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DOCUMENT BESUME

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AUTHORTITLEINSTITUTIONPUB DATENOTE

Hagevig, William A.Fire Protection for Rural Communities.Alaska State Dept. of Education, Juneau.7881p.; Pages 46-53 may not reproduce well due to poorprint quality and smallness cf print; Revised versionof a 1971 paper

EDES PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Alarm Systems; Audio Visual Aids; Community Action;

Community Cooperation; Educational Prcgrams;*Equipment; Equipment Maintenance; EquipmentManufacturers; Films; *Fire Fighters; *FireProtection; Fire Science Education; *Rural Areas;Safety; State Aid; *Training

IDENTIFIERS *Alaska; *Firefighting Instructions

ABSTRACTFire protection in rural Alaskan communities depends

on individual home fire prevention and protecticn rather than on theservices offered by a centralized fire department. Even when help issummoned to extinguish a klaze, aid does nct come in the form of acadre cf highly trained firefighters; it comes instead from whomeverLappens to be in the area. In order to control and extinguish a firein its early stages, citizens must have adequate warning that a firehas begun in a home and proper equipment readily at hand. This meanssmoke detection devices installed in all living units, as well asfire extinguishers placed in each home in the community. In thesummertime, communities near a river or sea may utilize these watersources with portable fire pumps, hose and nozzles, but in thefreezing temperatures of winter only fire extinguishers can be used.This marual on fire protection is divided intc three sections.Dealing with firefighting equipment and methods, the first sectiondiscusses fire prevention, types of firefighting equipment,firefighting techniques, and care and maintenance of firefightingequipment. Section II explores four state assistance programs, i.e.,State Fire Service Training Program and Division of Fire Prevention.The final section includes lists of fire equipment supplydistributors, -ample forms and applications, and audio-visualmaterials. T ist of audio-visual materials includes synopses of 47training fil vailable from the Alaskan Department cf PublicSafety. (AuthcL)

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Fire Protecti nr--I us oEp.armENToFHE.I.TH.

EDUCATION A WELFARE

CO NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFEOUC AT ION

1....r\ THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEENDUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED Far..THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORiO,

TING T POINTS OE VIEW OR OPiNicw,STATED 00 NOT NECESSARILY REpr'SENT 0:FICIAI NATIONAL INSTITUTE G'EDUCATION POSITION OR POI ICY

CZ)w

FOR RURAL COMMUNITIES

ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

FIRE SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM

r

FIRE PROTECTION

FOR RURAL COMMUNITIES

Prepared byWilliam A. Hagevig,

Fire Service Training ProgramAlaska Department of EducationPouch F, Juneau, Alaska 99811

FIRE PROTECTION FOR RURAL COMMUNITIES

PAGE

SECTION I FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT AND METHODS 1

Introduction 2

Fire Prevention3

Early Warning 3

Heat & Smoke Detection Devices for the Home 3

Community Warning Devices 5

Firefighting Equipment 5

Extinguishers 5

Using Fire Extinguishers 8

Installation, Care and Maintenance of Extinguishers

Portable Pumping EquipmentHoses & Nozzles 12

Firefighting Techniques 14

Use of Firefighting Equipment: Portable Pumps, Hoses & Nozzles 14

Ventilating and Entering a Burning Building 16

Vertical Ventilation 16

Horizontal Ventilation 16

Smoke or Backdraft Explosions 17

Rescuing Fire Victims 17

Care and Maintenance of Firefighting Equipment 19

SECTION II STATE ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS 22

State Fire Service Training Program 22

Division of Fire Prevention 22

Division of Local Government Assistance 23

De art: ent of Natural Resources 24

SECTION III USEFUL INFORMATION 25

Sample Forms and Applications (Exhibits 1-12) 26

Fire Equipment Supplies Distributors (Exhibit 13) 45

Audio - Visual Cotalogr (Exhibits 14-15) 47

Smoke Detection Devices Act (Exhibit 16) 67

SECTION IFIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENTAND METHODS

INTRODUCTION

Fire protection in rural Alaskan communities generally depends on individual home protection ratherthan WI the protection offered by a centralized fire department. When a house catches fire, thosenearest the building respond to the call for help, not an organized body of firefighters. This standard of

protection ex ists in many small rural villages which have neither the financial resources nor sufficientlytrained personnel to support a regular fire department. The fire protection problem is furthercomplicated by seasonal fluctuations in population rind elimaticand geographical conditions whichmake the use of conventional firefighting equipment unfeasible. Given this need for strong individualBorne protection, local citizens must have:

a) adequate warning that a fire has begun in a home, arid

to proper equipment readily at .hand

in order ti, control and ex tinguish a fire in its early stages. if a fire is not controlle..! in its early stages. it

almost always result in total loss of the building.

FIRE

PREVENTION

Because ex tingn ishing a fire may be difficult in rural areas, constant and effective fire prevention mustbe practiced by the rural resident. The basic rules of fire prevenf.:-n arc simple. involving goodhousekeeping practices, safe handling of flammable liquids :rr gases, control of rubbishaccumulations, proper use of electrical installations. control of grass and brush growth adjacent tohomes arldOt her structures, and education of all residents, regardless of age or sex, in basic personalresponsibility for the prevention of fires. Village eouncils are urged to establish and pursue a vigorous

program of mandatory fire prevention in their communities. When those in authority take theinitial ive. the individual resident will usually make a conscious effort to prevent the occurrence of fires.

'Toward this end illage ()111.161s should a% ail themselves of the assistance and guidance provided by the

Office of theState Fire Marshal within the State Department of Public Safety.

EARLY WARNINGThe utiler one learns about a fire the better one's chances are of rescuing threatened lives andsuccessfully controlling and extinguishing the fire. When fires burn undetected over long periods,lives are lost and the opportunity for saving the burning structure is greatly reduced.Early warning means immediately notifying those persons present in the burning home and thenrapidly alerting those individuals relied upon to provide assistance in rescue and extinguishment ofthe fire.

HEAT& SMOKE DETECTION DEVICES FOR THE HOME

For state law pertaining to heal and smoke detection devices see Exhibit 16, Section III. page 67.

A number of Mali% elv inex pensive heat and/or smoke detection devices have been developed for home

ow. Soule are spring loaded, others rise household current and perhaps the most popular operate from

self .contained batteries. Most sound a loud warning when activated by the presence of excessive heat or

smoke. Whichever type is chosen by a village or an individual, the unit must be of good quality and of

an established reliability. To assure this quality and reliability, consider using only those units which

have an " U L" rating orare recommended by the State Fire Marshal.Figure I illustrates several typical home heat and smoke detection devices. If properly installed. tested

and maintained in accordance with the manufacturers' recommendations, such units provide r means

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COMMUNITY WARNING DEVICES

Communities with electricity available on a 24-hour basis can make good use of conventional fire sirensas a means of alerting the people of a fire or other emergency. Choose a siren with consideration to theamount of current it will draw, the weather resistance of theunit, and its location with relation to theprevailing wind or any structure or obstruction which might affect its audibility.Village councils may arrange to have a siren mounted on the local school building since most schoolsenjoy 24-hour electrical capability. A timing device which will allow the siren to blow for a prescribedtime can be added for an additional nominal cost. Activating switches should be installed in one ormore locations not too distant from the homes to be protected. Possible locations could be the school,the community hall or the powerhouse, if such exists. Community residents mu3t be warned of theemergency nature of the siren so that its value as a warning device is not compromised byindiscriminate blowing.Manually operated sirens arc available for use in villages without electricity. These, however, have alimited range and may not give adequate warning in areas subject to high winds or frequent storms.

FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENTEXTINGUISHERS

Rural villages are almost always without streets or lanes adequate for motorized fire apparatus, They

rarely have water supply systems suit-able for providing water for firefighting, nor can they generallyulilir.c water for firefighting at ,ill seasons the year because of climatic: conditions. Therefore, the mostsuitable means of fighting structural fires is through the use of portable fire extinguishers, of a highdegree of efficiency, and available in numbers adequate to provide control and extinguishment of allbut the most heavily involved fires. For best results such fire extinguishers should be placed in eachhome in the community with a reserve of 4-6 units kept to provide additional firefighting capability orto replace used units. If an extinguisher has been expended, whether partially or completely, it must besent to a service agency for cleaning and recharging.Tests by State Fire. Service Training personnel indicate that the most effective kind of fire extinguisherfor the rural home use is a dry chemical, multi-purpose extinguisher, 'preferably of 10 lb. minimum size(see figure 2). "Dry chemical" means that the extinguishers are filled with a powder-like substance,ammonium phosphate, which extinguishes the fire. "Multi-purpose" means that the extinguisher canput out fires in (a)combustible materials such as paper, wood, clothing, etc.; (b) flammable liquids suchas oil, gas. kerosene; and (c) electrical short circuits, faulty wiring, etc.Once a fire has been detected in a home, all residents should be immediately evacuated to insurehat no lives are lost. Then, if the fire, is still controllable (as it probably would be if detected by

an early warning device), it can he extinguished by use of an extinguisher located in the home,

or by the coordinated discharge of several units together. A 10 lb. extinguisher should offer enoughpowder to extinguish fairly advanced fires in ti !mine. This size extinguisher can be handled byable-bodied men or women, provided they have been given adequate training in its use. In ruralcommunities where water is not readily available for firefighting (as in central and northern Alaskain winter) these extinguishers may offer the sole means of extinguishing a fire, large or small.

There are two basic kinds of Multi-purpose dry chemical units which both deliver the same amountof firefighting capability. One is the "Stored Pressure" type and the other is "cartridge operated".

STORED PRESSURE UNITS

SQUEEZEGRIP

GAUGE

"0" RING

FIGURE 2

ROSE

ROSE

CLIP

NOZZLE

PUNCTURE LEVERPUNCTURE PIN

SEALING DISC

CO2 CARTRIDGE

CANVYINGHAtIOLE

POKOt

SYPHONTUbE

GAS TUBE

DRY CHEMICALCHAMBER

GAS PORTS

CARTRIDGE OPERATED UNITS

STORED PRESSURE UNITS

The "stored pressure" unit is filled with powder and pressurized with nitrogen or compressed air.

Cost

Advantages

Retail $40+ each

Volume Purchase $22 to 30 each

Comparatively low initial cost, much less than cartridge. operated units.

A simple gauge located on the unit indicates whether the unit has sufficient pressure to operate.

I tisadvantages

I. '['he units must be recharged from a compressed air or nitrogen tank (which most village

communities do riot possess), so extinguishers must often be shipped to the nearest urban

community for refilling. Cost of refilling is approximately $.10 plus shipping. But while the

extinguishers are being refilled: the community is left without firefighting equipment, perhaps for

an indefinite length of time.Nitrogen, not compressed air, should be used to charge and recharge the extinguishers. Compressed

air goes "flat" in extremely cold temperatures while nitrogen remains constant to -40°F. Although

compressed air can be used to refill the extinguishers, the air must be extremely well-filtered. The

average air compressor cannot provide sufficiently dry air to refill the stored pressure unit for cold

weather capability for this reason, the use of compressed air is not recommended in Alaska.

CARTRIDGE OPERA TED UNITS

Retail $60 to 70 each

Volume Purchase $35 to 60 each

\ dvantages

I. The cartridge-operated unit can be refilled with powder and recharged with carbon dioxide or

nitrogen in the community itself. The unit operates from a separate gas-filled cartridge attached

to the shell. Additional powder and cartridges may he purchased and stored in the community

itself.

Disadvantages

I. The initial cost of the cartridge-operated unit is nearly double the initial cost of the stored

pressure unit.

9. When the seal of the gas cartridge has been broken, it must he replaced, regardless of how much

powder has been expended.

