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1. Introduction
In the world people are more conscious and awareness for the environment. Because of
technologically world becoming a very fast and life is becoming very easier. But in sense
we using technological its manufactures the product and its resources come from our
nature and its becoming also polluted. We are using vehicles for our transportation for
moving forward easily and very firstly. In the world we have many more automobiles
company those are manufactured millions of automobiles. But thats harmful for our
environment because of fuelled are burned and also polluted environment and reduce our
natural resources. So, we need to save our planet and by researched we find out Hybrid
cars are very effective way to reduce carbon emission. The currently popular paradigm
for discussing the environment originated in the 1970s, when the ideas of global warming
and finite oil reserves were first proposed (Minton & Rose 1997; Pelletier et al. 1998).
While some debate continues on the veracity of these propositions, this thinking has
influenced the way people live by increasing their efforts to reduce energy use and to
have fewer by-products as a result of consumption. It has been suggested that this type of
thinking has led some consumers to prefer products like the Prius (Jansson, Marrell &
Nordlund 2009).
An area that is related to a consumers choice of car is the choice of fuel. Four thousand
Swedish drivers were surveyed on their level of eco-sensitivity and the type of vehicle
fuel they used (Jansson, Marell & Norlund 2009).
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Many manufacturers now sell hybrid and low emission vehicles with planet saving claims
about their CO2 emissions. In fact, the demand for environmentally friendly cars has
grown to such an extent that now almost 25% of new cars have a claimed CO2 emissions
level below 140g/km and 5% claim CO2 emissions below 120g/km. Consumers are
becoming gradually more aware of their role in climate change and many are
dynamically looking for ways to address the problem. In UK, Auto Express magazine are
published the results of road tests carried out on a number of so called green cars that
are routinely promoted by the manufacturers as eco-friendly and the results are
surprising, to say the least.
Consumers pay for environmentally friendly cars for a variety of reasons, such as concern
about the environment and climate change, lower running costs and of course for image.
Whatever the reasons, manufacturers have cottoned on to the fact that not only does
green sell, anything green can be sold. In our research paper we found 3, independent
variables and 1, dependent variable. In Bangladesh, for our prospective its very effective
if we are using hybrid car. The consequences of these tests expose a great deal for green
cars. The fact that manufacturers will go to such lengths to promote that cars as
environmentally friendly demonstrates how much potential in the market place for
green products. Hybrid autos have combined gasoline and electric engine, familiarity
with its use will require some adaptation by consumers. Consumers enter into the process
of actively evaluating automobiles for purchase when they experience a strong desire or
need for a car (Dholakia 2001; Frey & Jegen 2001; Villacorta, Koestner & Lekes 2003).
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While the factors that are evaluated and their importance are expected to differ for
individual consumers, as a group, they are expected to take into consideration some
common elements. These can include cost, practicality/performance, aesthetics, the
lifestyle/image associated with some makes/models, social influence and the cars
environmental credentials like fuel economy/emissions (Griskevicius et al. 2010). And
finally we can say, this product actually link between consumer behavior and
environmental quality. All of the things are showing by a framework.
The framework is given bellow:
Agreement to purchase a hybrid car (DV)
Statement 1: Statement 2: Statement 3:
The cost was the samethat as a traditional gasfueled car. (IDV)
Tax credits to companiesthat produceenvironmentally safeproducts. (IDV)
Support legislationprovides tax credits toconsumers. (IDV)
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2. Statement of the Problem
Now a days Environmental pollution is great awareness for every country.
Environmental pollution includes air pollution. The motor vehicles release pollutant airs
including carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. To prevent air pollution
from motor vehicles, USA government introduce Hybrid car which is
environmentally friendly and cause no air pollution.
This paper reveals the relationship between consumer behavior and environmental
quality. The role of consumer behavior is important for improving and protecting
environmental quality which is essential to sustainable community. The consumer can
participate various environmental programmers such as signing, joining, supporting, and
contributing to anti-pollution programs at the community, state and national level.
Automobile emissions are the single largest contributors (almost 50 percent of personal
pollution) to several pollutants including carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.
The purpose of this research is to add to the body of knowledge on the relationship of
consumer behavior and environmental quality. It includes a survey of consumers in the
State of Hawaii that gauges the predisposition of Hawaii residents to purchase a hybrid
auto and their level of agreement to support legislation that provides tax credits to
environmentally friendly companies and consumers and increased penalties for polluters.
Hybrid autos have a combined gasoline and electric engine; familiarity with its use will
require some adaptation by consumers but the overall sale of Hybrids in the USA is quite
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low; only 1 percent of the 17 million autos sold in 2004 were Hybrid (Durbin, 2005).
