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Training Document SDH1
SDH
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
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Training Document SDH2
WHAT is SDH ?
Background and motivation for SDH
Limitation of todays high capacity networkAdvantages of SDH
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Training Document SDH3
Definition of SDH
SDH is stands for
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
and is :
An International Standard for a high capacity optical
telecommunication network
A synchronous digital transport system aimed at
providing a more simple, economical, and flexibletelecommunications network infrastructure.
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Training Document SDH5
PDH Systems Worldwide
2048 kbit/s
64 kbit/s
x 4
x 30/31x 24
x 3
x 7x 5
x 3
Japan USA-
ANSI
Europe
-ETSI
primary rate
.
.
.
32064 kbit/s
x 3
97728 kbit/s
397200
kbit/s
x 4
x 4
34368 kbit/s
139264
kbit/s
x 4
564992
kbit/s
x 4
8448 kbit/s
44736 kbit/s
274176
kbit/s
x 6
1544 kbit/s
6312 kbit/s
x 4
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Training Document SDH6
Limitations of Todays High Capacity Network
Inflexible, and expensive for telecommunication networking-based on step-by-step asynchronous multiplexing
Extremely limited network management and maintenance
support capabilities- no spare signal capacity in plesiochronous frame structures
Higher rate line systems are proprietary.
-no possibility of inter-working
2/88/34
34/140MUX
2 Mbit/s channels
2/88/34
34/140MUX
2 Mbit/s channels
2/88/34
34/140MUX
2/88/34
34/140MUX
2 Mbit/s channels
140Mbit/s 140Mbit/s
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Advantages of SDH ( I )
Designed for cost effective, simplified add & drop
Function- Compared to the older PDH system, low bit rate channels can be easily
extracted from and inserted into the high-speed bit streams in SDH. It is
now no longer necessary to apply the complex and costly procedure of
demultiplexing then re-multiplexing the plesiosynchronous structure.
140 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
STM-1
FDDI
ATM
STM-N
Reliability-Modern SDH networks include various automatic back-up circuit and repair
mechanisms which are designed to cope with system faults and are monitored
by management. As a result, failure of a link or an NE does not lead to failure
of the entire network.
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Advantages of SDH ( II )High Transmission rates
-Transmission rates of up to 10Gbps can be achieved in modern SDH systems
making it the most suitable technology for backbones-the superhighways in
todays telecommunication networks.
10 Gbit/s
155 Mbit/s
622 Mbit/s
2.5 Gbit/s
STM-1 STM-16 STM-64STM-4
Future-proof platform for new services-SDH is the ideal platform for a wide range of services including POTS, ISDN,
mobile radio, and data communications (LAN, WAN, etc.). It is also able to
handle more recent services such as video on demand and digital video
broadcasting via ATM.
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Advantages of SDH ( III )
Interconnection
-SDH makes it much easier to set up gateways between different network
providers and to SONET systems. The SDH interfaces are globally standardized,
making it possible to combine NEs from different manufacturers into a single
network thus reducing equipment costs.-The trend in transport networks is toward ever-higher bit rates, such as STM-256
(time division multiplex, TDM). The current high costs of such NEs however are a
restricting factor. The alternative lies in dense wavelength division multiplexing
(DWDM), a technology enabling the multiple use of single mode optical fibers. As a
result, a number of wavelengths can be used as carriers for the digital signals and
transmitted simultaneously through the fibers.
Provide built-in signal capacity for advanced network
management and maintenance capabilities-With SDH, network providers can react quickly and easily to the requirements
of their customers. For example, leased lines can be switched in a matter of
minutes. The network provider can use standardized network elements (NE)
that can be controlled and monitored from a central location via a
telecommunications management network (TMN) system.