USING FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Which ever type of portable extinguisher is selected by the village, the general principals for its use are

the same.Portable fire extinguishers arc designed for use on incipient fires, those in early stages. With propertraining, however, individuals can become very proficientin using portable extinguishers even on fireswhich have progressed to a considerable degree.Several limitations apply to almost all fire extinguishers. The following must be considered by theprospective fire fighter:

I. There is a Iitnited amount of extinguishing agent.

There is a limited range, from 8-12 feet in the case of direct application, from a 10 lb.imilli-purpose unit.

3. There is a limited time of discharge ranging from eight seconds for smaller units to as much as two

minutes.

4. There is the need for close and complete maintenance and for some types of extinguishers, ahigher cost of recharging the unit.

In order 10 get the maximum effect from the limited amount of extinguishant contained in a smallportable unit, the firefighter should use the following guidelines.

A. Hold the extinguisher in one point only long enough for the discharge to accomplish the

maximum effectiveness at this point of impact, then move it to an adjacent area. Efficientmovement of the stream of extinguishant. a critical factor, comes only with repeatedexperiences in attacking typical problem fires in training sessions. Moving the stream too fast

will result in leaving an area unextinguished. Moving the stream too slow will result inneedlessly drenching one area and emptying the extinguisher, leaving other areas

unextinguished.

B. As a rule, start the fire attac k on the fire at the lowest level and move upward. This will

prevent the area already extinguished from becoming reinvolved by rising heat.

C. Do not waste any extinguishing agent by attempting the attac k from a distance beyond therange of the extinguisher. The user must get within reach and pick the point of first attackvery carefully. Do not, however, get so close that there is needless punishment from heat.

D. When the fire involves a liquid, such as fuel, do not agitate the surface. When the force of thedischarge causes fuel to be blown up into the air, the fuel can contact additional oxygen formore complete combustion, resulting in an increase in intensity.

Frequently the use of two or more extinguishers together will put out a fire which wouldkontinue to burn if attacked by a series of single units.

F. Do nakshut-offtiieextirnitlisher until certain that the lire is definitely out,

In cases where a structural file has gained considerable headway. coordinate an attack using several

extinguishers simultaneously from several locations to obtain possible extinguishment. The intent is

to saturate the atmosphere within the fire with sufficient extinguishing agent to interrupt theproduction of flame. This reduces immediately the temperature levels which, in turn, slows down or

stops the production of combustible gases, thereby stopping progression of the fire.

If the structure is closed up, that is, doors and windows are closed and intact, make the attack bybreaking out a small section of each window and discharging one or more extinguisher into the fire

area. Discharge should be toward the ceiling area as well as toward the seat of the fire, if such isapparent.

In the event that the attack is directed from several sides of the house, it is important that thedischarge of extinguishers be simultaneous for best effect. Use caution to insure that extinguishersare not wasted in rooms remote from the fire or not directly involved.

If the fire has been burning for some time in a closed up building, extreme caution must beexercised In deciding whether to break windows or ventilate the structure first. The danger is thepcO'sibillty of a smoke or back-draft explosion which, occurring when oxygen is admitted to asuperheated atmosphere of combustible gases, could result in injuries or immediate loss of thebra Ildrng. (See the Section on Entering a Burning Building).

INSTALLATION, CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF EXTINGUISHERS

To he effective as a firefighting tool, a portable fire extinguisher must be placed where it is readilyaccessible at all times. In most rural homes, the primary fire hazard is the oil or wood fired kitchen

ar..a. A common mistake is to hang the fire extinguisher next to the stove area when, in fact,if

the stove area is involved in fire, the extinguisher may become completely inaccessible.Homeowners should hang extinguishers gust inside the front door where they can be reached either'fool irrsiek or utitside the building. An alternate position, or position for a second extinguisher,wi,tild hr inside the bedroom where the adult members of the family sleen. This second extinguisher-w()old he valuable in eases where one would have to knock down a lire in order to get out of thehorning structure,

,iiriti-purpose dry chemical extinguishers are relatively maintenance free and require only twoperiodic checks:

Cheek Pressure guage to determine that gas pressure is up to full mark.

Periodically torn extinguisher upside down aid shake several times to prevent powder frombecoming caked.

(-CTION: nrY chemical extinguishers which have been even partially discharged must be sent in toy,:rvice agency for cleaning and recharging. Particles of powder which stick on the surfaces on the

barge valve will allow the nitrogen gas to drain off, leaving the extinguisher useless.

PORTABLE PUMPING EQUIPMENTFire fighting methods maY vary from summer to winter, particularly in northern rural communities.In ,,innriier communities near a river or the sea will have a plentiful supply of water. Summer fireoting cart center then around the use of portable fire pumps, hose and nozzles. When the watersnug" completely freezes in winter, fire fighters must use portable fire extinguishers again.

partible Pumps are manufactured in a wide variety of types and capacities with prices ranging from1.401 to over $1200. The most efficient type for rural fire protection is a self-priming centrifugalplop which can discharge 60 to 120 gallons per minute.

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LIGHT

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MEDIUM

FIGURE 3

HEAVY DUTY PUMPS

WHEELED BOX- FRAME

TYPES OF PORTABLE PUMPS

I

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FLOATING

The following are the three basic designs of portable fire pumps. First, a high pressure, low volumeunit is designed for grass and brush fires requiring maximum range and penetration from thepumping equipment. This kind of fire fighting is usually conducted with hose and nozzles of smalldiameters, sacrificing volume of water for greater pressure. The second type is "Trash" pumpswhich deliver a large volume of water, but at a greatly reduced nozzle pressure. Such pumps areused for irrigation, pumping basements or pits during construction and for salvage work. Its lowpressure capability may make this pump type unsatisfactory for firefighting. The third type ofpump combines the best features of the two previously mentioned units, medium volume andmedium pressure. These pumps are designed to supply moderate volumes, 60 to 200 gallons perminute, at pressures adequate for most firefighting requirements, about 60 to 100 pounds persquare inch (P.S.I.).

It is impossible to point to one specific portable pump as being the ideal pump for rural firefightingin Alaska. Conditions and requirements as to geographical location, water flow, and portability varyfroin village to village. For example, the hillside communities of Southeast Alaska require either apump large enough to deliver an adequate volume of ,iter uphill with sufficient pressure to tie

useful for firefighting, or two smaller pumps set up to pump in relay, thus boosting the pressure asthe water is pumped from the source through the first pump and from there, to the second pumpand the fire. Villages located along the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean or adjacent to major rivers) steins have a different situation. There elevation may not be a major factor but villages may hesprawled over a considerable area, requiring lengthier hoselines and perhaps. again, the use of twopumps in relay to deliver adequate water to homes some distance away from the water source. Andthere may be homes and other structures located so that it is just not possible to pump adequateamounts of water for firefighting. In these cases, villagers will have to rely on using portable fireextinguishers.

Village Councils anticipating purchase of portable fire pumps should consider the following:

I. What will be the pumping distance from the water source to the fire? !flow tide puts the watersource 100 feet or more from the first line of houses, consider a pump which delivers its rated

capacity at a higher pressure because of the added distance it must push water during lowtides. An alternative would be to purchase a second pump for relaying water, placing onepump at the water source and the second close to the fire. If this method is used, pumps oflesser pressure ratings can be purchased.

How portable must the pump be? Where roads or adequate paths give ready access to the water

source, larger pumps can be purchased and mounted on optional two-wheel carts. Largercapacity pumps can also he carried in pick-up trucks or towed on skids behind snow machines.

If pumps must he hand carried over difficult terrain, or if firefighting personnel includes

people of lesser physical strength, it may be advisable to purchase the lightest possible pumpwhich gives an adequate supply of water. In general, pumps weighing up to 150 lbs. can beeasily carried by four people. Most heavy duty pumps weigh 100 to 150 lbs. Light and mediumduty pumps may range from 25 to 95 lbs. One manufacturer markets a floating "Floto Pumps"

which produces 80 gpm at 65 p.s.i. and weighs only 40 lbs.

Flow much water should the pump deliver to the fire? A typical portable pump delivers 60Rpm at 100 p.s.i., excellent for firefighting because it is sufficiently high for developing a good

fog pattern. If the nozzle is selected to produce a good pattern at 60 gpm, then the result willhe an effective fire stream for 11/2 " hose lines. One problem, however, must be considered.When high velocity water flows through rubber fined hose, it develops friction which results in

a loss of pressure. called "friction loss." The friction loss factor for 100' of 11/2" hose flowing

60 gpm is about 14 p.s.i. which means that the nozzle pressure will be reduced to 86 p.s.i. Ifthe hose line is 200' long, friction loss will reduce the nozzle pressure to 72 p.s.i. In addition,nozzle pressure will drop 5 p.s.i. for every 111/2' that the pump must raise water above its ownlevel. These factors must be considered when choosing a pump. F or example, if a pump mustpush water through 100' of hose uphill to an elevation of 23' to reach the fire, the loss in

nozzle pressure will be as follows:

Rated Pump Pressure 100 p.s.i.Friction Loss per 100' 1W' hose 14 p.s.i.

Pressure Loss due to elevation 10 p.s.i.

Total Pressure Loss 24 p.s.i.

100 p.s.i.- 24 p.s.i.

Nozzle Pressure 76 p.s.i.

Where pressure loss caused by elevation and friction may seriously reduce the effect:. s of apump, select a unit which delivers an adequate gallonage at a substantially higher nozzle pressure.For example, a pump which delivers 60 gpm at 155 p.s.i. and used under the same circumstances asabove, would have an adjusted nozzle pressure of 131 p.s.i.:

Rated Pump PressurePressure Loss due to Elevationand Friction

155 p.s.i.-24

Nozzle Pressure 131 p.s.i.

Thus, choosing a pump of the same gallonage, wi a higher discharge pressure, allows maintenance

of a more than adequate nozzle pressure even after -fiction and elevation losses are subtracted.

Generally speaking, the previously mentioned medium volume, medium pressure pumps will providean adequate fire stream in most instances as long as the friction and elevation pressure losses are not

excessive. Best results are obtained when the community purchases nozzles of gallonages matched

to the pump.

HOSES & NOZZLESFire hose, manufactured in a variety of grades, should be purchased to fit the service for which it

will be used. Modern hose consists of a vulcanized rubber tube to which a woven jacket ofcotton-synthetic fiber or 100% synthetic fiber is bonded. Municipal fire hose with a single woven

covering is called "Single Jacket"; it usually is pressure tested to a strength of 300-500 p.s.i. Some

hose, called "Double Jacket" hose, is provided with an additional woven sleeve which adds strength

and abrasion resistance. Double jacket hose is tested to 400-800 p.s.i. For rural firefighting where

hose is not in regular use, single jacket synthetic hose is entirely adequate.

.12-7n

SOLID STREAM'

11/2" DirectHose Connection

11/2" Size

11/2"

Leader Line

21/2" Size

"RANGER" FOG NOZZLES

ALUMINUM

BRASS NOZZLES

11/2" Mystery

FIGURE 4

11/2"

Industrial

411111ffillet

1'/2" LEXAN* FOG NOZZLES

PLASTIC

Standard hose length is 50' with couphngs. .fstimated cost cf a 50' length of 100% synthetic single

jacket hose with brass couplings is $40:00 io $50.00 per length. Such hose may be of municipal orforestry grade and will weigh 16 to 20 poun,k per length, 2 1/2" hose of the same general type will

cost $51,0(3 to $75.00 per length and weigh 28 to 35 pounds.

Eureka Fire Hose Co. markets a line of plastic hose called "Uniroyal." This hose is impervious to oil

or gasoline, abrasion resistant, and remains pliable to -65° F. It is durable, lightweight hose, giving

excellent service under rural firefighting conditions.

State law requires that all hoses, nozzles, and fittings be purchased with National Standard Threads

NST or NS).