Hawaii is among the first states in the US to purchase hybrid models from the start. The
popularity of some hybrid models Hawaii auto dealers have reported difficulty in
acquiring them and typically charge a premium. Except for the first seven months of
2007, the sale of hybrid autos in Hawaii has been and continues at a higher rate than on
the US mainland, around 2 percent as compared to 1 percent of total sales. Sales of
hybrids and other green vehicles increased significantly in April 2009. Several
automobile manufacturer realize that hybrids, and especially improved models, are in
greater demand among new car buyers. President OBAMAs tax deduction for the
purchaser of hybrid vehicles will help to improve this sector. China also enter hybrid auto
industry which stimulate a competitive growth. Some company also provides opportunity
which allows consumers to make the switch to electric cars at a lower initial cost and to
plug into an oil-free power grid. But the charging stations are intended only to top off
the batterys charge during trips. Full charging would likely be done at the drivers
residence, which would require electricity traditionally produced by burning oil. The
governments growing interest in alternative-energy transportation. In 2008, Obamas
transition team, Mayor Mufi Hannemann proposed the purchase of 100 new hybrid buses
the Honolulu Police Department (HPD) began a six-month trial of using hybrid vehicles.
The department is evaluating six Toyota Camry hybrids for performance and cost
savings. Officers who drive the vehicles provide weekly reports on their performance.
Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative, continued use of hybrid vehicles by the citys The Bus
and Handi-Van services, and the Better Place model are just a few examples of the state
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and county commitment to improve Hawaiis environmental quality. This research on the
role of Hawaii consumers and its relation to adapting to alternative-energy transportation
represented by the hybrid auto was initiated. Hawaii consumers are aware of the need to
improve environmental quality and support government intervention through
environmentally friendly legislation that provides tax credits for producers and
consumers of hybrid autos and other related products, and increased penalties for
polluters.
In our country, we have to increase the awareness of environmental pollution, the after
effect of pollution. Our contribution for preventing air pollution in several ways such as
to import hybrid car which is environmentally friendly .and also motivate people to buy
hybrid car.
3. Purpose of the Study
The importance of this whole study is to make relationship between consumer
behavior and environment quality with each other by producing hybrid car. Consumer
behavior towards the environment is really necessary to maintain the quality of
environment. Consumer choices have a huge impact on the environment; others are of
negligible importance. To those of us who care about our quality of life and what is
happening to the earth, this is a vastly important issue.
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Firstly, the purpose of the study which is on Consumer Behavior and Environment
Quality that is based on both Bangladesh and global perspective. Although
consumers do appear to be identifying small and large changes they can make in their
lives to be sensitive to the environment and engaging even in activities that require
moderate investments of their time and energy.
Therefore, this study is to add to the body of knowledge on relationship between
consumer behavior and environment quality.
In this article, the agreement is to purchase a hybrid car which is a eco-friendly car
thus it can run by both gasoline and electric engine which can actually be very handy
for both Bangladesh and global environment for the consumer as well.
However, the cost of hybrid car is same as the traditional gas fueled car so again any
consumer can easily buy it with the same money like traditional cars because they
dont need to pay any extra money for hybrid car. Therefore, any kind of consumer
can afford it easily moreover, these kinds of cars have a huge impact on environment
because these cars do not pollute environment like regular cars. On the other hand,
tax is related to the price of car therefore, if government imposes more tax on these
companies that produce environmentally safe products then it will decrease the
consumer demand of buying those kinds of cars and products. Again, buying hybrid
car will lead to consumer to those laws that support the consumer.
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Lastly, for the improvement of environment quality consumers need to adapt
environment friendly products and alternative-energy transportation which is
represented by hybrid car. In addition, consumer should support government
intervention through eco-friendly legislation that provides tax credits for producers
and consumers of hybrid autos and other related products. Thus, this study will help
to generate hypotheses about consumer behavior which can be helpful in further
research.
4. Review of Literature
i. Independent Variables (IV)
Agreement to purchase a hybrid car:
1) The cost was the same as a traditional gas fueled car.
2) Tax credits to companies that produce environmentally safe products.
3) Support legislation that provides tax credits to consumers.
ii. Agreement to purchase a hybrid car (DV)
Regardless of age and gender, respondents agreed that they would purchase a hybrid
car if the cost was the same as a traditional gas fueled car. There were significant
correlations between agreement to purchase a hybrid car and agreement to support
legislation that provides tax credits to consumers who purchased a hybrid car and
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other environmentally safe products, tax credits to companies that produce
environmentally safe products and penalties for government agencies, Private
organizations and individuals are who pollute the environment.
The law forbids taxpayers from buying a new hybrid vehicle with the intention
of reselling the car. The taxpayer must purchase the hybrid car or truck with the firm
intention of using the vehicle personally. Therefore, I would caution against re-selling
the car or giving the car as a gift. Here's what I suggest you do instead.
The taxpayer with the highest regular tax liability should purchase a qualifying
alternative fuel car or truck. The taxpayer would be the owner of the car, would
register the car in his or her own name, and would be responsible for insurance,
maintenance, and other car ownership responsibilities. But the taxpayer would allow
you to use the car, as needed, for free.
For example, Sarah wants to buy a new hybrid car, but she can use only $1,500 of the
estimated $3,000 alternative motor vehicle tax credit. Her brother Steven has a
substantial tax liability and can take advantage of the full amount of the alternative
motor vehicle tax credit. Steven should purchase the hybrid car for his own personal
use, but allow Sarah to borrow the car as she needs it. Under no circumstances should
Steven sell or give the car to Sarah.
The tax law might allow a taxpayer to lease a qualifying vehicle. The lease would
have to be for a period of time not less than the "entire economic life of the vehicle."
