≦ ○ Safety

Pour point ≦5℃ ≦-2.5℃ ≦-7.5℃ ≦-20℃ ≦-30℃ ○ Vehicle perform

CFPP - ≦-1℃ ≦-5℃ ≦-12℃ ≦-19℃ ○ ↑

10％Carbon residue ≦0.1wt% ○ ↑

Viscosity@30℃ mm2/s 2.7≦ 2.7≦ 2.5 ≦ 2.0≦ 1.7≦ ○*3 ↑

20

Viscosity@30℃ mm /s 2.7≦ 2.7≦ 2.5 ≦ 2.0≦ 1.7≦ ○ 3 ↑

Density@15℃ ≦0.86g/cm3 ○ ↑

*1 indicated as; Special#1 and #1 are 50 or more.*2 indicated as; Cetane index replaces Cetane number.*3 Special #2 : 350 or less. #3 and Special #3 : 330 or less. #3 : 350 or less in case viscosity@30℃ is 4.7mm2／s or less.

Fuel Quality Inspections~ Commission analysis and Trial purchase analysis ~~ Commission analysis and Trial purchase analysis ~

Trial purchase analysisCommission analysis

Quality testing laboratory

*Analyzed by only NPA*Analyzed by 4 organizations

Registered testingSample collected

by NPA w/o notice

ReportPrecise analysis of incongruent article

tati

onG

as StRegistered testing Organizations*

ReportRegistration of

l i l bGas

St tation

METI Each branch of METI(EIBs) On-the-spot

i ti

Reportanalysis labo.Gn

Cooperate with METI-HQ, police dept. and fire dept.

Object : Duty of Distributors・Once per 10 daysOnce per a year if supply chain

( )inspection

Object : Confirmation of Quality keeping

Once or twice per a year

21This slide was made based on http://www.sekiyu.or.jp/purpose/shibai.html

・Once per a year if supply chain is approved by METI

・Once or twice per a year

If the regulation is violatedIf the regulation is violated…

Penalties, when EIBs find quality violations– METI instructions: to follow the regulation

if disobeyed, announcement to public by METId d b i f 6– METI order: to suspend business for up to 6 mo.

– fine up to JPY 1MM/ imprisonment up to 1 yr.

Most of the violations are careless cases– they follow the METI instructions immediately– some cares are on purpose

22

SQ markQQ : What is “SQ mark”?A : Average quality certificate mark system of market fuel

GSs are allowed to show the “SQ

A : Average quality certificate mark system of market fuel.Average quality means “JIS standards”.

GSs are allowed to show the SQ mark” by EIBs* if the fuels meet “voluntary” JIS standardsvoluntary JIS standards

Respectively for:Respectively for:– Regular gasoline, Premium

gasoline, Diesel fuel and Keroseneg ,

Helps consumers choose quality fuels

23* Economy and Industry Bureaus

Contents





24

1st Revised Regulationg~ Outline of Oxygenates Recognition ~

B k d/PBackground/Purpose:– New type of quality violation around 2001

Hi h l h l d h i i li (50% )High alcohol and ether containing gasoline (50%+)

– Environmental interest on bio-ethanol fuels“Bio ethanol use reduces CO emission”“Bio-ethanol use reduces CO2 emission”

Contents2 additional mandatory quality items for Oxygenates in Gasoline since Aug.2003Mandatory start also for Biodiesel in Diesel fuel since Jan 2007

25

since Jan.2007

1st Revised Regulation g~ Mandatory for Gasoline (2003) ~

Oxygen content: 1.3wt% (maximum)– To meet Japan’s emission regulation

E i l t t 8 l% ETBE– Equivalent to 8vol% ETBE

Ethanol content: 3vol% (maximum)For car safety– For car safety

Prevent Aluminum corrosion and rubber swelling, etc.