Firefighting nozzles, available in many types and styles, must be selected to match the portable

pump in use, For rural use with portable pumps, industrial or forestry nozzles of brass, aluminum or

plastic will give excellent service: Lexan plastic nozzles, Sierra plastic nozzles or "Ranger"

aluminum nozzles in the 11/2" size cost front S21 to $55. Standard brass industrial nozzles are

priced around $40. The,"Mystery" fog nozzle is also designed to work well with portable pumps,

having a range of 40 -95 gpm, but it is priced higher, about $90.00. There is no point in spending

$:25 for a chromed 11/2" fog nozzle if a $20.00 Lexan plastic nozzle will do the job as well. 21/2"

nozzles are available in most of the styles and types described above. Prices are correspondingly

higher.

FIREFIGHTING TECHNIQUES

USE OF FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT: PORTABLE PUMPS, HOSES AND NOZZLES

Portable pumps provide an easy means of transporting water under pressure from the water sourceto the lire. The size of the pump, distance to the fire, size of hose, and number of hose-linesrequired all affect the firefighter's ability to control and extinguish an unwanted fire.

If the pump is of low capacity or the burning structure is small, it may be advisable to extend asingle line !rum the pump to the fire. To use more than one line from a low capacity pumpwould reduce volume :ritf water pressure so that both would be ineffective.

If, however, both pressure ;old volume of water are sufficient, then employ an extremely effective

hose lac known as the "Wyed Line which provides two lilies of is z" hose for use at the fire. The

"Wyed Line" consists of a length of hose extending from the pump toward the tire to which,

at some point near the fire, a gated wve is attached. From the wye. two 11/2" lines are extended to

the fire. Both Imes may he used in fighting the lire or one may he kept outside to protect other

structures exposed to danger. The advantage of the "W,:_cd Line" hose lay is that the loss of pressure

from traction is much less in 21/2" hose than it is in I 1/2" hose, The 21/2" inch hose delivers a large

volume of water (nearly four times as much as 11/2" hose) at good pressure close to the fire. The

l' lines are then shorter, resulting in less friction loss and more maneuverability.

If the lire is in an advanced stage or burning so as to endanger other structures, it may be advisable

to put a 21/2" nozzle on the large hose and knock down the fire with a large delivery of water. The

nozzle can then he removed, the gated wye placed on the 21/2" hose and the 11/2" lines used from the

wye to finish extinguishing the fire. This firefighting procedure is standard practice in the fire

service

18

F

TYPICAL FIREFIGHTING LAYOUT FOR

PORTABLE PUMP

\ 1 1i2" NOZZLE

NOTE: MAY ALSO USE SINGLE 1 1/2" HOSE WITHOUT WYE

11/2" X 2 1/2" WYE

TO FIREPUMP

WATER SOURCE.

Rural fire fighters should keep in mind that considerable time may be involved in getting pumps in

position, starting the pumping operation and extending the hose lines to the fire, 11 the burning

structure is not to he iost during this time, use portable fire extinguishers to control the fire and

retard its progress until water is available.

VENTILATING AND ENTERING A BURNING BUILDING

Fire inside a building generates large amounts of smoke, heat and flammable or toxic gases. Thus, an

atmosphere develops which is extremely dangerous to human life and, if not changed, will rapidly

result in the death of any people trapped inside. Further, the atmosphere hampers firefighters by

increasing the spread of fire as the heat levels raise in other parts of the structure. It also reduces

visibility, making it hard to locate the seat of the fire, and increases the heat and smoke damage

even in areas where the fire itself has not extended.

To keep the fire from spreading and reduce heat and toxic gas levels to a point where firefighters

can effectively work inside the structure, ventilation must be provided in much the same way a

chimney ventilates a stove by carrying off the hot smoke and gases. There are two ways of

ventilation: vertical ventilation and horizontal ventilation.

VERTICAL VENTILATION

To vertically ventilate the burning structure, open the roof as close as possible over the seat of the.

fire. These holes sh3uld be made on the downwind side of a peaked roof, as high as possible, and

large enough to be effective. If the hole is made on the upwind side, the wind will prevent the

smoke and gases from venting into the open air.

lhe firefighter may use axes, chain saws or whatever means available, to make vertical ventilation.

Doors and windows should never be opened until roof ventilation has been performed and charged

hose lines, if available, are in position.

HORIZONTAL VENTILATION

If. for any reason, it is not practical to open the roof, ventilate the structure by horizontal

ventilation. First open or break out windows on the downwind side of the house, then those on the

upwind side. Again, never do this until charged hoselines are in place and ready to extinguish the

fire.

!lace hose streams in the windows on the upwind side of the house so as to not interfere with the

discharge of smoke and gas on the downwind side.

Since ventilation of a structure will usually increase the intensity of the fire, it is extremely

important that firelighters he ready to apply water immediately and that no ventilation be done

they are ready.

It' a door has been left open by persons escaping from a fire, close it until everything is ready to

begin firefighting. This will reduce the flow of oxygen into the building and will slow down the

growth and spread of the fire. In many eases the fire will have already broken windows or burned

through the roof before firefighters begin work. When this occurs the fire has already ventilated

itself and firefighting operations can begin immediately on arrival of men and equipment.

REMEMBER: Keep doors closed and do not perform any ventilation until the necessary firefighting

personnel and equipment are present and ready to go to work.

-I h.

21

SMOKE OR BACKDRAFT EXPLOSIONS

When a fire has burned for a considerable time in a closed building it will burn freely until nearly all

the available oxygen is used up. As the oxygen supply is reduced below a certain level, the fire will

stop burning freely and go into a smoldering stage. It will continue to burn available fuel and give

off heat and combustible gases which cannot ignite and burn because there is not enough oxygenavailable. IF a door is opened or a window broken, the inrush of air will provide the needed oxygen

for ignition, and all of the super-heated combustible gases within the building will ignite instantly

and with explosive force. This smoke or backdraft explosion can very well kill or injure the careless

firelighter.

Before doors or windows are opened, take the following precautions:

Check to see if open flame has disappeared and the building is filled with heavy dark smoke.

Feel doors and windows. If they are hot, do not open them. If windows are discolored by

black or yellow-brown smoke stains, do not open them.

3. Smoke being forced out under the eaves, around doors or windows, or even through cracks

between shingles on the roof or planks on the walls indicates a possibly explosive situation.

If any of these conditions are observed, bring ready to use hose lines or portable extinguishers to

the building. When everything is ready to fight the fire, chop a hole in the roof as previously

described. This will relieve the pressure within the building by venting smoke, heat and combustible

gases into the atmosphere. As soon as the roof has been vented, the doors and/or windows can be

opened safely and firefighting can begin. REMEMBER: If a backdraft explosion seems possible,

keep the doors and windows closed until everything is ready to fight the fire. Open the roof to

ventilate the building, then, and only then, begin firefighting operations.

RESCUING FIRE VICTIMS

I. Never enter a burning structure to rescue someone without either an extinguisher or a charged

hose line.

Never enter a burning structure alone unless absolutely unavoidable.

z. Look for children under beds, behind furniture, in closets. They usually attempt to hide from

the fire.

4. !I the victim is larger or heavier than you are, do not waste time trying to carry him. Roll him

on his back, grab him by the wrists and drag him out head first. This way, the victim will be

kept close to the floor where the air is better.

Don't forget the possible need for artificial respiration or first aid once the victim has been

rescued. This must be performed immediately on reaching safety if his life is to be saved.5,

-17- 2

4----- WIND DIRECTION

START CUT ABOVE HOT SPOT

SECOND CUT

IF REQUIRED

.%..,00 ..."*.......,,,.. 0,40"'

"'' " "h. , tit ,

111640

fe".=Wv......."1.04,411."Me

40 41110111140.doom low ^'\

00%1 .1. %KN.... 011.6,414",

4.41504 WOO

I'. I oft4,0.,

CHARGED HOSE

VENTING A PEAKED ROOF

I 8,

VENT

WINDOW

C

m

CAI{ F. AND MAINTENANCE OF FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT

Fire fighting equipment, whatever its type, is designed for instant efficient service under emergency

conditions. Such equipment is expensive, difficult to obtain, and not generally suited to purposesother than firefighting. If it is not in peak operating condition and available for use when needed,

a life may he lost or a building burned and the investment in fire protection equipment will bewasted.

When a village purchases firefighting equipment, it should be placed under care of the appointedfire chief. Ile, in turn, must be held responsible to the Village Council for the safety and security

of the equipment. The Village Council should make it perfectly clear to everyone that villagefirefighting equipment is there for that purpose only and under no circumstances will it be loaned

or used for any other purpose. The fire chief should be required to make periodic reports to the

Village Council as to the condition of firefighting equipment, the need for replacement of items

or purchase of parts, and recommendations of purchase of new or additional items.

Whether fire equipment be used on drills and training or actual fires it must he reseryieedafter use.

1. All wet hose must be hung to drain and dry. After drying it should be rolled and returned

lo storage. Do not use oil or grease on hose threads. Stiff coupling swivels should be worked in hot

soapy water until free. I lose used with salt water must be flushed with fresh water prior to hanging.

2. Portable pumps must be cleaned and drained after use. They must be flushed of salt

water and thoroughly dried before storing. Wrenches, valves, caps, etc. should be placed in storagewith the pump. Drain the gas tank and run the pump until the carburetor is dry. Mix fresh fuel

and More in a suitable container with the pump.

:3. Nozzles used with salt water must be flushed with fresh water. Wash in hot soapy water,

rime :Ind dry. Follow same procedure with gated wyes and other hose appliances.

NOTE: All couplings on hose and fittings which have neoprene gaskets must be checked to be

sure that the gaskets are in place and in good condition.

4. Wood ladders must be inspected for cracks or other damage after use. Keep ladders%arilidird with a marine or exterior varnish. Wood ladders should never be painted as paint tends tohide defects. Do riot leave ladders out of doors or use them for any purpose other than firefighting.

If the ladder fails someone may die!

5. Axes should be cleaned in soapy water after use. The head should be lightly oiled and

the handle given an occasional rub-down with linseed oil. Keep axe blades sharp and free of nicks.

6. Portable fire extinguishers must be reservieed after every use whether they are com-

pletely empty or not. Powder will clog the discharge valve permitting the gas to escape and theextinguisher will not work when it is needed. For this same reason new extinguishers should never

be -tested" by discharging powder prior to placing them in service.

-19.

2

SU NI N1ARY : Firefighting equipment is expensive. Its purpose is to save lives and property from

fire. If it is in good operating condition and well cared for it will do the job. If not, the fight against

fire will be lost. The wise Village Council will establish solid rules for the care and maintenance

of fire fighting equipment and those who break those rules should he severely dealt with.

5-ETIO If

STATE

ASSISTANCE

PROGRAMS

STATE FIRE SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM

The State Fire Service Training Program, established in 1969, provides basic and advanced training

support for tire departments of all sizes and types throughout the state. Using trained firedepartment personnel as itinerant instructors, it provides instruction in various methods and

techniques of fire fighting at the local level. Communities or fire departments desiring this training

should fill out a Request for Training form (see Exhibit 1, Section III) and mail it to:

Supervisor of Fire Service TrainingAlask:i Department of Educationl',uch

Juneau, Alaska 0981 I

['here is no charge for this service, although remote villages are usually requested to provide housing

for visiting instructors.

Fire Service Training also oaintains a film and audio-visual lending library of over 60 fire training

'films (see FSTP Audro-Visaral Catalog, Section III), overhead transparencies, slides, books, and

.,inuals. These may ord._!red from the catalog at no cost except return postage; they will be sent

on an "as available" basis.

Fire Service Training personnel will also assist small communities in planning for fire protection,

deciding on fire fighting equipment needs, organizing volunteer fire departments, and obtaining

services of other state agencies.

Among other services, the Division of Fire Prevention assembles fire reports and data from whichthe annual record of fire fatalities and property losses is determined. To do this, they use fire reportforms (see Exhibit 3, Section III) which are filled out by the local fire chief and sent in for the

record.