For example, Steven (from the example above) might write up a lease contract in
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which he leases to Sarah the hybrid car "for the entire economic life of the vehicle."
Under such a long-term lease agreement, Steven would retain full ownership of the
hybrid car, and Sarah would only be leasing it. However (and this is a big however), I
would caution you to wait until the IRS releases regulations to interpret this new tax
law before entering into such an arrangement, just to make sure you are fully eligible
to take advantage of the alternative motor vehicle tax credit. When I suggested this
strategy to CCH federal tax analyst Mark Luscombe, he responded, "Maybe we will
just have to wait for the [IRS] regulations to clarify this." I agree. (Note: last I
checked, the IRS has not issued regulations for the alternative motor vehicle credit.)
iii. Recapture: Penalty for Selling Hybrid Car Early
The new law for the alternative motor vehicle tax credit requires taxpayers to
recapture their hybrid tax credit if they re-sell their hybrid car or truck. Further details
will be provided by the IRS when they issue regulations to interpret and implement
this new tax law. For now, I would advise against selling, leasing, or giving hybrid
cars away until we find out how long you have to keep the car. Kedall (1938; Abdi
(2007), (Tsai, 2009).
iv. The cost was the same as a traditional gas fueled
car (IV)
Agreement to purchase a hybrid automobile that is environmentally friendly if it cost
the same as the gas-fueled automobile and their agreement to support legislation that
gives tax credits to companies that produce products that are safe for the environment
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and consumers who purchase products that are environmentally safe for the
community, such as hybrid automobiles, and increases in penalties for government
agencies, private organizations and individuals who pollute the environment. Sources:
Kedall (1938; Abdi (2007).
An alternative fuel vehicle is a vehicle that runs on a fuel other than "traditional"
petroleum fuels (petrol ordiesel); and also refers to any technology of powering an
engine that does not involve solely petroleum (e.g. electric car, hybrid electric
vehicles, solar powered). Because of a combination of factors, such as environmental
concerns, high oil prices and the potential for peak oil, development of cleaner
alternative fuels and advanced power systems for vehicles has become a high priority
for many governments and vehicle manufacturers around the world.
Hybrid electric vehicles such as the Toyota Prius are not actually alternative fuel
vehicles, but through advanced technologies in the electric battery and
motor/generator, they make a more efficient use of petroleum fuel.[1] Other research
and development efforts in alternative forms of power focus on developing all-
electric and fuel cell vehicles, and even the stored energy of compressed air.
Air engine
This article needs additional citations forverification. Please help improve this article by
adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
(September 2008)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Priushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternative_fuel_vehicle&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Priushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternative_fuel_vehicle&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence8/2/2019 1[1].Format & Editing
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General Motors EV1 electric car.
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs), also known as all-electric vehicles (AEVs), are
electric vehicles whose main energy storage is in the chemical energy of batteries.
BEVs are the most common form of what is defined by the California Air Resources
Board (CARB) as zero emission vehicle (ZEV) because they produce no tailpipe
emissions at the point of operation. The electrical energy carried onboard a BEV to
power the motors is obtained from a variety of battery chemistries arranged into
battery packs. For additional range genset trailers or pusher trailers are sometimes
used, forming a type of hybrid vehicle. Batteries used in electric vehicles include
"flooded" lead-acid, absorbed glass mat, NiCd, nickel metal hydride, Li-ion, Li-poly
and zinc-air batteries.
Attempts at building viable, modern battery-powered electric vehicles began in the
1950s with the introduction of the first modern (transistorcontrolled) electric car - the
Henney Kilowatt, even though the concept was out in the market since 1890. Despite
the poor sales of the early battery-powered vehicles, development of various battery-
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powered vehicles continued through the mids 1990s, with such models as the General
Motors EV1 and the Toyota RAV4 EV.
The 2011Nissan Leafwas introduced in Japan and the U.S. in December 2010, and
in several European countries in early 2011.
Battery powered cars have primarily used lead-acid batteries and NiMH batteries.
Lead-acid batteries' recharge capacity is considerably reduced if they're discharged
beyond 75% on a regular basis, making them a less-than-ideal solution. NiMH
batteries are a better choice, but are considerably more expensive than lead-acid.
Lithium-ion battery powered vehicles such as the Venturi Fetish and the Tesla
Roadster have recently demonstrated excellent performance and range, but they
remain expensive, nevertheless is used in most mass production models launched in
the late 2000s.
As of May 2011, several neighborhood electric vehicles, city electric cars and
highway-capable electric cars are available in several countries, including the Tesla
Roadster, GEM cars, REVAi, Buddy, Th!nk City, Mitsubishi i MiEV,Nissan Leaf,
Smart ED, and Wheego Whip LiFe. Due to the premium price of electric cars because
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of the high cost of the battery pack, several countries and local governments have
established tax credits and other incentives for early buyers of electric vehicles. Other
models expected to reach the market between 2011 and 2012 include the CODA
Sedan, REVA NXR, Renault Fluence Z.E., Ford Focus Electric, Hyundai BlueOn,
Tesla Model S, and BMW Active E. There are also several pre-production models
and plug-in conversions of existing models that are currently undergoing field trials
or are part of demonstration programs including the Mini E, BYD e6, Audi A1 e-tron
and Volvo C30 DRIVe Electric.