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Synchronous Network Structure
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
STM-1
STM-4
STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET
TM
DXC
ADMADMATM
Switch
STM-4/162Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
STM-1
LAN
2Mbit/s
ADM
STM-1
STM-1, STM-4
2Mbit/s
8Mbit/s34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer
DXC : Digital Cross Connect
TM : Terminal Multiplexer
DSC: Digital Switching Center
LAN: Local Area Network
DSC
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STM-1 Frame Structure
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STM-1 Frame
270 columns
9 rows
capacity:
270 bytes x 9
= 2430 Bytes
frame length:
125 s
Pointer
RSOH
MSOH
1 91
9
9 lines Payload
270 bytes
0 125 s
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Frame Structure of the STM-1 Signal
SOH Area operational functions
monitoring functions
control functions
AU-Pointer
shows the beginning of the virtual
container of the highest level Payload Area
transport of the data
270 bytes
PointerRSOH
MSOH
1 91
9
9lines
Payload
0 125 s
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Functions and characteristics of the
Section Overhead (SOH)
includes operation, monitoring and controllingfunctions
each byte is equivalent to an 64-kbit/s channel
in regenerators only the first three lines are
accessable in multiplexers the last five lines are accessable
preserves the connections from the point of creation
until the point of decomposition
Pointer
RSOH
MSOH
1 9
1
9
9lines
Payload
0125 s
270 bytes
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Structure of the RSOH Frame Alignment
(A1, A2)
Section Trace(J0 Identficationof regeneratorsource)
Parity check(B1 calculated byregenerator andmultiplexers)
Data communicationchannels
(D1...D3, F1 betweenregenerators)
Voice communicationchannels(E1 betweenregenerators)
B1 E1
D1 D2
D4
D7
D5
D8
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
D9
D6
K2
D3
F1
A2 J0A1 A1 A1 A2 A2
B2 B2 B2 K1
H3H1 H3 H3H2
D10 D11 D12
RSOH
MSOH
AU pointer
9
9
1
1
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Structure of the MSOH
Automatic protectionswitching (K1, K2 Bytes)
Data communicationchannels (D4 to D12between multiplexers)
Clock source information(S1)
Remote Error Indication(M1)
Voice communicationschannels (E2 betweenmultiplexers)
Parity Check (B2)
B1 E1
D1 D2
D4
D7
D5
D8
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
D9
D6
K2
D3
F1
A2 J0A1 A1 A1 A2 A2
B2 B2 B2 K1
H3H1 H3 H3H2
D10 D11 D12
RSOH
MSOH
AU pointer
9
9
1
1
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STM-1 FRAME
(to ITU-T G.707)
270 COLUMS(BYTES)
AU POINTER
MSOH
RSOH
C-4
(DATA PAYLOAD)
261 COLUMS(BYTES)19
Payload Area
transport of the
data
AU-Pointer
shows the beginning of the
virtual container of the highest
levelPATHOVERHEAD(POH)
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STM-1 FRAME
(to ITU-T G.707)
270 COLUMS(BYTES)
AU POINTER
MSOH
RSOH
C-4
(DATA PAYLOAD)
261 COLUMS(BYTES)19
260 COLUMS(BYTES)
Low Rate
TributarySignal
VC Path
OverHead
TUPointer
Container
Virtual container
Low Order POH
Tributary SignalTributary Unit Frame
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Structure of the POH
B3
C2
H4
F3
N1
J1
F2
G1
K3
POH
9
1
VC-4/ VC-3 POH
J2
N2
V5
K4
VC-12/ VC-11 POH
Parity check B3, V5/ BIP-2 calculat bypath terminating point.
Alarm and performance information(V5, G1)
Signal label C2/V5
Multiframe indication for TUs (H4)
User communications channelbetween path elements (F2, F3)
Identification of the Path Source(Path Trace J1, J2)
Higher order path automaticprotection switching.(K3,K4)
Tandem Connection monitoring(TCM) function. (N1,N2)
HO-POH LO-POH
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Functions and characteristics
of the Path Overhead (POH) includes path trace identifier, alarm
signals and operational signals
secures the transport of a container tothe desired destination
PointerRSOH
MSOH
1 91
9
9lines
Payload
0 125 s
POH
270bytes
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Synchronous
Multiplexer
SynchronousMultiplexer
Multiplexer
SectionMultiplexer
Section
Regenerator
Section
Regenerator
SectionRegenerator
Section
Regenerator
Section
Path Section
SDH Network Section
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Training Document SDH22
SDH POINTERS
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Training Document SDH23
Difference between PDH and SDH
transport techniques
technique with frame memory (PDH)