The Fire Marshal also certifies the existence of organized fire departments in communities which

plan to apply for fire protection funds under the provisions of the State Revenue Sharing Program

(State Aid to Local Governments). Communities wishing to organize a volunteer fire departmentshould follow the procedure outlined in Exhibit 4, Section III. Communities must comp lete the

Certificate of Existence of Fire Department (Exhibit 5) and submit it to the State Fire Marshal's

Office for approval. The interested community will be provided with a packet of forms andinformation sheets upon request.

DIVISION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE

Located within the State Department of Community and Regional Affairs, the Division of LocalGovernment Assistance administers the Municipal Services Revenue Sharing Program. The revenuesharing program, initiated in 1969 by the Sixth Alaska Legislature, provides State funds to qualifiedmunicipalities providing various public services as of the year application is made. The program isgoverned by Alaska Statutes 43.18.010 through 43.18.050 and Alaska Administrative CodeRegulations 19AAC30.010 through 19AAC30.160.

Of particular interest to communities providing some local fire protection are the provisions of AS43.18.010 (2) which allows a payment of $5 per capita for qualified cities and boroughs in thiscatagory. The section reads as follows:

Sec 43.18.010 STATE AID TO LOCAL 60 VERNMENTS. (a) During each fiscal year the State

sha ll pay to a city or organized borough of any class which has the power to provide the followingservices and exercises that power.

(2) $7.50 per capita to cities and boroughs providing fire protection;(A) fire protection includes, but is not limited to, fire protection provided by a

volunteer fire department registered with the State Fire Marshal which has officialrecognition and financial support from the city or borough in which it is located:

h) in addition to the grants authorized under this section, the State shall pay to avolunteer fire department registered with the State Fire Marshal and serving an areanot or an organized borough or a city a sum for protection purposes et/ ltal to $5 percapita for the population served by the department, as determined by the State FireMarshal using the latest figures of the 17mtd States Bureau of the Census or otherreliable data; grants shall be made on the same basis to facilitate the organization of

Two booklets are available to aid communities in the preparation of forms and meeting otherrequirements of the State Aid to Local Governments Program. They are Application Fiscal Year

1975, Alaska Local Government, Volume XIII No. 3, and Municipal Financial Reporting Manual for

Second Class Cities. Both may be obtained by writing to:

Department of Community & Regional AffairsDivision of Local Government AssistancePouch BJuneau, Alaska 99811

NOTE: Communities are cautioned to keep abreast of current regulations affecting the Municipal

Services Revenue Sharing Program as they are subject to change and modification on a yearly basis.

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCESThe Provisions of Title IV, Section 401-4, of the 1972 Rural Development Act, authorized the

Secretary of Ag,iculture to provide financial, technical, and other appropriate officials of the

various states in cooperative efforts to organize, train, and equip local forces to prevent, control,

and suppress wildfires endangering human life and property.

In Alaska, Village Councils or organized rural fire protection groups may enter into a cooperative

agreement with the State Forester, Division of Lands, Department of Natural Resources, for the

purpose of receiving organizational assistance and advice and the opportunity to purchase fire

fighting equipment from the General Services Administration (GSA) at reduced prices. The

cooperative agreement will also permit participating communities to receive federal excess property

when available.

Those wishing detailed information on this program should write to:

err:

State ForesterDivision of LandsDepartment of Natural Resources323 East 4th AvenueAnchorage, Alaska 99501

Chief, Division of State and Private ForestryU. S. Forest ServiceP. 0. Box 1628Juneau, Alaska 99802

SECTION IIIUSEFUL INFORMATION

EXHIBIT 1

STATE OF ALASKADepartment of Education

Division of Vocational 6 Adult EducationFire Service Training Program

We DO DO NOT (circle one) wish to have in-service fire training at this time.

We would like to have training on the following dates and time.*

DATE TIME

* Please schedule classes on consecutive dates.

We woi.ld like to have the following subjects taught:

SECTION ISECTION IISECTION IIISECTION IVSECTION VSECTION VISECTION VIISECTION VIIISECTION IXSECTION X

UNIT I BASIC FIREFIGHTING PRACTICES

Elements of Public Fire ProtectionBehavior of FirePortable fire ExtinguishersForcible Entry and Rope PracticesFire Hose PracticesWater Supply for FirefightingFire Service LaddersVentilation PracticesRescue and Breathing Apparatus PracticesSalvage and Overhaul Practices

Class RoursClass HoursClass PoursClass EoursClass RoursClass HoursClass HoursClass HoursClass HoursClass Hours

Other Fire Training Subjects:

1. Class Rours

2. Class flours

1. Class Hours

Control Burn Desired? YES NO

STATE OF ALASKA EXHIBIT 2Department of Education

Division of Vocational & Adult EducationFire Service Training Program

POST FIRE EXTINGUISHER RATING FORM

Please answer these questions so that we may determine the value of portable fire extinguishers in fighting fires

in rural communities:

Date of Fire: Community:

Hour of Day: Place in Building Where

Building Involved:

Fire Started:

Type of Building (Home, Store, School. etc.):

Describe Building Construction and Materials (Roof, Walls, Floors, Contents, etc.):

Number of Extinguishers Used: Type:

DESCRIPTION OF FIRE CONDITION

I. What was the state of the fire on your arrival?

2. Was the building closed up (doors, windows, etc.)?

3. [lad tlan)cs broken through roof, windows. etc. (Describe)?

4 How were extinguishers useLl'? Check the correct lines.

d. Front incide building?

b. From outside building'?

Through windows or doors? Which?

d. One at a time

5. If lire was knocked down, was immediate entry made?

If not, why not?

6. Were smoldering beds, chairs, etc. removed?

7. Was the use of extinguishers followed by the use of water or snow?

S. How and where was water or snow applied (pump, buckets, shovels, etc.)?

9. What effect did water or snow have?

10. If the building was a total loss, to what do you attribute this fact?

II. It building was saved, to what do you attribute this fac(?

I Z. It tire of this type occurs again, what would you do differently?

ADDITIONAL CONIMLNTS:

TI ANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION

Y O F &SDE1'ART11EAT 41114 19:111.14; SAFIETY

Dear Chief:

EXHIBIT 3

September 5, 1974

Re: Fire Report Forms

Enclosed please find a supply of a new, shortened fire report form for your use. You shouldcomplete ohe each time you have a fire and send it to us as soon as possible.

Below you will see an example of the completed form. You may use this as a guideline.

12-401-Rev 7-74

(TI Y OR VILLAGE

VILLAGE FIRE REPORT

Your town or village name

LocATIoN 61; FIRE.Date of Fire September 1, 1974 Hour of Day a.m. 3:30 p.m.

Name or Occupant Mary Doe

Where was Occupant at time of fire In kitchen

Name of Owner John Doe (husband of Mary Doe)

Size of Building 24' x 30' one story Age of Building 15 years

Building made of wood frame, wood siding Number of Rooms 5

Where did the fire start In kitchen

How did the fire start Oil stove caught clothes hanging above stove on fire.

Who discovered the fire Mary Doe

Was the fire put out yes How Mary Doe used 1011 dry chemical extinguisher.

Less of Life (Name, Race, Age, Sex) None

Main Street

Injuries . Mary Doe received slight burn on left hand.

Value of Building $3,500.00

Reported by Bill Williams, Fire Chief

Estimated Loss $ 50.00 - clothing - $100 - walls

Date 9/2174

When the form is completed, all you need to do is drop it in a mail box. If you need addi-

STATE OF ALASKADepartment of Public Safety

Division of Fire PreventionPouch "N"

Juneau, Alaska 99811

PROCEDURE FOR ORGANIZING A FIRE DEPARTMENT

TO

QUALIFY FOR STATE SHARED REVENUE

Contact the State Fire Marshal. Request the Volunteer Fire Department Packet.

EXHIBIT 4

If your village is incorporated and/or if your village is in an organized borough youmust have the official recognition and financial support from the city or borough. ThisKill require passziv: of an ordinance. (Sec sample Ordinance.) by the City, or, if in a

borough, the forming of a service area. (Contact the borough manager.) Local financialsupport may be "in-kind", meaning land, a building or equipment.

i If your village has completed step 2 (above) or if your village is not in an incorporated

city or borough, you should now form your fire department. You may want to use the.

sample constitution for a guide. Get your group of firefighters together, elect a firechief, develop a fire protection plan for your village.

Fill out the CERTIFICATE OF EXISTENCE of Fire Department and send it and a list

of your firefighters back to us.

1%, . If everyilling is in order we will tell the Department of Community and Regional Affairs

that you are organized and officially recognized by the State Fire. Marshal.

V Don't give up all this paper work takes time. Soon you will be getting State

money- to help your fire department buy equipment. Please remember that theAlaska

Federation of Natives has agreed to help you in your purchasing. Contact Carl J ac k,

Alaska Federation of Natives, Anchorage.

NAME:

STATE OF ALASKA EXHIBIT 5

Department of Public SafetyDivision of Fire Prevention

Pouch NJuneau, Alaska 99811

CERTIFICATE OF EXISTENCE OF FIRE DEPARTMENT

MAILING ADDRESS:

CITY:

(Official Name of Department)

ZIP CODE:

DATE AUTHORIZED BY MUNICIPAL ORDINANCE OR SERVICE AREA ELECTION:

ORGANIZED: 19 NUMBER OF COMPANIES:

Number of members in each company:

Number of pumpers:

Number of ladder trucks:

Does your department operate an ambulance service?

Population of your city at the last census:

Area served:

State whether or not governing body of city or town has authorized fire department to leave corporate

limits.

Are you working under any mutual aid agreements?

CIVEN UNDER MY HAND AND THE SEAL OF MY OFFICE THIS: DAY

OF . 19

EXHIBIT 6

APPLICATION FOR STATE REVENUE SHARING

(Cover sheet and fire protection forms only)

DUE FOR REVISION IN AUGUST,1976

APPLICATION FOR STATE AID TO LOCAL GOVERNMENTSSUMMARY

TO: Department of Community From:and Regional Affairs

Pouch BJuneau, Alaska 99811

OFFICIAL PERMANENT RESIDENT POPULATION: (Total)(If this figure is different from the 1970 U. S.Census or the latest population figure accepted Nameby the Department for purposes of StateShared Revenue, refer to the section regarding"POPULATION ADJUSTMENTS" in the instruc-tions accompanying the application forms).

Date:

Service AreasPopulation

INSTRUCTIONS: Attach Supplemental Applications for each municipal service for whichyou are requesting state aid under the State Aid to Local Governments Municipal ServicesRevenue Sharing Program (AS 43.18.010-050).

Complete the information below for each Supplemental Application attached.

FORM MUNICIPAL SERVICERATE OF

ENTITLEMENTBASIS OF

COMPENSATIONSTATE AIDREQUESTED

1 Police Protection $ 12 per capita pop. $

2 Fire Protection $ 7.50 per capita pop. $

3 Air and/or Water $ 2 per capita Pop. $

Pollution Control4 Land Use Planning $ 2 per capita pop. $

5 Parks and Recreation $ 5 per capita pop. $

6 Transportation Facilities $ 5 per capita pop. $

7 Road Maintenance:(a) Public Roads $ 1,500 per mile miles $

(b) Ice Roads $ 900 per mile miles $

8 Hospitals $ 1,000 per bed beds$20,000 per hosp. hosp. $

$50,000 per hosp. hosp. $

Health Facilities $ 1,000 per bed$ 4,000 per fac.

bedsfac.

State Construction Aidfor Health Facilities $ 2,500 per bed beds

STATE AID REQUESTED:

SIGNATURE OF MUNICIPAL OFFICIAL:

Form 2SUPPLEMENTAL APPLICATION FOR

STATE AID TO LOCAL GOVERNMENTSFIRE PROTECTION

EXHIBIT 7

MUNICIPALITY: DATE:

I. Does your municipality provide municipal fire protection? Yes No

2. (a) If your answer is "yes," is fire protection providedby a volunteer fire department? Yes No

(b) If your answer is "no," explain how fire protection is provided and list theamount of money spent by your municipality for fire protection.