Solar
See also: Solar vehicle, solar car racing, and List of solar car teams
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article
by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed.(September 2008)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle#Tax_incentives_for_PEVs_by_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_Automotive#CODA_Sedanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_Automotive#CODA_Sedanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REVAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Fluence_Z.E.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Focus_Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_BlueOnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Concept_ActiveEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_Ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYD_e6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_A1#A1_e-tronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_C30_DRIVe_Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_car_racinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar_car_teamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternative_fuel_vehicle&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuna3Team.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle#Tax_incentives_for_PEVs_by_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_Automotive#CODA_Sedanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_Automotive#CODA_Sedanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REVAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Fluence_Z.E.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Focus_Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_BlueOnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Model_Shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Concept_ActiveEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_Ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYD_e6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_A1#A1_e-tronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_C30_DRIVe_Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternative_fuel_vehicle&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_car_racinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar_car_teams8/2/2019 1[1].Format & Editing
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Nuna solar powered car, which has travelled up to 140km/h (84mph).A solar car is
an electric vehicle powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the car.
Solar panels cannot currently be used to directly supply a car with a suitable amount
of power at this time, but they can be used to extend the range of electric vehicles.
They are raced in competitions such as the World Solar Challenge and the North
American Solar Challenge. These events are often sponsored by Government
agencies such as the United States Department of Energy keen to promote the
development ofalternative energy technology such as solar cells and electric vehicles.
Such challenges are often entered by universities to develop their students
engineering and technological skills as well as motor vehicle manufacturers such as
GM and Honda.
Trev's battery lasts over 250,000 kilometers
The North American Solar Challenge is a solar car race across North America.
Originally called Sunrayce, organized and sponsored by General Motors in 1990, it
was renamed American Solar Challenge in 2001, sponsored by the United States
Department of Energy and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Teams from
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universities in the United States and Canada compete in a long distance test of
endurance as well as efficiency, driving thousands of miles on regular highways.
Nuna is the name of a series of manned solar powered vehicles that won the World
solar challenge in Australia three times in a row, in 2001 (Nuna 1 or just Nuna), 2003
(Nuna 2) and 2005 (Nuna 3). The Nunas are built by students of the Delft University
of Technology.
The World solar challenge is a solar powered car race over 3,021 kilometres
(1,877 mi) through central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. The race attracts teams
from around the world, most of which are fielded by universities or corporations
although some are fielded by high schools.
Trev (two-seater renewable energy vehicle) was designed by the staff and students at
the University of South Australia. Trev was first displayed at the 2005 World Solar
Challenge as the concept of a low-mass, efficient commuter car. With 3 wheels and a
mass of about 300 kg, the prototype car had maximum speed of 120 km/h and
acceleration of 0100 km/h in about 10 seconds. The running cost of Trev is
projected to be less than 1/10 of the running cost of a small petrol car.
Tax credits to companies that produce environmentally safe products (IV):
It is in the context of this commitment to improve environmental quality that this
research on the role of Hawaii consumers and its relation to adapting to alternative-
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energy transportation represented by the hybrid auto was initiated. While exploratory,
the results of the research suggest that Hawaii consumers are aware of the need to
improve environmental quality and support government intervention through
environmentally friendly legislation that provides tax credits for producers and
consumers of hybrid autos and other related products, and increased penalties for
polluters. (Durbin, 2005).
Should Your Janitorial Company Use Environmentally Friendly
Cleaning Products?
Why the Demand for Environmentally Friendly Cleaning Products and
Services?
a) Becoming LEED certified is good business.LEED (Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design) is a program that has recently gained momentum in
building practices throughout the United States. Developed by the U.S. Green
Building Council, it establishes standards for sustainable buildings. It also strives
to promote integrated, whole-building design practices and recognizes
environmental leadership in the building industry. LEED certified buildings enjoy
government incentives, marketing benefits and increased property value.
Buildings that apply for certification earn LEED points for using environmentally
friendly cleaning products and practices.
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If you don't become LEED certified, you could soon face tough competition. The
number of buildings constructed to LEED standards, as well as those gaining
LEED-EBOM (Existing Building: Operations & Maintenance) certification,
continues to grow. As of February 2009, more than 2000 projects have received
LEED certification, with nearly 18,000 more registered to become certified.
b) Environmentally friendly cleaning creates healthier surroundings.