Why lower than USA’s “E10” and Brazil’s “E25”?Vehicle components are different, even if the modelVehicle components are different, even if the model names sold in overseas are the same.Japan’s emission regulation is stricter.All vehicles in use have to be able to operate with the

26

All vehicles in use have to be able to operate with the new fuel, in a safe and environmentally friendly way

1st Revised Regulationg~ Mandatory for Diesel (2007) ~

No major uses, no regulations so farSome instances using BDF:– Kyoto and other local governments,

using used cooking oil, rape oil etc.M ti i t t d i th i– Many parties are interested in the use in future

Quality requirements were needed for the BDF useBDF use.Fuel Policy Subcommittee decided on new regulation, aiming to implement since

27

regulation, aiming to implement since C/Y2007.

2nd Revised Regulationg~ New Duties to Contractors (2009) ~

Background/PurposeBackground/PurposeBio-fuels with proper quality are secured and it ties to those introductory promotion.

ContentsNew duties was defined to any contractors (they are called as “Specific processors”) who mix bio fuels suchcalled as “Specific processors”) who mix bio-fuels such as Ethanol, ETBE and FAME after Feb. 25, 2009.

Duty of Entrepreneur RegistrationDuty of Entrepreneur RegistrationDuty of Quality Identification

Also penalties for breach to each duty were decided…Also penalties for breach to each duty were decided…For Registration ・・・ Imprisonment : 1 or less year , or

Fine : 1 million or less yenF Q lit Id tifi ti I i t 6 l

28For Quality Identification ・・・ Imprisonment : 6 or less

months, or Fine : 500,000 or less yen

Contents





29

Gasoline Quality Monitored in MarketExample of Compulsive standard item

Gasoline Quality Monitored in MarketRelation between Emission and Sulfur

Transitions monitored in each Summer & Winter by Auto makers

120

St t★

Compulsive standard 2000Reg. 2005Reg. 2009Reg.

Emission regulation

80

100

ne,

ppm

t Start★

Goo

d

60

n G

asol

in

d

20

40

Sulf

ur

i

Goo

01994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

30Year

Regular-Min. Regular-Ave. Regular-Max. Premium-Min. Premium-Ave. Prewmium-Max.

Diesel fuel Quality Monitored in MarketExample of Compulsive standard item

Q y

Transitions monitored in each Summer & Winter by Auto makersRelation between Emission and Sulfur

1,800

2,000

t

1,200

1,400

1,600

fuel

, ppm

t

1997Reg. 2000Reg.

Emission regulation

2005Reg. 2009Reg.

800

1,000

1,200

n D

iese

l f

Compulsivestandard

200

400

600

Sulf

ur

in

Goo

dStart★

0

200

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008Year

31

Year

#1-Min.(S) #1-Ave.(S) #1-Max.(S) #2-Min.(S) #2-Ave.(S) #2-Max.(S)#3-Min.(W) #3-Ave.(W) #3-Max.(W) #Special3-Min.(W) #Special3-Ave.(W) #Special3-Max.(W)

Contents





32

Experience of Illegal Diesel Fuelsp gBackground

For purpose to tax evasion and fuel costreduction the fuels illicitlyFor purpose to tax evasion and fuel costreduction, the fuels illicitly manufactured by "A" type heavy oil and kerosene etc. mixing may be produced.The crime and the countermeasure against them have been paid toThe crime and the countermeasure against them have been paid to

attention as a social problem.

Problems of Illegal diesel fuelsA type heavy oil, Kerosene, etc.

Bleaching and removal of Coumarin by various medicines, such as strong sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide or activated earth

Problems of Illegal diesel fuels

Production of illegal fuels

Illegal disposal of sulfate pitch (By-product)Storing of dangerous articles

strong sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide or activated earth

Tax evasionDumpingSales of illegal fuels

g gwith no permission

33

p g

Use of illegal fuels Judged as ill-serviced vehiclesCause of Air pollution

Boundary and Discernment Method of Petroleum Products in JapanPetroleum Products in Japan

400

(℃) “A” Heavy oil

b id

at 9

0%

(

Diesel fuel

Carbon residue：0.2%<For discernment from Diesel fuel, “Coumarin 1ppm” are added in “A” heavy oil and kerosene to prevent illegal fuels making

O

erat

ure

a Diesel fuel

Carbon residue shows

fuels making.

Coumarin

O O267

ate

tem

p

Kerosene

taxation boundary.