3. (a) If fire protection is provided by a volunteerfire department, was the department operating andregistered with the State Fire Marshal as of July 1,1975? Yes No

(b) If your answer is "yes," does the group havethe support of your municipal government? Yes No

(c) How much financial support was given to thevolunteer fire department by your municipal govern-ment during the period July 1, 1974 through June 30,1975?

Cash SupportIn-Kind Services

(Estimated cash value)TOTAL

4. (a) Have members of the volunteer fire departmentreceived any training? Yes No

(b) If your answer is "yes," state the type of training given, who gave it, andthe estimated number of training hours given each person.

5. Completion of the attached "Fire Protection by Service Areas" reports is requiredonly for:

I) boroughs and unified governments2) cities located outside organized boroughs providing fire protection services

to areas outside their corporation Limits through contractual arrangements orother support agreements.

Form 2(a)FIRE PROTECTION

BYSERVICE AREAS

EXHIBIT 8

MUNICIPALITY: DATE:

MUNICIPALFINANCIAL SUPPORT

NAME OF FIRE AREA TOTAL POPULATION (JULY 1, 1974PROTECTION GROUP SERVED SERVED JUNE 30, 1975)

TOTAL

COMMENTS: (for use by the State of Alaska)

ApprovedNameTitleDate

Disapproved

CERTIFICATION OF POPULATION

(For Use as Attachment to Cover Sheet)

MUNICIPALITY:DATE:

EXHIBIT 9

CERTIFICATION OF POPULATION

We, the undersigned, being duly elected ofcouncilmen/assemblymen

do hereby attest that the permanent resident population

of the

city/borough

was people as of July 1,name of municipality

1975. We have examined the evidence submitted with this State Revenue Sharing

Application to support this population figure.

Presiding Officer Councilman/Assemblyman

Councilman/Assemblyman Councilman/Assemblyman

Councilman/Assemblyman Councilman/Assemblyman

Councilman/Assemblyman Councilman/Assemblyman

Councilman/Assemblyman Councilman/Assemblyman

,;ouncilman/Assemblyman Councilman/Assemblyman

APPLICATION FOR FIRE PROTECTION FUNDSUNDER THE STATE AID TO LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

MUNICIPAL SERVICES REVENUE SHARING PROGRAM

Name of Volunteer Fire Department

EXHIBIT 10

Date of Application

(I) Was your community's fire department registered with the State Fire Marshal as ofJuly 1. 1974?

Yes D No ElIf not, when was it started?

Date:

(2) Was your fire department organized and able to provide fire protection for thehomes and businesses in your community as of July 1, 1974?

Yes No El11' not. please state the reason why.

(3) How much money was spent by your fire department during the period July I

1973 through June 30. 1974?S

(1-) flow much of the money spent by your fire department was from:

State Revenue Sharing S

Federal Revenue Sharing S

Local Funds S

How many members does your fire department have?

Hate they received an% training? Yes No Ll

If so, state below the kind of training given, who gave it, and the dateit was given.

(0) 1.ist below the firefighting equipment owned by your rommunit's fire department.

1.1st below the equipment your group plans to buy or has on order.

APPLICATION FOR FIRE PROTECTION FUNDS

(7) What was the July 1, 1974 permanent resident population of the area served by your firedepartment? If the figure differs from the July 1,1973 population, please see 19 AAC 30.060,Population Data, in the regulations.

Population

Note. If your fire department serves only your community or village, list in the spaceprovided above only the population of your village or community.

(8) SUMMARY OF All) REQUESTED:

Population Served X $5 per capita = $

Application completed by

Name Title

Signature Da to

(9) ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

COMMENIS

Name

titgnature

FOR USE by the ALASKA STATE FIR- \IARSIIAL ONLY

APPROVED DISAPPROVED

aztc

EXHIBIT 11

Alaska Department of EducationDivision of Educational Program Support

Fire Service Training ProgramJuneau, Alaska

\.: The 1.,,Ilowing model Constitution is suggested for small volunteer fire departments a:, n ans oforganizing arid regulating their operations.

CONSTITUTION- - - - -

A R TIC L E I. NA.41E

I the name shall be the

SPC )N II The name shall be recognized as official in all associatioh., and activities of the of

fire department

ARTICLE 11. OBJECTIVE

SPC/ION l /lie objective shall be the protection of life and property from fire or other emergency such./N ordinarily falls within the area of responsibility of an organized fire department.

.1R11CLE 111. ORGANIZATION

fhe delhirtme.nt shall be organized in accordance with accepted good practice and shall beapproved by the City (or Village) of City

or Village) Council

St(' 11()\." II Ilse department shall be under the direct supervision of one Fire Chief elected annually(or every three .years, etc.) by the department membership, and one Assistant Fire Chief,elected annually (or every years, etc.) by the department membership, A Secretary/

Treasurer shall be elected annually (or every years, etc.) by the department membership.

Election shall he by majority vote of the membership. (Note: A sentence can be addedrequiring approval of elected officers by the city/village council if so desired.)

51.1.111).\.- 111 It shall be the duty of the chief to have charge of all apparatus and equipment of the firedepartment and to see that same is kept in proper operating condition. Ile shall preside at allou.etings of the department and may call such special meetings or drills as be may deem

necessary shall have complete charge of the department at all fires or other emergencies

involving the depirtnwnt. lie .shall he responsible for the maintenance of adequate records of

all fires and other emergencies. Ile shall have charge of' the department in any other areas of

act;:nty not specifically mentioned above. Ile may appoint such company officers as he maydeem necessary to assist with the work of the departnu;nt.

,tile(' 17().% lie Assistant Chief shall a,.sist the Chief in his duties and take his place in his absence. Ile shall

l'iirther serve as department training officer with responsibility for developing and implementinga department-wide training program, suprvision of its operation, and maintenance of adequate

ec1 ,,ads pertaining thereto

`,E I 1( )\ t It shall he the duty of the Necretary./Treasurer to keep a record of all department proceedings.

to include attendance at meetings, fires. and drills. Ile shall report all members whimeunexeu.sed ahrences from meetings, fires, and drills exceed those permitted by department!c:!ulations

The Secretary/Treasurer shall collect and receipt for all monies due and belonging to thedepartment. He shall disburse all monies approved by the membership for payment of hillsor other indebtedness encumbered by the department. He shall prepare and make an annualreport of all such receipts and disbursements and existing balances and submit same to adepartment audit committee appointed by the membership He shall further render a reportof current financial status at each regular meeting of the department.

ARTICLE MEMBERSHIP

SLCTION I: Any male or female resident of the city (or village) ofhe elegihle for membership in the fire department providing he or she be of legal age, of goodcharacter, and able to ;fleet the physical standards necessary for fire fighting. PersonseAceeding 40 years of age at the time of application for membership will he inelegible.

All applications. submitted in writing, shall he read .by the secretary at a regular meeting of!b drpartlurot The application will be accepted or rejected by a majority vote of themembership Persons elected to membership will be required to observe the rules andregulations of the department. Persons not elected to membership may reapply after aperiod of six months has elapsed.

SI.0 HON II Membership of the department shall be limited to

SECTION III: Members no longer able to function as regular firemen for reasons other than advanced ageor physical disability may request to he placed on honorable reserve. Reserve firemen may becalled to active service at serious fires or whenever the Chief deems it in the best interests ofthe department. Reserve firemen may request reinstatement to regular membership at anytime within 3 years of Lissomly reserve status providing they meet prescribed age andphysica$qualifications, and providing a vacancy exists on the department roster.

AR 11(.7.1.: V. ittIFN/),iIENTS

S//ON I /his CO it MiOn Nball become effective immediately upon adoption by a majority of themembersbip hall stipercede LrII previous constitutions of the department.

SI;CTIO.\' II Ibis Constitution may be amended by a majority vote of the members present at ,iny regularmeeting of the department, providing such amendment, in writing, has been proposed andread at a previous meeting

tie l: 110:\" III l'his Constitution shall be reviewed and brought up to date every years.

,\;(1 -By-Laws- outlining specific regulations and rules of the' department should he developed by themembership !best' regulations are for governing the specific activities of the department and itsmcinbership Lind must necessarily be developed and implemented Lit the local level. Points whichshould be included nl the "Hy-taws- inaude:

I Dutn.N of Company ( Wicers appointed by the Owl2 Physical requiremeutN for membrship. Compulsory retirement-I Contents of-applications for membersl.:!,5 Number of unexcused absenees 1Yermitted from meetings. firc.s, rind drills.

Response to fire's7 ProviNion for raising fund:: (if necessary)S Adoption of Roberts Rules of Order for ail meetings

Arry nrho r/c and revidation. the adowton UI ;;:ht, 1, la)' be deemed III tin. be,t

SAMPLE ORDINANCE

AN ORDINANCE of the City ofAlaska. concerning the organization and regulation of theFire Department of the city.

BL: l'1' ORDAINED BY DIE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF,Alaska. as fidlows:

EXHIBIT 12

SECTION I. Fire Department Established:

There shall be a Fire Department in and for the City to be known as the

Fire Department.- It shall consist of a Fire Chief and Assistant Chiefror Chiefs). and ac many other officers and firefighters as may be deemed necessary for the effective operation

of the department

SI...C.110.V 2 Volunteer Fire Department.

Organizati:m. Alen:hers of the Fire Department may organize into a voluntary

association with the election of their own officers and by-laws.

b. Limitation on Powers of Volunteer Department.

The functions and duties of the officers of the Volunteer Department shall not interfere

:vith those of tie regular department officers who are charged with responsibility for all fire service activities

of the department The voluntary association shall in no way limit the power of the Fire Chief All property

used by the Fire Department is and remains the property of the City and all expenses of the ire Department

shall, be paid by check upon proper voucher by the regular City authorities

c. Funding by City. From time to time in such amounts as the Council deems

advisable. payments may be made to the Volunteer Departtnent for the purpose of giving that association funds

which to reimburse members for clothing damaged while attending fires and for such other purposes in

keeping with its functions.

SECTIO.\; Fire Chief

a. Appointment The Fire Chief shall be appointed by the Council and shall be responsi-

ble to that body Ilis appointment shall be for an indefinite period of time and with tenure of office depending

upon his good conduct and efficiency. He shall be technically qualified through training and experience and

shall have the ability to command men. He shall be removed only for just cause and after a public bearing be

fore the coon; il

b Powers and Dube.

I The Fire Chief shall deturmine the number and kind of companies of ulucl., Ihr

Department !, to be composed and shall determine the response of such companies to alarms.

2. He shall appoint all other officers and firefighters (both paid and volunteer). Such

appointments shall be insoPr as possible. following fair and impartial competitive examination. All officers shall

be accountable to the Fire Chief or his representative.

He shall annually submit a tentative budget for his department upon request ofthe Council

4. lk shall assist the proper authorities in suppressing the crime of arson by investi-gating or causing to be investigated the cause, origin and circumstances of all fires.

SEC 170N 4 Rules and Regulations. The Fire Chief shall maintain and enforce an up-to-date, compre-hensive set of. rules and regulations governing the discipline, training and operation of the Fire Department. Suchrules, regulations and any deletions, changes or additions shall be effective when approved and filed with theCouncil /be Fire Chief shall carry out strictly the enforcement of these rules and regulations and is authorizedto suspend or rennin' from service any officer or firefighter as provided in the rules and regulations.

