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Design & Force Analysis Of Portable Hand Tiller 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture in India has a significant history. As Per the 2010 world agriculture

statistics, India is the world's largest producer of many fresh fruits and vegetables, milk,

major spices, select fresh meats, select fibrous crops also.

A report from 2008 claimed India's population is growing faster than its ability to

produce rice and wheat [1]. Other recent studies claim India can easily feed its growing

population, plus produce wheat and rice for global exports, if it can reduce food staple

spoilage, raise its farm productivity.

So in order to raise its productivity more machines must be implemented, to help

small scale farmers hand tillers are introduced. It is a power tool used to prepare the land

for agricultural purpose.

Rotary tiller or rotavator (derived from rotary cultivator) is a tillage

machine designed for preparing land by breaking the soil with the help of rotating blades

suitable for sowing seeds (without overturning of the soil).

Nowadays, utilization of rotary tiller has been increased in agriculture

applications because of simple structure and high efficient for this type of tillage

implement.

A rotary tiller is a specialized mechanical tool used to plough the land by a

series of blades which are used to swirl up the earth. Rotary tillers have become world

famous for preparation of seedbed in filed.

Dept. of Mechanical Engg, AWH. Engg College

Design & Force Analysis of Portable Hand Tiller 2

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

A hand tiller is a specialized mechanical tool used to Plough the land by a

series of blades which are used to swirl up the earth. Rotary tillers are either self propelled

or drawn as an attachment behind either a two-wheel tractor or four-wheel tractor. Small,

self-propelled rotary tillers are used in domestic gardens. When attached to two-wheel or

four-wheel tractors, rototillers are used on farms. In addition, rotary tillers have been used

to clean the exterior of oilfield pipes and to prepare the ground for road construction.

Rotary tillers have become world famous for preparation of seedbed in

fields. Nowadays, utilization of rotary tillers has been increased in agricultural

applications because of simple structure and high efficiency for this type of tillage

implements.

By taking advantage of rotary tillers, the primary and secondary tillage

applications could be conjugated in one stage. Despite of their high energy consumption,

since rotary tillers have the ability of making several types of tillage applications in one

stage, the total power needed for these equipments is low. Because rotary tillers power is

directly transmitted to the tillage blades, the power transmission efficiency in rotary tillers

is high and so it will be very effective for the farmers

While coming on to the working of the rototiller or hand tiller, it is

typically propelled forward (via 1-5 horsepower petrol engine or .8 - 3.5 kilowatts) by the

rotating tines and do not have powered wheels, though they may have small transport/level

control wheel(s). To keep the machine from moving forward too fast, an adjustable tine is

usually fixed just behind the blades so that through friction with deeper un-tilled soil, it

acts as a brake, slowing the machine and allowing it to pulverize the soils.

The slower a rototiller moves forward, the more soil tilts can be obtained.

The operator can control the amount of friction/braking action by raising and lowering the

handlebars of the tillers [2].



2.1 STUDIES ON AVAILABLE TILLERS

Before going in to the design of a new tiller we had a thorough study on presently

available hand tillers and then also learn about the its advantages and disadvantages. Some

of the tillers that we gone through are

1. HONDA F 400 [3]

2. HONDA FG 110 [4]

3. EARTHQUAKE MC 43 MINI CULTIVATOR [5]

We had gone through different hand tillers as mentioned above. Specification and

diagram of HondaF400 is discussed below.

2.1.1 Honda F400

The product figure with parts mentioned is given below [3]

1. Throttle Lever 2. Handlebar Column3. Fuel Tank Cap4. Muffler5. Engine Oil Filler Cap6. Engine Oil Drain Plug7. Handlebar8. Ignition Switch9. Clutch Lever And Lock10. Handlebar Clamp Lever11. Shift Lever.12. V-Belt Cover13. Tine Assy

Fig 2.1 (Component Identification)



2.1.2 Cutting operation and installation of blade in Honda F400 is dhjhj

fshjd discussed in their official manual is explained in fig 2.2 [3]

1. Install the tine assembly on each axle with the cutting edges facing in the direction

of rotation

2. Align the tine assembly so that the tine on each side contact the soil

simultaneously; otherwise the tiller may yaw.