technique with pointer processing (SDH)
Signal
4
Signal
1
Signal
2
Signal
3
transport
overhead
t = 0
t=T
t = 0
transport
overhead
t=T
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Training Document SDH24
Signal Processing
PointerPayload
POH
VC-nSOH
VC - Virtual Container
POH - Path OverheadSOH - Section Overhead
STM-1 Signal
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Training Document SDH25
Why do we need
pointer actions? neighbouring network elements (NEs)
may have different bitrates
in one NE the frequency of input fin may
differ from the output fout
Pointer
RSOH
MSOH
1 9
1
9
9lines
Payload
0 125 s
POH
270bytes
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Training Document SDH26
Tasks of the Pointer
the pointer shows the begin of the VirtualContainer within the higher structure
adaptation of the bitrate of the VC to the
velocity of the tranport channel (AU, TU)
a flag within the pointer signals the
changes made
kind of stuffing will be signalized also
PointerPayload
POHVC-nSOH
STM-1 Signal
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Training Document SDH28
AU4-Pointer
AU4-Pointer:
fin > fout
negative justification:
- fill H3 with payloadinformation
- new pointer value =old pointer value - 1
- the new pointer valuewill be fixed for at leasttwo STM-1 frames
H1H2H3
H1H2H3
VC-4
STM-1
STM-1
H1H2H3STM-1
VC-4
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Training Document SDH29
SDH Multiplexing Structure
and Frame Format
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Training Document SDH30
Mapping In SDH
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Training Document SDH31
Multiplexing Elements
virtual container
container
administration unit
synchronous transport module N
synchronous transport module
tributary unit group
tributary unit
POH
PTR
PTR
SOH
C-n n=1,2,3,4 bitratesG.702
VC-n m=1,2 C1, C2n=3,4 C3, C4
TU-n n=1,2,3,4 VC-n
TUG-2 TU-1, -2
AU-n n=3,4 VC-n
STM-1 AU-n, n=3,4
STM-n N=4,16 AU-n, n=3,4
element abbreviation payload
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Training Document SDH32
SDH Multiplexing / Mapping
for 2Mbit/s.
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Training Document SDH33
R: Fixed Stuff Bits
D: Data-Bits (of 2Mb/s Tributary-Signal)
O: Overhead-Bits (For future use)
C1, C2: Justification Indication-Bits
-C1 = 0 -> S1 = Data-Bit
-C1 = 1 -> S1 = Stuff-Bit
-C2 = 0 -> S2 = Data-Bit
-C2 = 1 -> S2 = Stuff-Bit
S1, S2: Actual Justification-Bits
-Justification is indicated by C1, C2
(Majority-Vote out of 3)
JustificationCapacity
+/- 1 Bit every 500 ms -> +/- 2000 Bits (~+/- 1000 ppm)Speed of C-12
136 Byte x 8 Bit / 500 ms = 2.176 MBit/s
Container C-12 (Asynchronous Mapping for 2 MBit/s)
R R R R R R R R
D D D D . . . .
. . . . D D D D
. . 256 x D . .
C1 C2 O O O R R R
R R R R R R R R
D D D D . . . .
. . . . D D D D
. . 256 x D . .
C1 C2 O O O R R R
R R R R R R R R
D D D D . . . .
. . . . D D D D
. . 256 x D . .
C1 C2 O O O R R S1
R R R R R R R R
S2 D D D D . . .
. . . . D D D D
. . 255 x D . .
R R R R R R R R
Block1
Block2
Block3
Block4
136Bytes(500ms)
1 Byte
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 TUG-3 TUG-2 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2Mbit/s
Virtual Container VC 12 / Mapping of C 12 into VC 12
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Training Document SDH35
Virtual Container VC-12 / Mapping of C-12 into VC-12
V5
140Bytes(5
00ms)
1 Byte
J2
N2
K4
#1
#2
#35
#36
#37
#70
#71
#72
#105
#106
#107
#140
BIP-2 REI RFI Signal Label RDI
BIP-2: Bit Interleaved Parity 2
REI: Remote Error Indication (Old name FEBE)
RFI: Remote Failure Indication
Signal Label: Specifies the content of the VC
RDI: Remote Defect Indication (Old name=FERF)
J2: Repetitively transmitted 16-Byte Framecontaining a Path Access Point Identifier
N2: Used for Tandem Connection Monitoring
K4: APS-Channel: Automatic Protection Switching Signaling
Spare: For Future use
Speed of VC-12: 140 Byte x 8 Bit/500 ms= 2.240 Mbit/s
Network Operator Byte N2
APS Channel Spare
Path Trace J2
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 TUG-3 TUG-2 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2Mbit/s
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Training Document SDH36
SDH Multiplexing Elements -
Virtual Container- VC
creation through addition of the POH
is transported through the network as
one unit if the VC contains several VCs, it will
have a pointer area
multi container payload throughconcatenation
VC-12
41
9
Tributary Unit TU 12