SECTION 5 Trainingand Records.

a. Drills and Training. The Fire Chief or his representative shall, at least two times permonth. provide for suitable drills covering the operation and handling ofall equipment essential for efficientlepartment operation In addition, be shall provide, at least four times per year, quarterly sessions of instructionto include sue,;-) subjects as first aid, water supplies, and other subjects related to fire suppression.

b Records. The lire Chief shall see that complete records are kept of all apparatus,equipment. personnel, training, inspections. fires and other department activities.

c Reports Current records and comparative data for previous years and recommendationsfor improving the effectiveness of the Department shall be included in an annual report. Such other reports asmay be required concerning the department in general, giving suggestions and recommendations for majorimprovements, and listing other data so as to maintain a complete record of the activities of the department shallalso be prepared

n bquipment

City Owned Equipment.

1 The Fire Chief shall be responsible to the Council for recommending suchapparatus or other fire fighting equipment as may be required to maintain fire department efficiency, and forpro:';.iiiig suitable arrangements and equipment for reporting fires or emergencies, and for notifying all membersof the Department to assure prompt response to such incidents.

The lire Chief or his authorized representative shall have 1107.1.101' to assign

equipment for response to calls for outside' aul where agreements are in force (111,1 in other cases only when the

absence of such equipment not jeopardize protection of this City.

No person shall use any fire apparatus or cujuipment far any private purpose, nor\ball any per(,11 zt.ilij.ilay and without proper anthority take away or conceal any article used in any way by the

Department

No person shall enter any place where fire apparatus is housed or handleapparatus or equipment belonging to the Department unless accompanied by, or having the special permission

of-. an officer or authorized member of the Department.

b. Private vehicles 111 Volunteers.

1. insignia Bach member of the Department driving a private car shall be issued

a Ntatable lut\Ignid to be tit tiii.bed to the car designating him as a member of the Department

2. flue Light. All personal cars of Department members shall be equipped withflashing blue light and shall have right-of-away over all other traffic when responding to an alarm, but shall

serve all City traffic ordinances.

PASSE!) AND APPROVED BY THE Council of the City of

aska, the day of , 19 .

Sections may he added or deleted to suit the needs and desires of individual municipalities.

FIRE EQUIPMENT SUPPLIERS

Hearin Supply Co.3804 South Broadway PlaceLos Angeles, California 90037

Akron Brass Co.Wooster, Ohio

W 4, Darley & Co.2000 A nson DriveMelrose Park, Illinois 60160

3M Fire Protection Systems3934 Spenard RoadAnchorage, Alaska 99501

(907 279.6481)

U. G. O'Neil85 W. Avondale RoadHillsborough, California 94010

Badger Pow hatanP. 0. Box 400Ranson, West Virginia 25438

(301 725-97211

Fire Control N. W. Inc.13300 S. K. 30th StreetBellevue, Washington 98004

(206 747.7300)

L. N. Curtis & Sons2408 Third AvenueSeattle, Washington 98121

(206 622.2875)

Fin. Prevention of AlaskaI:ox 2581Fairbanks, Alaska 99701

Fire Safe Inc.5306 A retie Blvd.Anchorage, Alaska 99503

1907 279.3097)

EXHIBIT 13

Denali Services Inc.5300 EielsonAnchorage, Alaska 99503

(907 277.5594)

Fireguard Service Co.2908 Commercial DriveAnchorage, Alaska 99501

(907 274-1337)

Alaska Fire Protection SystemsP. 0. Box 1031Fairbanks, Alaska 99701

Fire Control of Alaska Inc.P. 0. Box 1414Kenai, Alaska 99611

Alaska General Alarm1117 Chugach DriveAnchorage, Alaska 99501

(907 279-8511)

Liquid Air Inc1624 0 ambellAnchorage, Alaska

(907 272.6541)99501

Easteners & Fire Equipment Co.130 W. International Airport RoadAnchorage, Alaska 99502

907 274.5932)

Young's Firehouse1100 Dimond Blvd.Anchorage, Alaska 99502

(907 344-5312)

STATE OF ALASKA

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY

DIVISION OF FIRE PREVENTION

General information for Securing FilmsFrom the Fire Marshal's Office

EXHIBIT '14

REQUEST FOP SERVICE

Send your film requests to: Department of Public SafetyDivision of Fire Prevention

Pouch 'N'Juneau, Alaska 99811

Make reque:.ts we]] in advance.

Give second and third choices.

MAlLIW: INFORMATION

1. Films. will be sent to you prepaid parcel post.

2. Start the return shipment immediately After the scheduledshowing, or by the date specified in our letter to you.

t. There is no charge for the use of films other than payingthe return postage.

Use regular postage srampti when returning films. If youuse air mail stamps, the films are sent air mail and wemust pay the postage due, which is a considerable sum.

COMMENT SHFET

I. Fill out the comment sheet that is enclosed with the film.

CAPE OF r1LMS

If your projector is or/nipped with an automatic threader,follow the threading instructions carefully. Wrong feed-ing of film may result in "film-sprocket-hole" damage.

Never Jet an inexperienced person operate a projector.Most people can learn, but be sure they undergo a train-ing period under a competent instructor before beingall'qed to operate the machine.

1. Keep your projector clean. Olean sprocLets, gate, 'andsound head before every showing.

4. During projection, occasionally feel the film between the111::t sprocket and the take -up reel. If any damage ishe;i1g done, it will be en;:y to find. Stop the machine atonce and correct the iault. Listen to the sound of themachine during projection. Film damage usually causesmore noise than normally can be heard.

S. Never run a sound film on a silent projector.

Revised March, 1976

No.

I A & B

DEP/W,TMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETYDIv;.SION OF FIRE PREVENTION

FILM LIBRARY

Film Title----------Another Man's Family

2 Before They Happen3 Blasting Caps4 Cause For Alarm5 Challenge, The6 Ccde 1017 Company Fire Prevention8 Condemned9 Disaster

10 A & B (Disney) Donald's Fire Survival Plan11 Fire Finders, The

Fire ln My Kitchen13 A & B Fire In Town14 Fire! Out Of Control15 A Fire-Sound The Alarm16 Firefighting In The KitchenI/ First. Five Minutes18 Flammable Liquid Fire Safety

Cul l ty

Have A Wonderful Evening21 A & B (Swiss) ... Help Prevent Fires22 High Rise Building Problems23 Hot Cords Can Burn24 Hot Stuff25 (Disney) How To Have An Accident In The Home26 A (Disney). I'm No Fool With Fire27 in A Fire Seconds Count28 It's Up To You, Charley29 It's Your Life30 A & B Know The Cause31 Liquids Can Burn32 A & B (British) Nature Of Fire33 Our Obligation34 Portable Fire Extinguishers35 Portable Fire Extinguishers, The A,B,C & D's

36 Rx For Fire37 (;top Fires - Save Jobs38 Tin Pan Fire Drill39 Too Young To Burn40 Torch, The41 Why?42 A .

Your Clothing Can Burn43 Don't (let Burned

44 You and Yours45 A learn Not To Burn46 Exit Drill In The Home47 EDITH (Exit Drills In The Home)

/EARN 4/0/ 7La

Revised March, 1.976

Of

0 1

A&B

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY

DIVISION OF FIRE PREVENTION

FIRE PREVENTION FILMS

ANOTHER MAN'S FAMILY: (25 minutes color) Received the "BestSafety Film of 1969" award from the National Committee onFilms For Safety. It tells a dramatic story of an averagefamily father, mother, two young children, and a dogwhich in a fashion recognizes the fire hazards in their homehut' seem unaware of the peril to their lives. The film'semorional impact guarantees that every viewer will think longand hard about his own attitudes and behavior.

0 2 BEFORE THEY HAPPEN: (.15 minutes black & white) Shows indocumentary fashion the large amount of routine inspectionwork that lies behind the safety of a large city.

0 3

1! /

BLATING CAPS: (14 minutes color) Designed to warn thepublic, especially children, of the dangers of playing withblasting caps normally used with most explosives.

CAW:E VOR ALARM.: (13 minutes black & white) Instructs workeroo control of tires, how to turn in an alarm, how to meetemergency siruaLions.

0 5 CHALLENGE= (1(3 minutes black & white) Illustrates thecrimes of ci.ireless,ne causing most of the destructive fireswhich the an appalling toll in life and property; commonsense preventive measures.

0 6 CODE 10): (20 minutes color) Evacuation and relocation ofpatients in hospitals, pursing homes, and mental care facil-ities. A manual is supplied with the film for training pur-poses. Includes horizontal and vertical evacuation, use offloor plan to predetermine means of egress, sequence of pro-cedures in case of fire or other disaster, and the order andmethods of moving patients, children and babies.

0 7 COMPANY F_ I_ RE PREVENTION_ : (22 minutes black & white) Acquaints_ _ . _ _ . _

fire peronnel. with procedures to be followed in a house-to-house five prevent on and inspection campaign.

V 8 WiNDEMNED: (16 minutes color) An impressive 'home firesafety message, pointing out that 18 persons die in theirhomes every 24 hours; 63 homes are damned by fire each hourof the day. The lessons are backed up by live-action shotsof actual residential building fires, showing dramatic res-cues, firefighting and the tragic results of carelessnesswith fire in the home.

0 9 DISASTER: (20 minutes black & white) Dramatic portrayal ofproblems faced by citizens when local disasters strike suchas air crashes, railroad wrecks, severe. weather, highwayincidents, fuel storages and shipping.

Revised March, 1976

X10A&I1

DONALD'S FIRE SURVIVAL PLAN: (11 minutes color [Disney Pro-duction]) Every day, over 1,500 homes burn...Every day,about 18 lives- are lost in fires...1/3 of those lost arechildren!

Shocked by these grisly facts Walt Disney, in associationwith national and local fire service authorities, now provessomething can be done to avoid this needless tragic loss oflife.

Disney and his staff have mustered all of their creative gunsto prove when a fire occurs what you do in the first fewminutes can mean the difference between life and death.

This vital film, suitable for all ages, is a highly effectiveteaching aid for Fire Departments, P.T.A.'s, Insurance Com-panies, Industrial organizations and all other groups who areconcerned with fire safety.

#11 FIRE FINDERS, THE: (10 minutes color) Film explaining thevarious types of automatic firs detectors and illustratingon a film the fire conditions under which each typeof auto-matic fire detector operates.

P12 FIRE IN MY KITCHEN: (12 minutes color) This feature dealswith problems encountered by many housewives. It demon-strates the measures the housewife herself can safely taketo cope with a top-of-the-range or oven fire, gives guid-ance on wastebasket Fires, overloaded circuits, greaseaccumulations, clothing fire hazards around the range andthe correct way to call the Fire DepartMent.

#13A&1i

FIRE IN TOWN: (26 minutes color) Practical community fireprevention program is sparked by a local newspaper editorafter the fiery death of two small children. Stresses im-portance of community cooperation and united action indevelopment of effective fire prevention progress by an ef-ficient volunteer Fire Department.

014 FIRE! OUT OF CONTROL: (33 minutes color) The story of aplant that was destroyed because of human failure. Theplant emergency organization was not adequately trained orfully manned. Several mistako3 were made when a second firerekindled after an initial small fire had been extinguishedby a single sprinkler. Dramatic fire scenes illustratesthe progress of the fire.

015 FIRE SOUND THE ALARM: (15 minutes color) The importanceof calling the fire department early and the chaos which iscreated when this instruction is not obeyed, is presentedhere in an interesting and factual manner. Actual casesare shown, with people acting first incorrectly and thencorrectly with corresponding results.

016 FIREFIGHTING IN THE kITCHEN: (5 minutes black & white)Shows how to cope with small fires that may occur while youare cooking.

re Prevention Films Page 3

417 FIRST FIVE MINUTES: (25 minutes black & white) Importance

of indostlial fire brigades in plant fire proteCtion. Shows

how brigade members can locate plant fire hazdYtls, what pre-

cautions to take to prevent fire and what to do if Firestrikes.

#18 FLAMMABLE 1,10UID FIRE SAFETY: (20 minutes color) The fire-_burst of a 40-gallon drum of gasoline speaks a thousandwords of caution every second it's on the sea-cell. Throughunique visuali::Lttion of the characteristics of flammableliquids, the employee can see for himself how hqzardous situ-ations develop and clea:ly understand why he IS urged to1,11:,w proscribed safety methods.