Environmentally friendly cleaning products help improve indoor air quality and
reduce the health problems that traditional products cause. Building occupants,
visitors and janitorial staff experience fewer incidents of skin, eye and respiratory
irritations or burns; allergies; multiple-chemical sensitivities; headaches; nausea
or other gastrointestinal ailments; poisoning; cancer; reproductive hazards and/or
damage to internal organs.
c) Healthier environments increase productivity and marketability. Healthier
employees mean happier employees. Statistics show increased worker
satisfaction, improved morale, reduced absenteeism, and increased productivity
and efficiency. Employees and customers appreciate knowing that green practices
and environmentally friendly cleaning products are used in the building. Going
green helps you market your business as a socially conscious one.
d) Green cleaning helps the earth.Implementing a green program can reduce
the negative effect your cleaning and sanitary operations have on the
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environment. Using environmentally friendly cleaning products in the right
manner helps decrease air pollution, water pollution, ozone depletion and global
climate change. Green practices also promote recycling, reduce the use of raw
materials and minimize toxic products requiring disposal.
e) Environmentally friendly cleaning reduces costs. Janitorial companies who
are well-trained on environmentally friendly cleaning practices and products can
positively impact the facility's budget. An effective program can reduce costs to
building management, tenants, and/or the janitorial company, including costs
associated with sick leave, health care, productivity loss and litigation. In
addition, environmentally friendly cleaning practitioners use energy-efficient
equipment (e.g., vacuum cleaners) and perform preventative maintenance to
reduce future expenses. The actual cost of environmentally friendly cleaning
products has become more competitive with the price of conventional
counterparts, especially when other factors are considered in determining the true
cost. For example, a conventional product that is extremely high in alkaline could
burn a janitor, which would result in additional medical and sick leave costs, and
these increased operating costs may be passed on to the facility.
f)Going green increases the safety of the building and protects property values.
While the crux of using environmentally friendly cleaning products is about reducing
health risks -- for humans and other living things -- the process provides other
benefits to the facility. Green procedures, including proper use, storage and disposal
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who purchase products that are environmentally safe for the community, such as
hybrid automobiles. Further, all respondents, regardless of age or gender, agreed that
they would purchase an environmentally friendly automobile if the cost was the same
as a traditional gas-fueled car. Olander, F. and Thogersen, J. (1995).
ALEXANDRIA, VA -- The Outdoor Power Equipment Institute had announced its
support of legislation from Sens. Patrick Leahy (D-VT) and Bernie Sanders (I-VT)
and U.S. Rep. Peter Welch (D-VT) that provides consumers with a 25% tax credit
towards the purchase of alternative energy powered lawn, garden, and forestry power
equipment.
According to theLeahy, Sanders andWelch offices, this "tax credit to purchase clean
lawn and garden equipment would give Americans a powerful incentive to operate
clean, alternative energy power equipment that will reduce our dependence on
imported oil."
Outdoor power equipment manufacturers currently offer a wide range of alternative
energy powered equipment from battery, electric, hybrids, propane and solar to
compressed natural gas and diesel.
At the same time, gasoline-powered equipment uses the latest technologies to produce
the cleanest, lowest-emission products ever and is fully regulated by the EPA. The
agency began regulating outdoor power equipment emissions with its Phase I in 1997,
followed by Phase II in 2002. In August, 2008 EPA announced its Phase III emissions
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regulations for outdoor power equipment. Once fully implemented, the outdoor power
equipment industry will have reduced emissions by 95% in just 15 years since it first
became regulated.
"We are pleased to support this new tax credit that truly incentivizes consumers to
seek out a range of alternative energy sources when operating outdoor power
equipment," said Kris Kiser, OPEI executive vice president. "Our members are
responding to stated public policy that aims for energy independence with innovative,
technology-driven product."
Product purchases that qualify for the 25% tax credit include equipment that:
is powered by a motor drawing current from solar, electricity, or rechargeable or
Replacement batteries,
has a hybrid-electric drive train and/or cutting system powered by a generator or
electrical storage device combined with a small engine, or
is powered by alternative power sources and regulated by the Environmental
Protection Agency. Wilson, C. (2008).
ii. Link between dependent variable and statement 1
independent variable:
Regardless of age and gender, respondents agreed that they would purchase a hybrid
car if the cost was the same as a traditional gas fueled car. Significant correlations
between the respondents agreement to purchase a hybrid automobile that is
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environmentally friendly if it cost the same as the gas-fueled automobile and their
agreement to support legislation that gives tax credits to companies that produce
products that are safe for the environment and consumers who purchase products that
are environmentally safe for the community, such as hybrid automobiles, and
increases in penalties for government agencies, private organizations and individuals
who pollute the environment. Sources: Kedall (1938; Abdi (2007).
iii. Link between dependent variable and statement 2
independent variable:
Tax credits to companies that produce environmentally safe products. The overall sale
of Hybrids in the USA is quite low; only 1 percent of the 17 million autos sold in
2004 were Hybrid (Durbin, 2005). Analytical Solutions for R.L. Polk & Company
collect and analyze car data; they maintain that federal and state tax credits have
given the consumer an incentive to purchase hybrid cars (Durbin, 2005).
Hawaii is among the first states in the US to purchase hybrid models from the start.
The Toyota Prius, the most popular hybrid-only model, was the 21st most popular car
sold in Hawaii in 2006, up from 23rd in 2005. Because of the growing popularity of
some hybrid models, Hawaii auto dealers have reported difficulty in acquiring them
and typically charge a premium. Except for the first seven months of 2007, the sale of
hybrid autos in Hawaii has been and continues at a higher rate than on the US
mainland, around 2 percent as compared to 1 percent of total sales (Mendoza, 2008).