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Training Document SDH37
N N N N S S P P
V1 (TU-Pointer #1)
144Bytes
(500ms)
V1+V2 N: New Data Flag (NDF)
-Flag NOT active -> NNNN = 0110
-Flag active -> NNNN = 1001 (Inverted)
S: Size Indication
-For TU-12 SS=10
P: 10-Bit Pointer Value
-Range for TU-12 is 0.139
-Points to that Cell, Where the VC-12 starts
(Location of V5)
V3 Used for justification
-Incase of Negative Pointer Justification,
this Byte is used as Auxiliary-CellV4 Reserved (For future Use)
Tributary Unit TU-12
V2 (TU-Pointer #2)
Cell #105
Cells #106 #138
Cell #139
Cells #1 #33
Cell #0
V3 (TU-Pointer #3)
Cell #34
Cell #35
V4 (TU-Pointer #4)
Cell #69
Cell #70
Cells #36 #68
Cells #71 #103
Cell #104 Speed of TU-12: 144 Byte x 8 Bit/500 ms= 2.304 Mbit/s
P P P P P P P P
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 TUG-3 TUG-2 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2Mbit/s
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Training Document SDH38
Important Facts:
The TU-12 must be locked to the Higher-
Order VC (VC-3 or VC-4)
The 10-Bit TU-Pointer points to that cell,
where the V5-Byte Of the VC-12 is located
(Start of VC-12)
The VC-12 can float within the TU-12 since
both may have Different Clock rates
If the incoming VC-12 is too fast, the
excess data is carried By V3. The V5-Byte
moves 1 cell up in the TU-12 and the
pointer value decrements by 1
-> Negative Pointer Justification
If the incoming VC-12 is too slow, the byteimmediately after V3 (Cell #35) is used as
Stuff-Byte to stuff the excess transport
capacity of the TU-12. The V5-byte moves
1 cell down in the TU-12 and the pointer
value increments by 1.
-> Positive Pointer Justification
Mapping of VC-12 into TU-12
V1
V2
V3
V4
VC-12
35 Byte
35 Byte
35 Byte
35 Byte
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Training Document SDH39
Under normal conditions the pointer is justified by 1 (Increase or Decrease
as soon as the phase different between the VC-12 and TU-12 exceeds
8 Bits (1Byte). This is Indicated by inverting either the I or the D Bits of the
10-Bit Pointer (Majority vote out of 5). If a random change of the pointer valuebecomes necessary, this is indicated by activating (inverting) the new Data Flag.
Pointer Justification on TU-12 Level
0 1 1 0 1 0 I D I D I D I D I D
Speed of TU-12:
144 Byte x 8 Bit/500 ms= 2.304 Mbit/s
V1 V2V1
V2
Cell #105
Cell #139
Cell #0
V3Cell #34
Cell #35
Cell #69
Cell #70
Cell #104
V4
Inverted value of all D-Bits (Decrease)
Indicates Negative Justification
Inverted value of all I-Bits (Increase)
Indicates Positive JustificationNegative Justification Opportunity
(Used to carry Data)
Positive Justification Opportunity
(Used as Stuff-Byte)
New Data Flag Size
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Training Document SDH40
SDH Multiplexing Elements -
Tributary Unit - TU creation through addition of a pointer to the
VC
slip free transmission of a VC also in case
of plesiochronous behaviour of the network
element
the TU definition refers to the VC, the AU to
STM-1
identical to AU TU-12Pointer
9
4
V5
2 Mbit/s
--> C-12
VC-12 POH
4
1
1
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Training Document SDH41
Byte Interleaved Multiplexing of 3 x TU-12
into TUG-2 Multiframe
V1, 1
V2, 1
#105, 1
#139,1
#0, 1
V3, 1
#139, 1
#35, 1
#69, 1
#70, 1
#104, 1
V4, 1
V1, 2
V2, 2
#105, 2
#139,2
#0, 2
V3, 2
#139, 2
#35, 2
#69, 2
#70, 2
#104, 2
V4, 2
TU-12 #1 TU-12 #2 TU-12 #3
V1, 3
V2, 3
#105, 3
#139,3
#0, 3
V3, 3
#139, 3
#35, 3
#69, 3
#70, 3
#104, 3
V4, 3
Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
V1,1 V1,2 V1,3 #105,1 #105,2 #105,3
#139,1 #139,2 #139,3
V2,1 V2,2 V2,3 #0,1 #0,2 #0,3
#34,1 #34,2 #34,3
V3,1 V3,2 V3,3 #35,1 #35,2 #35,3
#69,1 #69,2 #69,3
V4,1 V4,2 V4,3 #70,1 #70,2 #70,3
#104,1 #104,2 #104,3
TUG-2 multiframe
125ms
125m
s
125ms
125ms
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 TUG-3 TUG-2 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2Mbit/s
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Training Document SDH42
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column
TUG-2 #1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2476 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column
NPI
TUG-3STUFF
TUG-3STUFF
1 2 3
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column
TUG-2 #212 1 2 3
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column
TUG-2 #312 1 2 3
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column
TUG-2 #712
Byte Interleaved Multiplexing of 7 x TUG-2 into 1 TUG-3
1--------------------------8