Taxable item domain of "Diesel fuel delivery tax“H

180

-D

isti

lla

Kerosene However…Carbon residue ： 0.2% or lessFlash point : 130℃ or less※There is also a case by sulfur analysis to identify.

0.783 0.8017 0.8762

T90 Gasoline

y y

34

0.783 0.8017 0.8762Specific gravity

Random inspection is conducted for fuels filled in tracks under run and stored in underground tanks for prevention of illegal diesel fuels by MLIT since 2005.

SummaryyRegarding Fuel quality reservation in Japan

i l h b f d f b h hi lEnvironmental measure has been performed from both vehicle and fuel.

Compulsive fuel standard in "Law on the Quality Control of p Q yGasoline and Other Fuels" was enforced in Japan and quality secured duty in all of filling stations has been imposed to retail distributors and primary distributorsdistributors and primary distributors.

Monitoring is very important because of surveillance of fuel quality. Although it is performed by governmental initiative in Japan, monitoring independent also by Auto industries has been carried out continuously.

Illegal diesel fuels and wide quality variations’ fuels haveIllegal diesel fuels and wide quality variations fuels have occurred for tax evasion etc. in market. For example, there are fuel quality monitoring, any labeling of vehicles and discernment ( li h ) i d

35(or enlightenment) at gas stations and so on as measure.

Thank you for attention!Thank you for attention!

36

Appendix

37

Fuel Quality InspectionsFuel Quality Inspections

N ti l P t l A i ti (National Petroleum Association (non-profit org.)

i it h f th 45 000 GS ti id– visits each of the 45,000 GSs nationwide.– obtains samples of fuels

inspects fuels and report violation cases to– inspects fuels and report violation cases to METI

Economy and Industry Bureaus (EIBs)Economy and Industry Bureaus (EIBs)– regional branches of METI.– visit GSs, according to the NPA report, andvisit GSs, according to the NPA report, and

inspect the fuel quality, – cooperate with METI-HQ, police dept., and

fi d38

fire dept.

Main Features of Fuels in JapanMain Features of Fuels in JapanIntroduction of Sulfur 10ppm・・・ Voluntary introduction start from 2005 then・・・ Voluntary introduction start from 2005, then…

Gasoline : Nationwide mandate since Jan.2008Diesel fuel : Nationwide mandate since Jan.2007

Introduction of OxygenatesFAME : Up to 5wt% in diesel fuel, but it has not been

added as general use yetadded as general use yet.Ethanol : Up to 3vol% in Gasoline, but it has not been

added as well yet.ETBE U t 1 3 t%（≒ETBE8 l%） t tETBE : Up to 1.3wt%（≒ETBE8vol%） as oxygen content,

and ETBE7vol% has been introduced at about 100 stations around Metropolitan area since Apr.2007.⇒Under examination in the direction of expansion.

3 Fuel types nationwideG li RON89 RON96

39Gasoline : RON89 or more, RON96 or moreDiesel fuel : Cetane index 45 or more

Japan Clean Air Program “JCAP”for Reduction of Emissionsfor Reduction of Emissions

(JCAP I:1997~2001, JCAP II:2002~2006)

METI* Petroleum-products quality subcommittee

Budget Policy makingfor Fuel QualityQ y

Technical Data・Effect of Sulfur reduction

t

Actual proof data sharing of the automobile emission reduction effect by fuel quality improvement ・・・etc.

Fuel technologiesAutomobile technologies

effect by fuel quality improvement

PAJ**JAMA

Collaborative study

40* Ministry Economy, Industry and Trading**Petroleum Association of Japan

What is JATOP?Japan AuTo-Oil ProgramIt means next step after JCAPI&II.

( Japan Clean Air Program)

New joint research program between ‘Auto’ and ‘Oil’ industriesstarted in FY 2007 after completion of JCAPⅡ.