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was no significant difference in the respondents level of agreement
to the questions (Table II). All age groups were in agreement to
support legislation giving tax credits for purchasing environmentally
friendly cars. All age groups also agreed with legislation for tax
credits to companies that produce products that are safe for the
environment, and tax credits to consumers who purchase products
that are environmentally safe for the community, such as hybrid
automobiles. Further, all respondents, regardless of age or gender,
agreed that they would purchase an environmentally friendly
automobile if the cost was the same as a traditional gas-fueled car.
Olander, F. and Thogersen, J. (1995).
5. Questions and Hypotheses
In this article there are some dependent and independent variables. All of this
dependent and independent variables are related to each other.
Agreement to purchase a hybrid car (DV) is related with The cost was the same as
a traditional gas fueled car (IV).
Because of regardless of age and gender, respondents agreed that they would
purchase a hybrid car if the cost was the same as a traditional gas fueled car.
Significant correlations between the respondents agreement to purchase a hybrid
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automobile that is environmentally friendly if it cost the same as the gas-fueled
automobile and their agreement to support legislation that gives tax credits to
companies that produce products that are safe for the environment and consumers
who purchase products that are environmentally safe for the community, such as
hybrid automobiles, and increases in penalties for government agencies, private
organizations and individuals who pollute the environment. Sources: Kedall
(1938; Abdi (2007).
Agreement to purchase a hybrid car (DV) is related with Tax credits to companies
that produce environmentally safe products (IV).
Because of, when a company, which company made environmentally safe
products get tax credits and discount rate on their product materials the company
easily can sales their car at a lower price.
Agreement to purchase a hybrid car (DV) is related with Support legislation that
provides tax credits to consumers (IV).
Because of , there were significant correlations between agreement to purchase a hybrid
car and agreement to support legislation that provides tax credits to consumers who
purchased a hybrid car and other environmentally safe products. The respondents were
asked to indicate their level of agreement with the eight questions in Table I. Of the 298
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responses (85 percent) to the questionnaire, 39 percent was male and 61 percent female.
The breakdown in ages: 31 percent was 18-26 years old, 21 percent was 27-35, 20
percent, was 36-45, 23 percent was 46-65, and 5 percent was 66 years and older. The
purpose of this exploratory survey was to determine the predisposition of Hawaii
residents, measured in terms of level of agreement, to purchase a hybrid auto, advocate
for other environmentally friendly products, and support legislation which provides tax
credits to improve and protect environmental quality, as well as penalties for
environmental polluters. It is hoped that the results of this exploratory study will help to
generate hypotheses to be more fully tested by further research. Based on gender, there
was no significant difference in the respondents level of agreement to the questions
(Table II). All age groups were in agreement to support legislation giving tax credits for
purchasing environmentally friendly cars. All age groups also agreed with legislation for
tax credits to companies that produce products that are safe for the environment, and tax
credits to consumers who purchase products that are environmentally safe for the
community, such as hybrid automobiles. Further, all respondents, regardless of age or
gender, agreed that they would purchase an environmentally friendly automobile if the
cost was the same as a traditional gas-fueled car. Olander, F. and Thogersen, J. (1995).
6. The Research Design Methods and Procedures
A research design is the plan and structure of investigation so conceived as to obtain
answers to research questions. The plan is the overall scheme or programmed of the
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research. It includes an outline of what the investigator will do from writing hypotheses
and their operational implications to the final analysis of data.
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In this case, for the research design on Consumer Behavior and Environment Quality
will express both the structure of the research problem-the framework, organization
or configuration of the relationship among variables of this study and the plan of
investigation used to obtain empirical evidence on those relationships.
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A study may be viewed as exploratory or descriptive. The essential distinctions between
those two options are the degree of structure and the immediate object ofthe study.
In terms of this research-Consumer Behavior and Environmental Quality is an
exploratory research. An exploratory study tends toward loose structures with the
objective of discovering future research tasks. Moreover, exploratory research is to
develop hypotheses or questions for further research. In addition, through
exploratory research one can determine the predisposition of some specific residents,
measured in terms of level of agreement, to purchase a hybrid auto advocate for
other environmentally friendly products and support legislation which provides tax
credits to improve and protect environmental quality, as well as penalties for
environmental polluters. Therefore, it is hoped as a result of this exploratory research
will help to generate hypotheses to be more fully tested by further research. By using
exploratory research we can gain the background information of hybrid car therefore
we can clarity problem and develop hypotheses to establish research priorities, to
develop question to be answered. The case of doing exploratory research is because
we do not know much about the problem and needs additional information,
however,exploratory research is most commonly unstructured. For this, we have the
primary data canalization and experience surveys, case analysis and projective
techniques. In addition, researchdesigns are concerned with turning theresearch
questioninto a testingproject. Thebe s t d e s ig n d e p e n d s o n ones research
questions. Every design has its positive and negative sides. The research design has
been considered as a "blueprint" for research, dealing with at least four problems:
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what questions to study, what data are relevant, what data to collect, and how to
analyze the results. On the other hand, the process of analysis that is used for this
research is quantitative research. Quantitativeexperiments all use a standard format,
with a few minor inter-disciplinary differences, of generating a hypothesis to be
proved or disproved. This hypothesis must be provable by mathematical
and statisticalmeans, and is the basis around which the whole experiment is
designed. Randomization of any study groups is essential, and a control group should
be included, wherever possible. A sound quantitative design should
only manipulateone variable at a time, or statisticalanalysis becomes cumbersome.