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Bit
NPI
1 0 0 1 X X 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
X X X X X X X X
TUG-3
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 TUG-3 TUG-2 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2Mbit/s
B I l d M l i l i f 3 TUG 3 (C i i TUG 2 ) i VC 4
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Training Document SDH43
1 2 3 4 5 6
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column
TUG-3 #284 85 86
TUG-3#2STUFF
TUG-3#2ST
UFFN
PI
1 2 3 4 5 6
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column
TUG-3 #384 85 86
TUG-3#2STUFF
TUG-3#2ST
UFFN
PI
1 2 3 4 5 6
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column
TUG-3 #184 85 86
TUG-3#2STUFF
TUG-3#2ST
UFFN
PI
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column
NPI#1
VC-4PathOH
VC-4Stuff
Byte Interleaved Multiplexing of 3 x TUG-3 (Containing TUG-2s) into VC-4
NPI#2
NPI#3
TUG-3#1STUF
F
TUG-3#2STUF
F
TUG-3#3STUF
F
VC-4Stuff
TUG-3#1STUFF
TUG-3#2STUFF
TUG-3#3STUFF
VC-4
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 TUG-3 TUG-2 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2Mbit/s
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Administrative Unit AU 4
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Training Document SDH45
Administrative Unit AU-41 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 2
64
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column 265
266
267
268
269
270
#522
#609
#696
#0
#87
#174
#261
#348
#435
#523
#610
#697
#1
#88
#175
#262
#349
#524
#611
#698
#2
#89
#176
#263
#350
#607
#694
#781
#85
#172
#259
#346
#433
#608
#695
#782
#86
#173
#260
#347
#434
#436 #437 #520 #521
H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3
AU-4
Payload
N N N N S S P P P P P P P P P P
AU-4 Pointer
H1+H2 N: New Data Flag (NDF)
-Flag NOT active -> NNNN = 0110
-Flag active -> NNNN = 1001 (Inverted)
S: Size Indication
-Not Specified on AU-4 Level (Dont care Bits)
P: 10-Bit Pointer Value
-Range for TU-12 is 0.728
-Points to that Cell, Where the VC-4 starts
Y-Bytes: Stuff Byte (Value=93 hex)
-Used as H1 in AU-3 Pointer
1*-Bytes: Stuff Byte (Value=FF hex)
-Used as H2 in AU-3 Pointer
H3-Bytes: Used for justification
- Incase of Negative pointer
justification, these bytes are
used as Auxiliary-Cells
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 TUG-3 TUG-2 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2Mbit/s
Pointer Justification on AU 4 Level
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Training Document SDH46
Pointer Justification on AU-4 Level
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column
H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3
0 1 1 0 1 0 I D I D I D I D I D
H1 H2
Inverted value of all D-Bits (Decrease)
Indicates Negative Justification
Inverted value of all I-Bits (Increase)
Indicates Positive Justification
New Data Flag Size
Under normal conditions the pointer is
justified by 1 (Increase or Decrease) as soon
as The phase different between the VC-4 and
AU-4 exceeds (3 Byte). This is Indicated by
inverting either the I- or the D-Bits of the 10-Bit
Pointer (Majority vote out of 5) If a random
change of the pointer value becomes
necessary, this is indicated by activating
(inverting the new Data Flag
Negative Justification Opportunity
(Used to carry Data)
Positive Justification Opportunity
(Used as Stuff-Byte)
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Training Document SDH47
Administrative Unit Group AUG
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column
Capacity of AUG: 1 x AU-4 (European standard)
Payload
AU-Pointer(s)
267
268
269
270
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 TUG-3 TUG-2 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2Mbit/s
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Training Document SDH48
SDH Multiplexing Elements -Administrative Unit Group - AUG
multiplexing of several AUs into a STM-N
9 Byte 261 Bytes
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Training Document SDH49
D E F GBA
GFEDCBAGFEDCBAGFEDCBA
C
a b c
TUG
TU
POINTER
TU
VCC
PLESIOCHRONOUSSTREAM
STUFF AND
JUSTIFICATION BITS
PATH
OVERHEAD
a b c
HIGHER
LEVEL VC
AU
STM-1
ADMINISTRATIVE
UNIT (AU)
POINTERS
SOH
POH
SOH = SECTION OVERHEAD
VC = VRITUAL CONTAINER
POH = PATH OVERHEAD
TUG = TRIBUTARY UNIT GROUP
9 Byte 261 Bytes
9Bytes
STRUCTUREOF STM-1
FRAME
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Training Document SDH51
How to integrate plesiochronous signals
into the synchronous transport module?