Subjects of JATOP・ Research on improving air quality

(R i i k bj t f ll i JCAP I & II)(Remaining a key subject following JCAP I & II)・ Research on fuel diversification・ Research on improved efficiency/ reduced CO2 emissions

from fuels and vehiclesResearch fields

・ Air quality researchq y・ Biomass gasoline research (E10 verification)・ Biomass diesel fuel research (BDF research)

> It’s a main issue41

-> It’s a main issue. ・ Advanced research on automotive fuels

Biomass diesel fuel researchBiomass diesel fuel research

Plan to examine influences of each element ① Fuel properties② F l St bilit② Fuel Stability③ Exhaust emissions④ Durability of after-treatment device④ y⑤ Low temperature driveability⑥ Engine oil evaluation⑦ Durability of vehicle engine & FIE device⑦ Durability of vehicle, engine & FIE device

Fuel types ① Vegetable oil methyl estersg y

(Rapeseed, Soy bean, Palm, etc.)② Hydrogenated vegetable oil, FT diesel fuel

(biomass-derived), etc.

42

(biomass derived), etc.

Supports of Japanese Government for pp pImprovement in Fuel Quality

In order to perform improvement in fuel quality corresponding to Environmental issue, Japanese government has offered various supports.pp

<Main contents>

1. Tariff mitigation : Crude-oil tariff mitigation to heavy oil desulfurization （Measure of SOx@1960）

2. Loan support ： At the time of Introduction of Unleading and S lf ( 00 0 ) f G liLow Sulfur (500 ppm, 50 ppm) for Gasoline

3. Tax incentives to capital improvement（Accelerated depreciation, fixed-assets exemption）： For Introduction of Sulfur 500ppm

4 P f ti l t t t b i ti ： F I t d ti f S lf4. Preferential treatment by incentive ： For Introduction of Sulfur 10ppm

5. Supports for R&D ： R&D assistance to PEC, NEDO, etc., Activity supports to JCAP and JATOP and Low sulfur technology

43

supports to JCAP and JATOP and Low sulfur technology including catalyst development, etc.

Heavy oil standard (JIS K 2205)Kinetic Viscosity

（50℃）cSt

℃ （mm2／s） ℃ wt% wt% wt% wt%

Water Ash SulfurKind↓

Flash pointCharacteristics→

ReactionPourpoint

Carbonresidue

SmallSmall

Kinetic Viscosity

A type heavy oil 1種1号

1号

Neutrality 60≦ ≦4 ≦0.3≦20 ≦5 ≦0.05 ≦0.5

2号 Neutrality 60≦ ≦4 ≦0.3 ≦0.05 ≦2.0

B type heavy oil 2種 Neutrality 60≦ ≦4 ≦0.4 ≦0.05 ≦3.0

≦20

Neutrality 70≦ －－ ≦0 5 ≦0 1 ≦3 5

≦5

≦10≦50

≦250

Large

C type heavy oil 3種

1号

－ ≦0.6 ≦0.1

Neutrality 70≦

2号 Neutrality 70≦ －

－

≦0.5 ≦0.1 ≦3.5

≦400

400＜，≦1000

－

3号 Neutrality 70≦ －－ ≦2.0 －

≦250

Kerosene standard (JIS K 2203)e ose e s a da d ( S 03)Item

Kind

1号 2号

Flash point ℃ 40≦Flash point, ℃ 40≦

T95, ℃ ≦270 ≦300

Sulfur, wt％ ≦0.008 ≦0.50

Smoke point, mm 23≦ －

44

p ,

Corrosion (50℃、3h) ≦1 －

Color +25≦ －

Regulations on Diesel in Chinaegu a o s o ese C a

2000 0201 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 112000 0201 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

Nationwide 国1 （EuroⅠ）国2 （EuroⅡ）

S 2000/CN：45GB252 2000

Beijing 国1 国2 国3 （EuroⅣ）

S:2000/CN：45S500/45~49

GB252-2000GB/T19147-2003

Beijing 国1 国2★ Beijing Olympic

S:2000/CN：45 S500/45~49

EuroⅤ<Reference>

S:50/CN:47~51S:350/CN:47~51

EU EuroⅢ EuroⅣ EuroⅤ

S:350/CN:51 S:50/CN:51 S:10/CN:51

45

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12. JAMA Oosawa Final.ppt [互換モード]...Title Microsoft PowerPoint - 12. JAMA Oosawa_Final.ppt [互換モード] Author khirota Created Date 3/4/2009 2:36:34 PM