3. Insert the wheel pins through holes in the axles, and install snap pins to secure tine

assemblies.

Depending on the width of the crop rows and soil condition, the number of the tine blades

can be changed one or two on each side. Always have the same number of blades on each

side.

Fig 2.2(Tine Installation)

2.1.3 Handling Tips

Adjust the handlebar height to a comfortable

Position

Should the machine jerk forward while tilling,

press down on the handlebar

If the machine willnot move forward move the

handlebar from side to saide.

Turn: the proper method of negotiating a turn

during a tilling operation is to lower the handlebar

to bring the weight towards the rear and then make

the tue



Fig 2.3 (Handling Tips)

2.1.4 SPECIFICATIONS

Displacement 144cc

Maximum output 3.5HP/4000rpm

Maximum torque 66.0Kg-cm

Clutches Manual V-belt

Dimensions 54.7 X 23.2 X 35.4 in

Transmission Belt

Tab 2.1 (Specifications)

Drawbacks of available tillers

1. Difficult to carry forward the tiller if the transport wheel is located behind the

blade(while tilling)

2. If both wheels and blades are mounted on same shaft, its not possible to control the

till depth manually

3. The engine is mounted near to the operator more weight is distributed to the

operators hand

4. Also operator is exposed to more noise and pollution

5. The power is distributed to control wheel too more fuel consumption and energy

wastage occurs

2.2. Tiller blades

Tiller blades or rotavator are mostly available in the size of 1.20 – 1.80 m working

width and which is suitable for tractors having 45 hp and above. Further, rotavator may

have ‘L’ shape, ‘C’ shape, ‘J’ shape, hook tines and straight knife Blades to suit various

operating conditions (Fig. 1). Generally, L-shaped blades are used in Indian rotavator. The

work quality by using a rotavator not only depends on design parameters but rotor blade



layout, speed of rotors, forward speed etc. which are significantly affects the machine

performance [5].

Depending on the soil conditions, blade geometry and velocity ratio, the

interference of the backside of the blade and the uncut soil may result in severe soil

compaction and high power consumption. This is the main reason to cause vibrations,

which are a result of the reaction of soil upon the tiller blades.

The proper design of the rotary tiller blades is essential to efficient operation. The

matrix equations for describing the motion of the blade of rotary tiller were described

which demonstrated that energy consumption in rotary tillage can be decreased through

improved blade design. In maize and spring barley production systems in combination

with a chisel plow, rotary tillers have been found to have high energy requirements, but

rotary tilling is more effective in saving labor compared to conventional tillage systems.

The continuous fluctuating impact of soil crust / clods / stone develops high stress

areas on blade tip or blade critical edges. A rotavator has a useful life of 2400 h (8 year)

with annual use hour as 300.The local blades need replacement after 80-200 h of their use;

however, imported blades need replacement after 300-350 h in normal soil. It is estimated

that around 5 lakh blades are required annually towards replacement and for new

machines. 533 Proceedings of the 1st International and 16th National Conference on

Machines and Mechanisms (iNaCoMM2013), IIT Roorkee, India, Dec 18-20 2013.

Therefore, proper design of these blades is necessary in order to increase their working life

time and reduce the farming costs.

In India, because of variety of soil conditions in different regions, different blades

are used, but most of the blades faces similar problem like high rate of wear which

ultimately reducing the service life/working life. Working life time of the blades can be

increased by a suitable design according to the soil type and soil condition [5]. Standard

tiller blades are available in the market, all variety blades with longer life are readily

available [6]



CHAPTER 3

DESIGN

3.1 DESIGN BASICS

Machine design is creation of plans for machine to perform the desired

functions. The machine may be entirely new in concept of performing new type of work or

it may perform more economically work that can be done by existing machine. It may be

an improvement or enlargement of an existing machine for better economy and capability.