Quantitativeresearch design is anexcellent way of finalizing results and proving or
disproving ah a s n o t c h a n g e d fo r c e n t u r i e s , so i s s t a n d a r d a c r o s s
hypothesis. The structuremany scientific fields and disciplines. Furthermore, the
method that is used for this research is SPSS, which is a process of Statistical Pack
for Social Science. Basically, SPSS is acomputer program used for survey authoring
and deployment (IBM SPSS Data Collection), datamining (IBM SPSS Modeler),
text analytics, statistical analysis, and collaboration and deployment (batch and
automated scoring services).
a) Sampling :
Sampling is a process of doing a number of item or part of a larger population to make
conclusion about the whole population. To design a sample the characteristics of the
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population it purports to represent. In measurement terms, the sample must be valid.
Moreover, a sample should be accurate. Therefore, an accurate (unbiased) sample is one
in which the under estimators offset the over estimators. In survey sampling, weights can
be applied to the data to adjust for thesample design, particularlystratified
sampling (blocking).Results from probability theoryand statistical theory are employed
to guide practice. In business and medical research, sampling is widely used for
gathering information about a population.
However, in terms of our sampling it is probability sampling. In a probability
sampling scheme is one in which every unit in the population has a chance (greater
than zero) of being selected in the sample, and this probability can be accurately
determined. The combination of these traits makes it possible to produce unbiased
estimates of population totals, by weighting sampled units according to their
probability of selection. Basically, a "sampling unit" is typically thought of as an
object that has been sampled from a population. In this case, the unit of our sample is
25 this term is commonly used in opinion polling and sampling. Moreover, every
sample has a size. It means the number of elements in the obtained sample.
Therefore, our sample size is 40. For a sample to be useful, it should reflect the
similarities and differences found in the total group. The main objective of drawing a
sample is to make inferences about the larger population from the smaller sample.
According to the law of large numbers, the larger the sample size, the better the
estimates, or the larger the sample the closer the "true" value of the population is
approached.
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b) Instruments :
A research can not be completed without some questionnaire. A questionnaire is
a research instrument consisting of a series ofquestions and other prompts for the
purpose of gathering information from respondents. Although they are often designed
forstatistical analysis of the responses, this is not always the case. Questionnaires have
advantages over some other types ofsurveys in that they are cheap, do not require as
much effort from the questioner as verbal or telephone surveys, and often have
standardized answers that make it simple to compile data. However, such standardized
answers may frustrate users. Questionnaires are also sharply limited by the fact that
respondents must be able to read the questions and respond to them. Thus, for some
demographic groups conducting a survey by questionnaire may not be practical.
For this particular research we develop questionnaire based on consumer preferences on
purchasing and supporting hybrid cars. Therefore, we deliver these questions among
both male and female from aged 15 to 46+.
c) Data Collection
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A semi-structured questionnaire and interview session will be used to collect data.
The survey-questionnaire design to part will intend to acquire the demographic
profile of the respondents. In our respondent 25 persons are involved in our
assignment. The purpose of the set of attitude statements is to determine the level
of agreement or disagreement using a five-point like scale.
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d) Data Analysis (SPSS)
IBMis providing Business Research software with the SPSS. We are using this
software for our data analysis for our assignment. Its very effective and attractive
to do easily analysis and its clearly understanding and helping for decision
making easier.
ReliabilityWarnings
The space saver method is used. That is, the covariance matrix is not calculated orused in the analysis.
Case Processing Summary
N %
Cases Valid 25 100.0
Excluded(a)
0 .0
Total 25 100.0
a Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach'sAlpha N of Items
.749 8
DescriptivesDescriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Q1 25 2 6 3.76 1.091
Q2 25 2 6 4.28 .980
Q3 25 2 6 4.40 .913
Q4 25 3 6 4.88 .971
Q5 25 2 6 4.52 1.005
Q6 25 3 6 4.56 .821
Q7 25 3 6 4.40 .866
Q8 25 2 6 4.68 1.108
Valid N (listwise) 25
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Correlation:
.
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Regression
Model Summary
Model R R Square
Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate1 .984(a) .968 .964 .11167
a Predictors: (Constant), cost, tax_incn, lagisl
Variables Entered/Removed(b)
ModelVariablesEntered
VariablesRemoved Method
1 cost,tax_incn,lagisl(a)
. Enter
a All requested variables entered.b Dependent Variable: agr_pur
ANOVA(b)
ModelSum ofSquares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression
7.992 3 2.664 213.621 .000(a)
Residual .262 21 .012
Total 8.254 24
a Predictors: (Constant), cost, tax_incn, lagislb Dependent Variable: agr_pur
Coefficients(a)
Model
UnstandardizedCoefficients
StandardizedCoefficients
t Sig.B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant)
-.009 .199 -.043 .966
tax_incn .304 .037 .347 8.254 .000
lagisl .426 .037 .550 11.509 .000
cost .273 .036 .388 7.626 .000
a Dependent Variable: agr_pur
OnewayANOVA
agr_pur
Sum ofSquares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 5.428 15 .362 1.153 .428
Within Groups 2.826 9 .314
Total 8.254 24
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T-Test
Group Statistics
Independent Samples Test
7. Limitations:
The web sites we gone through do not provide all the relative information
Due to lack of time.