#19

#21AFL

P:?1

CUILTY: (15 minutes color) An excellent film concerning thelegal action which can result when negligence bY privatecitizen results in file damage. Three factuaT court casesare dramatized: 1. Criminal - investigation for eauSe offire.. 2. Civi! - liability for damage to proPrty of others.

Juvenile responsibilit.; for damage c :1115 by childrtrnplaving with matches. rrimary to adult useace-

HAVE A WONDE P.Pli.l.EVE: (16 minutes color) tinner ofAWdli of Merit. A ra..,:t for all baby-sitters allq parentsTheir guide to life-p.:otecting fire safety mea.E;ttres.

HELI PI:EVENT FILES: (12 minutes color) Produe(,d in Switzer-1;(ad, this film is a masterpiece of cleverly animated objectsof velvday use around the house (electric i)n% pots andpair, cigarettes, etc.), showing the wrong way Ind right wayto L.:Idlc them. No people used. The few words spokenare in French, which a dclizhtful touch t() the filmalth(,ugh no word;; Are need,:d to get the messi-4ge

HIGH ri!; rtft1,01Nr yRti131.E14S: (17 minufer; co30r) A Irain-iog an! iiTarenc!: film dealing with the high ri-!ie buildinghu the problem. which will be incurred should 4 fire occur.

i0Yf C9! !); (10 I/2 minutes color) polivers an im-pnl!.mit message en a home fire safety problem - the misuse ofele(trical extenion curds. Cast in story it gives ar.L.;fr explanat:,.n of when and how cAtension cords should be

use J, pn[ntini; cult they are not substitutes for permanentwi riot,. it. :;11o.,!s type!: needed for special. applications rinddc .eu:,ttates Can happen with imp roper caro and maintLnance.

024 mn (9 minutes color) This is a cartons film with aand definite viefm:age...that fire must always be man's

servaut and not his mal.ter. Here it seems the Rods goof whenthey give fire La Man. Should it have been to women?

ire' Prevention Films Page 4

1125 HOW TO HAVE AN ACCIDENT IN THE HOME: (8 minutes color fDisneyProduction]) This, Walt Disney film has a segment pertainingto leaving lighted cigarettes on an ashtray, and an iron un-attended on an ironing hoard and other fire hazards which haveproven very helpful to other fire departments to be used as atool in conjunction with their fire prevention programs.

1126 I'M NO FOOL WITH FIRE: (8 minutes color [Disney Production])Th histroy of fire is shown from the days of the caveman tomodern man with his present day inventions. Showing thatfire can be an enemy as well as a friend, the film points outfire hazards, such as: unscreened fireplaces, overloadedsockets, oily rags and papers, highly flammable liquids andcareless use of matches. A contest is held between a CommonOrdinary Fool and Y-O-U, and the winner is presented with abadge of intelligence. This is a fast-moving cartoon full ofhumor and lively music, The proper use of fire is taught inan entertaning wn'c. For all ages.

1127 IN A I R E S ECONEiS (.!i minutes color) A dramatic pre-__sentation on th,z importance, of escape planning in thehome, the film tel Is the story of an average family in anaverage home, and a dear tragedy -when a young guest was visit-ing. Provides .strong moti.ation for tamilies to make and re-hearse their owis esco

1128 IT'S UP TO YOU, CiARLEY: (18 minutes color) This film showsemployees that they, as well as management have a stake inthe safety of their lant. Aid it shows them the importanceof the emergency org;.71-i7.ation and property _conservation It

is a humorous st.ory :shout two cousins, Charley and Bertram,who live in the same town, but have jobs at different plants.Charley's company transmits its concern for loss preventionthrough an efficient training program. Bertram's plant lacksinterest, and through his carelessness a disastrous fire occurs.

029 IT'S YOUP_LIFE: (11 minutes color) An imaginative blending_ .ol picture, music and sound effects vividly portraying a newand creative approach to fire prevention, a film drama withoutWords. A sensitive story of a happy boy and his dog who be-com victim!: of fire, interwoven with a series of vignettesdepicting disasters caused by smoking in bed, using flammablehair spray and other more familiar fire hazards.

#30 ENOW THE CAHSE: (31k minutes black & white) Stresses theimportr.nce of knowing how fires start; obvious causes, un-natural causes, types of incendiarists, criminal agents,evidence recognition of suspicious persons, and how, what,nnd whon tn look for arson evidence is discussed in detail.

fC Prevention Films

,32 NATURE OF ETRE THE: (19 minutes color) Made .in Britain -provides basic facts about the nature of fire and its control.Behind the film is the idea that if people know what fire isthey will more readily know how to avoid the acts which leadto fire. Principally designed for educational use among awide range of audiences. Including factory staff, thoseattending trade association and similar conferences, technicalcollege students, and older school children. Suitable forviewing by the general public.

1133 OUR OBLIGATION: (26 minutes color) Dramatic story of twochildren in school where fire breaks out. Older brother triesto rescue his younger sister; he and his teacher lose theirlives. A must for boards of education and P.T.A. groups.

1.134 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS: (25 minutes color) This film. . . _

was produced by Jowa !..ate University of Science and Tech-nology, Ames, Iowa. Explains the different types of extin-guisher:: that are available and where and how to use them.A really good film on fire extinguishers.

/13', POBTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS. THE A,B,C & D'S OF: (26 minutescolor) A rItcp-by-sVcp of how to operate and how to use port-abli fire extinguishcers and how they work. The film describeswhat is in e.,tiugoisherS and how it works. It shows, usingtypical industrial backgrounds, what extinguishers should beused on the various kinds of fires and how they should beapplied.

#36 RX FOR FIRE: (19minutes color) This film teaches fire pre-vention and -good housekeeping; value of emergency planning;elimination of hospital fire hazards; and operation of extin-gnishing7.ecinIpment. This film can be a valuable teachingaid in. youyenr-round safety training program fol: hospitalstaff and yoiun-teers.

037 !;TOR i'1._PT:SrSAVE JOBS: (18 minutes black & white) Industrialf-ires can. be stopped if employees know how they start and howto report them. Good for employee training. Encourages analert attitude toward fire, how to recognize common hazards;?,t ,e,;,; is on the fact that fire is an enemy of jobs.

TIN PAN (1`) minutes color) Organization of ahvru fire drill with the help of a firefighter. Can be usedto stimulate interest in proper planning of home fire drills.

039 TOO YOUNG TO BURN: (27 minutes color) Film explains toparents how they can correctly teach fire safety to theirpre!:chool children.

040 T1!: (10 minutes color) Unusual new cartoon to shopthere is lust a bit of human carelessness in all of us.

irePrevcntion Films Page 6

1142 YOUD CLOTHING CAN BURN: (13 minutes color) Produced by

Allred Higgins in cooperation with the N.F.P.A. Committee onWearing Apparel, the film tells which fabrics are safest,which arc easily ignited, common causes of clothing firesand how they can be prevented, and what to do if clothing

catches fire.

#43 DON'T GLIT BURNED: (20 minutes, color/sound) Shows key fireprevention rules and points out tiro ha4nrd:; and how to elim-

inate them. Include,: important rules to remember if you arcever caught in a fire and how to plan a family escape routefrom your home.

#44 YOU AND YOURS: (20 minutes, colo /sound) The film tells

about burn !z and clothing fires how ro prevent them and whatto do if they occur. What the baby sitter should know abouthandling a fire emergen,Lv. llome fire detection systems, fireextinguishor5t and lihAr to do and how to use them should fire

strike. Discusses common fire hazards and how to recognizethem il yonr home and eli urinate

LEARN NOT TO ENO: (6 minutes, color/!;ound) Dick Van Dykepo.Lnt:: out fire hazards, throughout your home, that might in-jure :;_,11 or your family. Offers fire prevention tips.

t46 TAJT DRI_LE_lN THE HOME: Every year 2,000,000 Americans areburned a,4 a result of accidents and at leas, 250,000 of thoseare children. The Shriners Burn Institute has produced a color,20-slide, film pack With script for use in instructing elementaryage school children on how to escape from a burning building.7he s1 ides depict_ people as ants which has an appeui to smallchildren.

#,:17 kDTTH (Exit Dr111 s in TheHome): (13 Minutes, Color/Sound)A vivid, rcalistir ;)orrrayal of firc, in the hol-e and lIrsw to

Surviv42 it. The film 5-hows: HOur:; of danger, fire ;

lire behavior, smoke---the killer, types of dwellings, confu.sir)n

of occupants, escape devices, pre-planning, practicing rind

executing the escape, protecting the young, old and helpless,rescue signs, installation and operation of smoke detectorsand fire flghtiog procedur.2s.

Films available through the U.S. Department of Labor, Federal Safety Advisory Council:

Emergency First Aid Rescue: U.S. Atomic Ener;y Commission

Film, color, 12 minutes. Obtain from:Idaho Operations Office, Office of InformationU.S. Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box 2108Idaho Falls, Idaho 83401

Automatic Sprinkler System Operation: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Film, 16mm. Black and White, 30 minutes. Available on loan, free of charge (Exceptfor mailing costs) from the nine N.A.S.A. Film loaning facilities throughout theUnited States. (Address given at end of film lists.)

Chemistry of Fire: N.A.S.A.

Film, Parts I and II, 30 minutes each. Obtain from:*** Safety Training Coordinator, N.A.S.A.

Lewis Research Center21000 Brookpark Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44135

Engineerinn Early WJrning--Fire Detection: N.A.S.A.,

16mm., Black and White, Sound, 23 minutes. Available on loan, free of charge, (exceptfor mailing costs). from the nine N.A.S.A. film loaning facilities throughout the U.S.

Fire and Safety Subjects: Veterans' Administration

Color slides. Obtain from: Safety Officer, Veterans' Administration CenterHot Springs, South Dakota 57747

Fire Extinguishers; Preventing Fire, Static Sparks and Flammable Liquids: N.A.S.A.

Flip shart presentations. Obtain from: (See above *** address)

Fire Fighters: N.A.S.A.

Film, 20 minutes. Obtain from: (See above *** address)

Fire Prevention. Use of First Aid Extinluishers and Emergency Removal of Patient..:

Veteron-,' AitriiniscrotiorVideotaped demonration, 45 minutes. Available free on loan. Obtain from:

Chief, Engin&ering Division,Veterans' AdministrationPrescott, Arizona 86301

How to Fight Fires: N.A.S.A.

35mm., sound-on-slide system. Obtain from: Safety Officer, Langley Research CenterHampton, Virginia 23365

Film list cont.:

for mailing costs) from the nine N.A.S.A. film loaning facilities throughout the U.S.

Rescue Breathing: Panama Canal Company

Film 22 minutes. Part of demonstration with ResuSi-Anne, Fracture Board and

Handouts. Obtain from: Fire Division Administrative AssistantRoom 105, Civil Affairs BuildingAncon, Canal Zone

The Facts of Fire: N.A.S.A.

35mm., slide presentation. Obtain from: (See above *** address)

Winter Truck Driving: U.S. Department of Transportation

16mm., color, sound, 19 minutes. Free Lut borrower must pay return transportation

charges. Obtain from: Photographic Section, Federal Highway Administration

U.S. Department of TransporationWashington, b.C. 20591

What Abo,:t Winter Criving7: U.S. Department of Transportation

16mm., colo7, sound, 13 minutes. Free but borrower must pay return transportation

charges. Obtain from: Photographic Section, Federal Highway Mministration

U.S. Department of TransportationWashington, D.C. 20591

National Aeronautics and Suace Administration: Regional Film Lr.waries

AlaskaN.A.S.A. Ames Research CenterPublic AfFairs OfficeMoffett Field, California 94035

*Alaska Requesters muy also obtain N.A.S.A. films from Department of Audio-Visual

Education, University of Alaska, College, Alaska 99701

The a!:ove Films are not available from the Fire Marshals Office, but may be

obtained from the addresses noted.