Machine design is defined as the use of scientific principles, technical information and

imagination in the description of a machine or a mechanical system to perform specific

function with maximum economy and efficiency. This definition of machine design

contains following important features [7]:

1. A design uses principles of basic and engineering sciences such as physics,

mathematics, statics and dynamics, thermodynamics and heat transfer, vibration

and fluid mechanics. Some of the examples of these principles are,

(1) Newton’s law of motion,

(2) D’Alembert’s principle,

(3) Boyle’s and Charles Law of gases,

(4) Carnot cycle and ,

(5) Bernoulli’s principle.

2. The designer has technical information of the basic elements of a machine. These

elements include fastening devices, chain, belt and gear drives, bearings, oil seals

and gaskets, springs, shaft, keys, couplings and so on. A machine is a combination

of these basic elements. The designer knows the relative advantages and

disadvantages of these basic elements and their suitability in a particular

application.

3. The designer uses his skill and imagination to produce a configuration which is a

combination of these basic elements. However, these combinations are unique and

different in different situations. This intellectual part of selection of proper

configuration is creative in nature.



4. The final outcome of design process consists of description of the machine. The

description is in the form of drawing of assembling and individual components

5. A design is created to satisfy a recognized need of the customer. The need may be

perform a specific function with maximum economy and efficiency.

Machine design establishes and designs solutions and pertinent structures for problems

not solved before and provided new solution to problems that have previously been solved

in different way. Design should not be confused with the word `Discovery`. Discovery

means getting the first sight of, or the first knowledge of something [7].

Tab 3.1 (Design procedure)


Market Survey

Define Specifications of Products

Study Alternative Mechanisms for Productsand

Select Proper Mechanism

Design Individual Componentsand

Select Joining Methodsbetween

Individual Components of Products

Prepare Assembly and Detail Drawingsand

Modify Drawings after Testing Proto type Modals


3.2 MECHANISM

3.2.1 Power transmission

Mainly two types of mechanism are used for transmitting power and they are

chain driven and belt driven mechanism and in our project we selected belt driven

mechanism.

Advantages of belt driven mechanism over chain

• It can absorb a good amount of shock and vibration.

• It can take care of some degree of misalignment between the driven and the

driver pulleys

• Long distance power transmission

• Extra lubrication is not necessary

• Better exposure to dust moisture than chain

Elements in the power transmission mechanism

Fig 3.1(Elements in the Mechanism)

3.2.2 Cutting mechanism in hand tiller

The cutting mechanism for a tiller includes rotating cutting knives, usually two

in number or more, which rotate at very high speeds in a Substantially horizontal plane,

the inclination of which may, however, be slightly varied as desired. Preferably, the cutters



are disposed on substantially vertical axes which are slightly offset with respect to each

other in the forward direction of travel and which are otherwise disposed so that the path

of movement of the ends of the blades overlap in the bight there between. Such a cutting

mechanism, with its rotating velocity cutters, includes a supporting frame arrangement

preferably adapted for attachment to the front end of the tractor or other propelling vehicle

so as to lead the same in the cutting operation, although the cutting mechanism may be

mounted underneath the tractor in certain instances as will be hereinafter pointed out [8].

Fig 3.2 (cutting mechanism)

L-type blades showing methods of mounting and cutting action

3.3 Designing of individual components

By using the AutoCAD software we had done the designing of major

components. Explanations and details on each component are as follows.

3.3.1 Driven Shaft

This is the shaft to which the driven pulley is connected and all the blades are

mounted so with the help of the driven pulley this shaft is rotated and thus tilling happens.

The geometrical view of the shaft is shown in fig 3.1.

Material: Alloy Steel



The material for making the Driven Shaft is selected as Alloy Steel. Alloy

steel is steel that is alloyed with a variety of elements in total amounts between 1.0% and

50% by weight to improve its mechanical properties [9].

The following is a range of improved properties in Alloy steels

• Strength

• Hardness

• Toughness

• Wear resistance

• Corrosion resistance

• Hardenability

• Hot hardness.

To achieve some of these improved properties the metal may require heat treating.

Determining the geometry is complicated part in designing.