synchronous
transport module
administration
unit
virtual
container
container
Path Overhead
Pointer
Section Overhead
plesiochronous
Signal (140Mbit/s)
VC-4
AU-4/ AUG1
STM-1
C-4
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Training Document SDH52
Asynchronous Mapping for 140 MBit/s into C-4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D C R R R C R R R C R R R C R R R C R C
260 Bytes
13 Bytes
Note: Only 1 of 9 Subframes is shown (1 Subframe=20 Blocks = 1 Row of a C-4)
Block
R: Fixed Stuff Bits
D: Data-Bits (of 140Mb/s Tributary-Signal)
O: Overhead-Bits (For future use)
C: Justification Indication-BitsC = 0 -> S = Data-Bit
C = 1 -> S = Stuff-Bit
S: Actual Justification-Bits
Justification is indicated
by C-Bits (Majority-Vote out of 5)
D D D D D D D D D D D . . . 96 x D . . . D D D
Byte 1 Byte 213
D-Block
C-Block
R-Block
C R R R R R O O D D D . . . 96 x D
R R R R R R R R D D D . . . 96 x D
D D D D D D S R D D D . . . 96 x D
. . . D D D
. . . D D D
. . . D D DS-Block
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Training Document SDH53
Virtual Container VC-4 (C-4 Structure)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column
Speed of VC-4
261 x 9 Byte x 8 Bit / 125 ms = 150.336 MBit/s
C4
259
260
261
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC-4 Path Overhead (Higher Order POH)
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4
Administrative Unit AU-4
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Training Document SDH54
Administrative Unit AU 41 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 2
64
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column 265
266
267
268
269
270
#522
#609
#696
#0
#87
#174
#261
#348
#435
#523
#610
#697
#1
#88
#175
#262
#349
#524
#611
#698
#2
#89
#176
#263
#350
#607
#694
#781
#85
#172
#259
#346
#433
#608
#695
#782
#86
#173
#260
#347
#434
#436 #437 #520 #521
H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3
AU-4
Payload
N N N N S S P P P P P P P P P P
AU-4 Pointer
H1+H2 N: New Data Flag (NDF)
-Flag NOT active -> NNNN = 0110
-Flag active -> NNNN = 1001 (Inverted)
S: Size Indication
-Not Specified on AU-4 Level (Dont care Bits)
P: 10-Bit Pointer Value
-Range for TU-12 is 0.728
-Points to that Cell, Where the VC-4 starts
Y-Bytes: Stuff Byte (Value=93 hex)
-Used as H1 in AU-3 Pointer
1*-Bytes: Stuff Byte (Value=FF hex)
-Used as H2 in AU-3 Pointer
H3-Bytes: Used for justification
- Incase of Negative pointer
justification, these bytes are
used as Auxiliary-Cells
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4
STM 1 F
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Training Document SDH55
STM#1
AU-4
VC-4
C-4
Payload
POH
AU-PTR
R-SOH
M-SOH
AU Administrative UnitVC Virtual ContainerC Container
270 Bytes9 1
3
1
5
STM-1 Frame
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Training Document SDH56
SDH Multiplexing / Mapping
for 34Mbit/s.