8. References
SEX N Mean Std. Deviation Std. ErrorMean
agr_pur Famale 7 4.2500 .65352 .24701
Male 18 4.5069 .56143 .13233
Levene's Testfor Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed)
MeanDifferen
ce
Std.ErrorDifferen
ce
95% Confidence
Interval of theDifference
Lower Upper
agr_pur Equalvariancesassumed
.468 .501 -.983 23 .336 -.25694 .26140-.7977
0.28381
Equalvariances notassumed -.917 9.658 .382 -.25694 .28022
-.88433
.37044
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Abdi, H. (2007), Kendall rank correlation, in Salkind, N.J. (Ed.),Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics, Vol. I, Sage Publishing,Newbury Park, CA.Durbin, D.A. (2005), Hybrid Car Sales Soar in U.S. in 2004, AssociatedPress, available at: www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0425-03.htm(accessed February 20, 2009).
Gatersleben, B. and Steg, L. (2002), Measurement and determinants ofenvironmentallysignificant consumer behavior, Environment and Behavior,Vol. 34 No. 3, pp. 335-62.
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Mendonza, J. (2008), Fuel cost driving hybrid sales, KGMB9 News.Minton, A. and Rose, R. (1997), The effects of environmental concern on
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environmental protection, Journal of Consumer Policy, Vol. 18, pp. 345-85.Perico, M. (2005), Consumer Behavior (COMM3211), National ResourceCanada (NRC), Ontario,Fall.Product Team (2009), Reporting US Hybrid Car Sales (post on Feb 15, 2009and June 3, 2009),available at: [email protected] (accessed March 10 and June 4, 2009).
Roberts, J. (1996), Green consumers in the 1990s: profile and implications foradvertising,Journal of Business Research, Vol. 36, pp. 217-31.Roberts, J. and Bacon, D. (1997), Exploring the subtle relationships betweenenvironmentalconcern and ecologically conscious consumer behavior, Journal of BusinessResearch,Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 79-89.Tsai, M. (2009), Hawaii consumers, businesses still keen on hybrid vehicles,available at: www.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/20090125/BUSINESS/901250355 (accessed
April 25, 2009).United Nations (2005), Framework Convention on Climate Changes, availableat: www.unfeee.int(accessed February 15, 2009).Wilson, C. (2008), EPA approves safer refrigerant developed by Hawaii man,HonoluluAdvertiser, available at: www.hcr188c.com/documents/EPA Approves SaferRefrigerant
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Chan, T.S., 1996. Concerns for environmental issues and consumer purchasepreferences: A two-country study. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 9 (1),43-55.
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Ajzen, I., 1991. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and HumanDecision Processes 50 (2), 179-211.
Anable, J., 2005. Complacent car addicts or aspiring environmentalists? Identifyingtravel behaviour segments using attitude theory. Transport Policy12 (1), 65-78.
Bamberg, S., 2003. How does environmental concern influence specificenvironmentally related behaviors? A new answer to an old question. Journal ofEnvironmental Psychology 23 (1), 21-32.
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Mick, J., 2010. Toyota Prius Was Top-Selling Vehicle in Japan for 2009. Availablefrom:http://www.dailytech.com/Toyota+Prius+Was+TopSelling+Vehicle+in+Japan+for+2009/article17360.htm, accessed 11 January 2010.
MacKenzie, S.B., Lutz, R.J., Belch, G.E., 1986. The role of attitude toward the ad asa mediator of advertising effectiveness: a test of competing explanations. Journal ofConsumer Research 18 (March), 519-529.
9. Appendixes
Appendix 1 -
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4
Septe
mber
11
Septe
mber
25
Septe
mber
11
0ctobe
r
18
Octob
er
20 30
Octob
er
27
Novem
ber
PROPOSAL
Statement of the
Problem &
Purpose of the
StudyLITERATURE
REVIEW
Questions and
Hypotheses
The Research
Design
Methods and
ProceduresDATA
COLLECTIONPRELIMINARY
ANALYSIS
FINAL ANALYSIS
SUBMISSION OF
PROJECT
Appendix 2
REVOLUTIONIZE FUTURE SURVEY CENTERYour feedback is important to us
Hello,
8/2/2019 1[1].Format & Editing
45/45
45 Bus-4Consumer behavior and environmental quality in Hawaii
4545
A research group of School of Business at IUB will survey on Consumer behavior and
environmental quality in Bangladesh
We would like to thank you for your time and assistance in filling in this questionnaire.
Your feedback is greatly appreciated and will be helpful in deciding the future
management of multinational corporations. The questionnaire should take less than 20
minutes to complete and your responses will remain anonymous. Please note any queries
whilst filling in the survey and I will be happy to go through these with you when I come
to pick up the completed questionnaire and conduct interview as well.
Thank you,
J. Sarif
IUB, Dhaka Campus
Bashundhara, Dhaka.
Mobile # +01671786524
Appendix 3 - Questionnaire