Geometry will directly effect on the performance and reliability of the product.

some of the reasons for choosing this geometry are as follows

Length of the minimum dia of the shaft is 240mm, this space is provided to

accommodate the blade assembly and the Plummer block, and thus we get a till width of

max 10inch (the 10 inch dimension is choose because from the market survey we could

conclude that the mostly preferred tilling width by the farmer is 8-10inch and most of the

machine comes with the same too) and

The length of the bigger dia of the shaft is 140mm; this is provided for

accommodating driven pulley plus working clearance. The diameter of the shaft is chosen

from the force analysis and its further details are explained in chapter 4.1


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_treating

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hot_hardness&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardenability

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_resistance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wear_resistance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toughness

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardness

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_of_materials

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy


CALCULATION

P = 2Πnt [14]

60*100

P = power in watts

N = speed in rpm

T = torque Nmm

N = 588rpm

P =1.5 HP=1119W

T = 1119*60*1000 = 18182Nmm

2π588

1/3

D =

Ss = stress of shaft N/mm2 D = diameter of shaft mm Fos =2

Ss =55N/mm2 [14]

=


16*TπSs

16*18182 π*55/2


= 18.2 mm

Std: diameter = 20mm [14]

Fig 3.3 (Driven Shaft)

Material Properties

Name Alloy Steel

Model type Linear Elastic Isotropic

Yield strength 6.20422e+008N/m^2

Tensile strength 7.23826e+008N/m^2

Elastic modulus 2.1e+011N/m^2

Poisson’s ratio 0.28

Mass density 7700kg/m^3

Shear modulus 7.9e+010N/m^2

Thermal expansion coeff 1.3e-005/ Kelvin

Tab 3.2(material properties driven shaft)

3.3.2 Wheel Shaft



This is the shaft on which the transport wheel is mounted this shaft should

withstand the total weight of the tiller because while moving the tiller from one place to

other the complete load will be concentrating on to the shaft. So the confirmation of the

maximum load that the shaft can with stand is found out by using force analysis and its

details are listed below. The detailed drawing is shown in fig 3.2.

Material: Plain Carbon Steel

Material selected for making wheel shaft is plain carbon steel, carbon steel are

most widely used steel. The properties of carbon steel depend Primarily on carbon it

contains. Plain carbon steel is a type of steel having a maximum carbon content of 1.5%

along with a small percentage of silicon, magnesium, sulpher and phosphorus.

Generally with an increase in the carbon 0.01 to 1.5% in the alloy its strength

and hardness increase but still such an increase beyond 1.5% cause appreciable reduction I

malleability and ductility of steel [10].

General effects of alloying elements are

• Improves tensile strength

• Improves harden ability

• I mproves toughness

• Improves wear resistance

• Improves abrasion resistance

The geometry of the fixed shaft is chosen with respect to the inner diameter of

the wheel to be mounted on, the length is selected in such a way that it can hold on the

frame rigidly and also it can accommodate the wheel and its working clearance. The force

analysis on the same is done and its further details are explained in chapter 4.2


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wear_resistance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toughness

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_of_materials


Fig 3.4 (Wheel Shaft)

Material Properties

Name Plain Carbon Steel









Tab 3.3(material properties of wheel shaft)

3.3.3 Blade

Tiller blades are available in different shapes and size depending up on the soil

and tilling requirements, in our design we selected the ‘L’ type(generally, L-shape are

used because of the soil physics ) and its geometrical drawing is available below. In case

of damage the blades can replace easily by removing the nut and bolts. The detailed

drawing is shown in fig 3.3.



Material: Boron Steel

The material for making the Driven Shaft is selected as Boron Steels . it’s the

commonly used material for the manufacturing of blade [11].

Characteristics of Boron steels

• Potential savings on raw material costs. Particularly significant where a medium

carbon alloy steel is being replaced

• Lower as-delivered hardness giving improved blanking tool life

• Inclusion control for good cold formability

• Reproducible harden ability ensuring consistency of the end product

• Good harden ability encouraging minimal distortion after heat treatment

• Water quenching can be used for certain grades and applications

• Good case hardening response with consistent, reproducible properties

• Lower tempering temperatures used, giving savings on energy costs

• Tempering treatments may be incorporated into paint curing processes for

some applications

• Increased toughness for equivalent hardness compared to traditional carbon

steels

• Improved weld ability through low carbon equivalent.