Asynchronous Mapping for 34 MBit/s into C-3
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Training Document SDH57
Asynchronous Mapping for 34 MBit/s into C 3
R R R R
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
R R R R
R R R R
R R R R R C R R R R R R R R R C
R R R R R C R R R R R R R R R C
R R R R R C R R R R R R R R R S
84 Bytes
4 Bytes 1 Byte
Note: Only 1 of 3 Sub frames (3 Rows) are shown
Block
Blks 21.40
Blks 41.60
R: Fixed Stuff Bits
D: Data-Bits (of 34Mb/s Tributary-Signal
O: Overhead-Bits (For future use)
C1, C2: Justification Indication-Bits
Cx = 0 -> Sx = Data-BitCx = 1 -> Sx = Stuff-Bit
S1, S2: Actual Justification-Bits
Justification is indicated
by C1, C2-Bits
(Majority-Vote out of 5)
R R R R R R R R D D D . . . 24 x D . . . D D D
Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4
R-Block
R R R R R R C1C2 D D D . . . 24 x DC-Block
R R R R R R R RS-Block
R R R R R R R R-Block
. . . D D D
D D D D D D D DR R R R R R R S1 S2 D D D D D D D
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Training Document SDH58
Virtual Container VC-3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column
Speed of VC-3
85 x 9 Byte x 8 Bit / 125 ms = 48.960 MBit/s
C3
83
84
85
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC-3 Path Overhead (Lower Order POH)
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3 34M
Tributary UnitTU-3
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Training Document SDH59
N N N N S S P P P P P P P P P P
H1+H2 N: New Data Flag (NDF)
-Flag NOT active -> NNNN = 0110
-Flag active -> NNNN = 1001 (Inverted)
S: Size Indication
-Not Specified on TU-3 Level (Dont care Bits)
P: 10-Bit Pointer Value
-Range for TU-3 is 0.764
-Points to that Cell, Where the VC-3 starts (Location of J1)
H3-Bytes: Used for justification
- Incase of Negative pointer
justification, these bytes
are used as Auxiliary-Cell.
y
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Column
TU-3
Payload
83
84
85
H1
H2
H3
FixedStuff
TU-3 Pointer
82
86
Pointer Justification on TU-3 Level
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Training Document SDH60
0 1 1 0 1 0 I D I D I D I D I D
H1 H2
Inverted value of all D-Bits (Decrease)
Indicates Negative Justification
Inverted value of all I-Bits (Increase)
Indicates Positive Justification
New Data FlagSize
Under normal conditions the pointer is
justified by 1 (Increase or Decreases soon
as The phase different between the VC-3
and TU-3 exceeds 1Byte. This is Indicated
by inverting either the I- or the D-Bits of the
10-Bit Pointer (Majority vote out of 5)If a random change of the pointer value
becomes necessary, this is indicated by
activating (inverting the new Data Flag
1 2 3 4 5 6
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column 85
H1
H2
H3
FixedStuff
86
Positive Justification Opportunity
(Used as Stuff-Byte)
Negative Justification Opportunity
(Used to carry Data)
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3 34M
T ib t U it G TUG 3 (TU 3 St t )
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Training Document SDH61
Tributary Unit Group TUG-3 (TU-3 Structure)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column 85
TU-Pointer
86
Speed of TUG-3
85 x 9 Byte x 8 Bit / 125 ms = 48.960 MBit/s
84
TUG-3
Payload
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3 34M
Byte Interleaved Multiplexing of 3 x TUG-3 (Containing TUG-3s) into VC-4
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Training Document SDH62
1 2 3 4 5 6
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column
TUG-3 #284 85 86
TUG-3#2STUFF
TUG-3#2S
TUFF
1 2 3 4 5 6
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column
TUG-3 #384 85 86
TUG-3#2STUF
F
TUG-3#2S
TUFF
1 2 3 4 5 6
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Row 4Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column
TUG-3 #184 85 86
TUG-3#2STUFF
TUG-3#2STUFF
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3Row 4
Row 5
Row 6
Row 7
Row 8
Row 9
Column
Byte Interleaved Multiplexing of 3 x TUG 3 (Containing TUG 3s) into VC 4
VC-4
H1
H2
H3
H1
H2
H3
H1
H2
H3
VC-4PathO
H
VC-4Stuff
VC-4Stuff
TUG-3#1STUFF
TUG-3#2STUFF
TUG-3#3STUFF
H1
H2
H3
H1
H2
H3
H1
H2
H3
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3 34M
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Training Document SDH64
STM-1 Signals as Transport Pipe
A STM-1 Signal Can Transport:
One 140 Mbit/s PDH Signal
Three 34 Mbit/s PDH Signals
Sixty-three 2 Mbit/s PDH Signals
Combinations, eg. twenty-one 2 Mbit/s
and Two 34 Mbit/s PDH Signals
ATM cells, FDDI, DQDB Protocols, etc.