The geometry of the plate on which the blades are mounted is determined by

considering the pitch and margin dimensions and also one plate can accommodate four

blades. The inner hole diameter is same to that of the shaft minimum diameter (different

type of blades can be used, here used blade is L type and is readily available in the market)



Fig 3.5 (Blade)

3.3.4 Driver & Driven Pulley

The driving pulley is called the Driver, and the driven pulley the Driven. The

fig 3.6.a is the drive pulley here the power from the driver is transmitted to the driven

pulley using belt drive. The fig 3.6.b shows the driver pulley. The power transmission is

by belt derive because it is very cheap, reliable and low maintenance too

Material: Cast Iron

Cast iron is iron or a ferrous alloy which has been heated until it liquefies, and is

then poured into a mould to solidify. It is usually made from iron. The alloy

Constituents affect its color when fractured. whitecast iron has carbide impurities which

allow cracks to pass straight through. Grey cast iron has graphite flakes which deflect a

passing crack and initiate countless new cracks as the material breaks [12].

General properties of cast iron are as follows

• Compressive strength

• Shock resistance


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_iron

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrous

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron


• Tensile strength

• Brittle

• Castability

• Resistance to distortion

• Good strength and density

Driver pulley

Fig 3.6.a (Driver Pulley)

Driven Pulley



Fig 3.6.b (Driven Pulley)

3.3.5 Structure

Structure is the biggest component among the design and it is on to which all the

elements are mounted and fastened. The handle of the structure can be adjusted depending

on the worker needs.

Material: Galvanized Iron Pipe

The material for making the structure is selected as GI pipe because it is

• More Strong

• Good Welding Property

• Corrosion Resistant

• Light In Weight

• Good Surface Finish



The width of the structure is the length of the shaft plus clearance i.e. 700mm and

the height from the ground to the handle is adjustable from a minimum of 520 and to a

maximum of 900mm , depending up on the worker i.e. they can manually adjust the height

to their needs. Fig 3.5 shows the Structure.

Figure 3.7 (Structure)

3.4 SLECTION OF JOINIGN METHODES

A proper brain storming must be done before selecting the joining methods

because the machine will not be able to with stand the force acting upon it. Also correct

tightness of fit must be provided in correct areas otherwise it may lead to scoring and

jamming of different elements of the machine. Here in this tiller the frame is made pipe

bending and welding and the other parts of the tiller are mounted using the Plummer block

nut, bots, etc, on looking in to the final cad assembled view the methods of joining can be

easily understood. The two pulleys ie the driven pulley and the driven pulleys are

connected each other using the belt drive mechanism [7].



Chapter 4

ANALYSIS

4.1 Software used

Solid Works is solid modeling CAD (computer-aided design) software that

runs on Microsoft Windows and is produced by Dassault Systèmes SolidWorks Corp, a

subsidiary of Dassault Systèms. SolidWorks is currently used by over 2 million

engineers and designers at more than 165,000 companies worldwide. SolidWorks is

a Parasolid-based solid modeler, and utilizes a parametric feature-based approach to create

models and assemblies.

Parameters refer to constraints whose values determine the shape or geometry of

the model or assembly. Parameters can be either numeric parameters, such as line lengths

or circle diameters, or geometric parameters, such as tangent, parallel, concentric,

horizontal or vertical, etc. Solidworks integrates easy to use analysis tools with design to

verify operations and performance during product development. Solidworks design

analysis increases product innovation by reducing risk in design, significantly reduces the

number of physical prototype needed, and helps lower material and other costs.

SOLIDWORKS simulation technology ensures the quality and performance of the

design before we commit to production. Comprehensive analysis tools let us test models

digitally for valuable insight early in the design process. With the information you

develop, we can easily determine methods to reduce weight and material costs, improve

durability and manufacturability, optimize margins, and compare design alternatives to

best meet specific customer requirements [13].

Some of the advantages of solid work stimulations are

• Easy to Learn, Easy to Master

• Provides Powerful Insight

• Eliminates Prototypes, Sparks Innovation

• Enables Clear Communication

• Optimized for Speed and Accuracy


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_feature_based_modeler

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_modeling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasolid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Syst%C3%A8mes,_S._A.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_modeling


4.2 Analysis of components

Here we had done the force analysis of the components with the help of a

software (solidworks).

4.2.1 Driven shaft

The maximum working safe load acting up on the shaft is 100 N and the

analysis of this load acting on the driven shaft is done using solid works (Software) and its

effects are shown below (here in working condition the maximum load that will act on the

shaft will be 50-80 , but considering the Factor of Safety we took 100N load)

Fig 4.1(driven shaft-analysis)



Material Properties

Name Alloy Steel









Tab 4.1(driven shaft material properties)

Mesh Information

Mesh type Solid Mesh

Mesher Used: Curvature based mesh

Jacobian points 4 Points

Maximum element size 6.88933 mm

Minimum element size 6.88933 mm

Mesh Quality High

Total Nodes 13169

Total Elements 8073

Tab 4.2 (driven shaft mesh information)



Fig 4.2 (driven shaft mesh drawing)

Study Result

Name : Stress

Type of load : Static

Min : 4.24883e-006N/m^2 Node: 8933

Max : 1.25076e+006N/m^2 Node: 4325



Fig 4.3(driven shaft: stress-analysis result)

Name : Displacement

Type of load : Static

Min : 1.94732e-012mm, Node: 46

Max : 0.00017209mm, Node: 4467

Fig 4.4 (driven shaft: displacement- analysis result)



Name : Strain

Type : Equivalent Strain

Min : 1.5365e-017, Element: 5105

Max : 3.26318e-006, Element: 1982

Fig 4.5(driven shaft: strain-analysis result)

Force Analysis Comments:

The Fixed shaft doesn’t fail on the given Conditions



4.2.2 Wheel shaft

Fig 4.6 (fixed shaft-analysis)

Material Properties

Name Plain Carbon Steel











Table 4.3 (fixed shaft-material properties)

Mesh Information

Mesh type Solid Mesh

Mesher Used: Curvature based mesh

Jacobian points 4 Points

Maximum element size 3.35422 mm

Minimum element size 3.35422 mm

Mesh Quality High

Total Nodes 13053

Total Elements 8502

Table 4.4(fixed shaft-mesh information)

Figure 4.7(fixed shaft-mesh drawing)



Study Result

Name: Stress

Type of load: Static

Min: 4191.35N/m^2 Node: 1977

Max: 3.97116e+007N/m^2 Node: 2413

Fig 4.8(fixed shaft: stress-analysis)



Name: Displacement

Type of load: Static

Min: 0mm, Node: 38

Max: 0.00446072mm, Node: 3212

Figure 4.9 (fixed shaft: displacement-analysis)



Name : Strain

Type : Equivalent Strain

Min : 3.66609e-008, Element: 1849

Max : 0.00013675, Element: 2313

Fig 14.10(fixed shaft: strain-analysis)

Force Analysis Comments:

The Fixed shaft doesn’t fail on the given Conditions



CHAPTER 5

ASSEMBLY

5.1 MAIN ASSEMBLY

The drawing is done using the auto cad software. Fig 5.1.a shows the

cad drawing with the safety guards and Fig 5.1.b shows the cad drawing

without safety guard.



Fig 5.1.a (with safety guard)

Fig 5.1.b (without safety guard)



5.2 Driven Shaft Assembly

The fig 5.1 shows the Driven shaft Assembly where the Tilling blade,

Plummer block, Main Pulley and Driven shaft are assembled together. This is

the major assembled part of this Tiller.