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Training Document SDH65
Synchronous
Byte-interleavedmultiplexing
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Training Document SDH66
Error and Alarm Monitoring
Error and Alarm monitoring
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Training Document SDH67
g
Anomalies and defects in SDH
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Training Document SDH68
Anomalies and defects in SDH
SDH Anomalies/Defects Detection criteria OH Byte
LOS Loss of signal Drop in incoming optical
power level causes high
bit error rate
OOF Out of frame A1, A2 errored for 625 s A1,A2
LOF Loss of frame If OOF persists for 3 ms A1,A2
RS BIP Regenerator Section BIP Mismatch of the recovered B1
Error Error (B1) and computed BIP-8 covers
the whole STM-N frame
RS-TIM Regenerator Section Mismatch of the accepted J0
Trace Identifier Mismatch and expected Trace
Identifier in byte J0
Anomalies and defects in SDH
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Training Document SDH69
Anomalies and defects in SDH
SDH Anomalies/Defects Detection criteria OH Byte
MS BIP Error Multiplex Section BIP Mismatch of the recovered B2
Error (B2) and computed N x BIP-24
covers the whole frame
except RSOH
MS-AIS Multiplex Section K2 (bits 6, 7, 8) = 111 K2
Alarm Indication Signal for 3 frames
MS-REI Multiplex Section Number of detected B2 M1
Remote Error Indication errors in the sink
side encoded in byte M1 of
the source side.
MS-RDI Multiplex Section K2 (bits 6, 7 8) = 111 for K2
Remote Defect Indication z frames
(z = 3 to 5)
Anomalies and defects in SDH
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Training Document SDH70
Anomalies and defects in SDH
SDH Anomalies/Defects Detection criteria OH Byte
AU-AIS Administrative Unit All ones in the AU pointer H1, H2
Alarm Indication Signal bytes H1 and H2
AU-LOP Administrative Unit 8 to 10 NDF enable 8 to 10 H1, H2
Loss of Pointer invalid pointers
HP BIP Error HO Path BIP Error (B3) Mismatch of the recovered B3
and computed BIP-8
covers entire VC-n
HP-UNEQ HO Path Unequipped C2 = 0 for 5 frames C2
HP-TIM HO Path Trace Identifier Mismatch of the accepted J1
Mismatch and expected Trace
Identifier in byte J1
Anomalies and defects in SDH
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Training Document SDH71
HP-REI HO Path Number of detected B3 G1
Remote Error Indication errors in the sink side
encoded in byte G1 (bits 1,
2, 3, 4) of the source side.
HP-RDI HO Path G1 (bit 5) = 1 for z G1Remote Defect Indication frames (z = 3, 5 or 10)
HP-PLM HO Path Mismatch of the accepted C2
Payload Label Mismatch and expected Payload
Label in byte C2
TU-LOM Loss of Multiframe H4 (bits 7, 8) multiframe H4X = 1 to 5 ms not recovered for X ms
TU-AIS Tributary Unit All ones in the TU pointer V1-V4
Alarm Indication Signal bytes V1 and V2
Anomalies and defects in SDH
SDH Anomalies/Defects Detection criteria OH Byte
Anomalies and defects in SDH
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Anomalies and defects in SDH
SDH Anomalies/Defects Detection criteria OH Byte
TU-LOP Tributary Unit 8 to 10 NDF enable 8 to 10 V1,V2
Loss of Pointer invalid pointers
LP BIP Error LO Path BIP Error Mismatch of the recovered V5
and computed BIP-8 (B3)
or BIP-2 (V5 bits 1, 2)
covers entire VC-n.
LP-UNEQ LO Path Unequipped VC-3: C2 = 0 for 5 frames V5
frames VC-m (m = 2, 11,
12): V5 (bits 5, 6, 7) = 000for 5 multiframes
LP-TIM LO Path Trace Mismatch of the accepted V5
Identifier Mismatch and expected Trace
Identifier in byte J1