Fig 5.2 (Driven Shaft Assembly)



5.3 Main Assembly

The fig 5.2 shows the main assembly where we can see all the

assembled parts from the top side view



Fig 5.3 (Main Assembly-top view)

CHAPTER 6

ADVANTAGES

1. Easy to carry forward the tiller as the transport wheel is located in front of the

blade(while tilling)



2. As wheels and blades are mounted on different shaft, it is possible to control the

till depth manually

3. The engine is mounted away from the operator so less weight is distributed to the

operators hand

4. Also operator is not exposed to more noise and pollution

5. As power is not distributed to control wheel too more fuel consumption and

energy wastage occurrence is avoided

6. As only one wheel available it is very easy to carry through narrow space

7. This design is more efficient and low cost

8. In case of any wear and tear of blade it can be easily replaced

CHAPTER 7

APPLICATIONS



Some of the major applications of the hand tiller are as follows

Weeding

Tilling

Furrowing

Soil preparation for Vegetable cultivation and orchards & Sugarcane

fields

Spade work in coconut groves



CHAPTER 8

MAINTENANCE AND SAFETY

A rotary tiller needs to be operated and maintained with proper care. It is important to

avoid contact with the rotating tines, as they can cause serious injury. By standers,

especially children, should be kept at a safe distance. Tree stumps, large roots, and rocks

should be cleared out before using the tiller, as the tines could catch on such objects and

cause the tiller to "jump" out of control.

Given that a rotary tiller digs up the soil, its engine oil and filter need to be

changed regularly. The recommended interval for oil changes is at least once a year or

after 50 hours of use, or more often if the oil appears dirty. In addition, the air filter needs

to be cleaned or replaced often, and the tines and housing should be washed after each use



CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION

We were able to successfully complete the design of the hand tiller. While

designing the hand tiller we came across various tiller blades and various tiller designs its

drawbacks, advantages etc. we also learned about the importance of preparing the land

before tilling.

FUTURE SCOPE

• Fabrication of a tiller made of light metal will give better results.

• By electrifying the power source more results can be brought.

• If we could utilize solar energy as source with minimum cost and maintenance,

then we could reduce the pollution and cost of farming



Chapter 9

REFERENCES

1. Staff, India Brand Equity Foundation Agriculture and Food in India Accessed 7

May 2013

2. www.parentpacth.com/gardening-tools-about-the-hand-tiller

3. Honda-F400 user manual from http://www.allotment-

garden.org/rotovator/manuals/Honda-F400-tiller-manual.pdf

4. A study about Honda tiller fg110 from

http://powerequipment.honda.com/tillers/models/fg110

5. Study about mini cultivator from

http://www.getearthquake.com/foundations/store/shopdetail.asp?

params=MC43E*89**Mini_Cultivator_-_Gas-

Powered_Weeding_Tool_with_Electric_Start

6. http://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/power-tiller.html

7. A Textbook of Machine Design by R.S.KHURMI AND J.K.GUPTA, S. Chand

Publications ,since 1980

8. Tractor mounted rotary disc cutting assembly by Lilliston Implement Company,

Dec 17, 1957

9. Foundation of material science and engineering(4th edition) by smith William and

hashemi javad

10. C lassification of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels

11. www.tatstssleurope.com

12. John Gloag and Derek Bridgwater, A History of Cast Iron in Architecture, Allen

and Unwin, London (1948)13. Review about solidworks from http://www.solidworks.com/

14. Design data handbook by S Md. Jalaludheen , Anuradha Publications


http://www.solidworks.com/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gloag

http://www.tatstssleurope.com/

http://www.keytometals.com/Articles/Art62.htm

http://www.uom.ac.mu/faculties/foe/mped/students_corner/notes/enggmaterials/steelbklet.pdf

http://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/power-tiller.html

http://www.getearthquake.com/foundations/store/shopdetail.asp?params=MC43E*89**Mini_Cultivator_-_Gas-Powered_Weeding_Tool_with_Electric_Start



http://powerequipment.honda.com/tillers/models/fg110

http://www.allotment-garden.org/rotovator/manuals/Honda-F400-tiller-manual.pdf

http://www.allotment-garden.org/rotovator/manuals/Honda-F400-tiller-manual.pdf

http://www.parentpacth.com/gardening-tools-about-the-hand-tiller

http://www.ibef.org/exports/agriculture-and-Food.aspx

Documents

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