EXHIBIT 15

STATE OF ALASKADEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

FIRE SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAMJUNEAU, ALASKA

FIRE SERVICE TRAINING AUDIO-VISUAL LIBRARY

OEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONMarshall 1. Lind, Commissioner

FIRE SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAMWlliam A. Hagovig, SITervisor

FOREWORD

It has been said that one picture is worth a thousand words.Modern methods and techniques of instruction acknowledge thetruth of this adage and the use of audio-visual training aidshas become commonplace in instructional r.:ograms of all types.

The purpose of the Fire Service Training Audio-Visual LendingLibrary is t61 make available films, slides, overhead trans-parencies and publications of all types, the cost of whichwould be prohibitive for the average fire department. Theyare available to be incorporated into your firefighter train-ing program. We caution you, however, that the film or slidecannot of itself train your firefighters.

A drill or class for which nothing has been planned beyond theshowing of a film will prove to be a waste of time for yourfire department and the men and women in it. Your trainingprogram will fail to be effective and your personnel will notreach the high level of proficiency required by modern fire-fighting standards.

With practice comes proficiency. Plan your training programaround the "see and do" approach. Classroom time is valuableonly if it is followed by practical application of the pointsmade during lectures or film showings. Constant repetition ofthose physical skills associated with fireground operations aremandatory if firefighters are to be able to perform them safelyand efficiently under adverse emergency conditions.

William A. Hagevig, SupervisorFire Service Training Program

Alaska Department of EducationDivision of Vocational and Adult Education

Fire Service Training ProgramJuneau, Alaska

Instructional Materials Lending Library Procedures

Request for Materials:

Publications and Audio-Visual Aids requests should be sent to:

Supervisor, Fire Service TrainingDivision of Educational Program Support

Pouch 'F'Juneau, Alaska 99811

Phone: 465-2994

Requests must be received in Juneau two weeks prior to showing date.

Include second and third choice where possible.

!ailing Information

1. Films will be sent to you prepaid parcel post.

2. Start the return shipment immediately after the scheduled showing.

3. There is no charge for the use of films other than paying the return postage.

4. Use regular postage stamps when returning films. If you use air mail stamps,

the films are sent air mail and we must pay the postage due, which is a

considerable sum.

5. Return address labels will be included with your film. Please use this

when mailing films back to us.

6. be not send publications or audio-visuals to other fire departments unless

slwciEically requested to do 30. This disrupts our scheduling process.

General Information:

l. Fill out and return the attendance record enclosed with each film. Names

of viewers should be printed.

2. if the film is damaged do not repair it. Tape a conspicuous, damage notice

On the film cave giving the nature and location of the damage.

3. Projectors should be run only by experienced operators.

4. If your projector is not in first class condition do not run the film.Damage to expensive training films is costly to repair and results in delayin filling other requests.

5. Do not run sound films on silent projectors.

6. Do not write on overhead transparencies. If you wish to write, use anoverlay of x-ray film or clear acetate.

7. Count transparencies to be sure all are in the box before mailing to Juneau.

8. RETURN AUDIO-VISUALS PROMPTLY. OTHERS ARE WAITING.

Alaska Department of Education

Adult a Manpower Programs

Fire Service Training

Pouch F

Juneau, Alaska

FIRE SERVICE TRAINING FILM LIBRARY

I'll ;10 TITLE DESCRIPTION

BLANKET FOR SURVIVAL 22 Min. color. DetOnstrates successful technique for combating

major aircraft fires based on blanketing the fire area with foam

2 BREATHING APPARATUS 20 Min. B&W. Older LAPD training film edited to cover self-

contained, demand-type breathing apparatus. Good for basic

information.

3 SELF-CONTAINED RESPIRATORY 15 Min. approx. color. New Scott film covering use and care of

PROTECTION Scott Self-contained breathing apparatus.

4 THE NATURE OF FIRE 19 Min, color. British film. Basic facts about fire behavior.

Covers most portable fire extinguishers. Excellent basic film

for all audiences.

5 FIRE SAFETY HALL OF FLAME 15 Min. color. Juvenile fire prevention film covering basic

fire safety for children. Good for ages 3-10.

6 ANALYSIS OF A BULK PLANT FIRE 25 Min. B&W. Features actual newsreel footage of famous

7 FIGHTING FIRES ABOARD TANKERS

Kansas City bulk plant fire which claimed the lives of several

firefighters,

28 Min. color. Equipment and methods used in fighting fires of

all classes aboard tank vessels, Shows hazard areas and how

they are protected. USCG film.

668 FIGHTING TANK FIRES VITH 25 Min. color, Shows actual company attack on large oil tank

WATER fires, how to position crew, choose nozzle size, lay lines, etc.

3. Projectors should be run only by experienced operators.

4. If your projector is not in first class condition do not run the film.Damage to expensive training films is costly to repair and results in delayin filling other requests.

5. Do not run sound films on silent projectors.

6. Do not write on overhead transparencies. If you wish to write, use anoverlay of x-ray film or clear acetate.

7. Count transparencies to be sure all are in the box before mailing to Juneau.

8. RETURN AUDIO-VISUALS PROMPTLY. OTHERS ARE WAITING.

FILM NO,

Alaska Department of Education

Adult ,S Manpower Programs

Fire Service Training

Pouch F

Juneau, Alaska

FIRE SERVICE TRAINING FILM LIBRARY

TITLE DESCRIPTION

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

BLANKET FOR SURVIVAL

BREATHING APPARATUS

SELF-CONTAINED RESPIRATORY

PROTECTION

THE NATURE OF FIRE

22 Min. color. Delonstrates successful technique for combating

major aircraft fires based on blanketing the fire area with -foam

20 Min. B&W. Older LAPD training film edited to cover self-

contained, demand-type breathing apparatus. Good for basic

information.

15 Min. approx. color. New Scott film covering use and care of

Scott Self-contained breathing apparatus.

19 Min. color. British film, Basic facts about fire behavior.

Covers most portable fire extinguishers. Excellent basic film

for all audiences.

FIRE SAFETY HALL OF FLAME 15 Min. color. Juvenile fire prevention film covering basic

fire safety for children. Good for ages 3-10.

ANALYSIS OF A BULK PLANT FIRE 25 Min. B6114. Features actual newsreel footage of famous

Kansas City bulk plant fire which claimed the lives of several

firefighters.

FIGHTING FIRES ABOARD TANKERS 28 Min. color, Equipment and methods used in fighting fires of

all classes aboard tank vessels. Shows hazard areas and how

they are protected. USCG film.

FIGHTING TANK FIRES WITH

WATER

6625 Min, color. Shows actual company attack on large oil tank

fires, how to position crew, choose nozzle size, lay lines, etc.

MAINTENANCE ANL OP RAT OF

AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

25 Min. color. Explains the importance of automatic sprinkler

systems in fire control. Demonstrates inspection and maintenance

procedures common to all systems.

28 COMPANY RESPONSE 12 Min. B&W, Emphasizes the necessity for planning by Company

Officers before fire strikes,

COORDINATED Fa ATTACK 20 Min, color. Designed to give firefighters and fire officers

a better understanding of fire behavior in structures.

30 FIREFIGHTING STATELY 24 Min. color, For training fire service personnel in the basics

of fireground planning, size-up, rescue, ventilation, exposure

protection, extinguishment, salvage and overhaul. New and hip,h1v

recommended.

31 STRUCTURAL FIRES 31 Min. B&W, Graphically depicts standard operations of fire

extinguishment in buildings. Old but contains much useful

information.

32 VENTILATION (LAPD) 25 Min, B&W. How, why, where and when to ventilate at fires.

Actual fire scenes. Older film but contains much useful

information.

'3 VENTILATION (NFPA) 27 Min, color, Shows use of forcible entry equipment, ;roper

use of hose streams for ventilation, and theory of fire spread.

Includes both practical demonstration and blackboard discussion

of ventilating techniques. New film.

34 GETTING THE MOST OUT OF 20 Min, color. Use of water fog in fire extinguishment. Theory

WATER of heat absorption power of water. Shows various types of

nozzles including large capacity nozzles for master stream

appliances,

74

35 THE NOZZLEHAN ZO Min. color. Techniques in dandling ire fighting hose

nozzles and methods of applying water to structural fires in

most efficient manner. Stresses direct, indirect, and combination

attack procedures. Excellent for u a with "Coordinated Fire

Attaau.

36 USING HATER WISELY 27 Min. color. Shows firefighting methods on small fires, using

hand line spray nozzles on 1 1/2 in, hose lines. Scenes from

test fires in several mid-western town and cities.

37

19

4(1

41

42

I

WHERE'S THE WATER 14,5 Min. color, Deals with basic characteristics of water and

examines friction loss, head, velocity, pressure, and water

hammer. Concepts illustrated by .nimation. ApplicJtion is

demonstrated by actual firefighting scenes.

DESIGN FOR DISASTER 25 Min. color. The Los Angeles Fire Department's filmed story

of the Bel-Air conflagration of 1361 in which thousands of fire-

fighters were engaged in combating one of the nation's worst

wildland fires,

ARCTIC FIRE PROTECTION 16 Min, color. Portrays AlAan Air Command's fire protection

program and calls attention to the many problems encountered

because of sub-zero temperatures. F lined at Eielson AFB.

FIREFIGHTER 19 Min. color. Film document of a city fire department, its

training and devotion to duty. Obsolete, of general interest

only.

TRAIN WE MUST 20 Min, B&W. Older training film for volunteer firs departments

which shows what a comprehensive training schedule should include.

YOUR FIRE DEPARTMENT 32 Min. color. How a fire department is organized, trained,

financed, and operated. Describes apparatus and equipment used

by urban fire department. Obsolete, and of limited application

in Alaska,

lr

43 FIREFIGHTER 20 Min. color, A new film excellent for orientation of the new

firefighter or for use as a public PR film.

44 THE NOBLE BREED 20 Min, B&W. Older orientation or PR film. Deals with life and

careers in the fire service.

45 WHERE THERE'S SMOKE 10 Min. color. Short film introduction to breathing apparatus.

Shows several new experimental types of apparatus.

46 BLEVE 19 Min. color. NFPA film dealing with hazards of boiling

liquid expanding vapor explosions associated with flame im-

pingement on pressure vessels containing flammable liquids and

gases,

47 CHEMISTRY OF PETROLEUM 35 Min. color. Discusses basic chemistry of flammable liquids

FIRES and gases and the relation to fire cause and behavior. A must

for flammable liquids firefighting classes.

48 COLLISION RESCUE 15 Min. color, Excellent new film dealing with auto extrication

and vehicle rescue procedures.

49 THE EASY WAY OUT 20 Min. color. Uses laboratory demonstrations to describe

types and characteristics of firefighting foam. Shows how to

fight fires with foam applications.

50 FIREHOSE 26 Min. color. Describes types of hose and fittings, constructior

mair.qnance and care, hose lays, carries, packing, and advancing

host under various conditions. Basic training film.

51 THOSE VITAL FIRST 23 Min. color. Demonstrates the advantages of planning and

MINUTES training in the handling of incidents involving hazardous

materials.

52 USE & CARE OF ROPE 20 Min. B&W. Explains how to care for, inspect and use fibre

rope. Compares sisal, manila and jute; and shows methods of

splicing and eyeing.

53 CONFLAGRATION 28 Min. color. Scenes from the fire which destroyed one fourth

of the city of Chelsea, Mass. before being brought under control.

54 THOUGH THE EARTH BE MOVED 45 Min. B&W. The 1964 Good Friday earthquake struck Alaska with

THE ALASKA EARTHQUAKE a force equal to 10 million atomic bombs of the size that de-

stroyed Hiroshima. Good disaster training film.

10

76

35

56

57

58

7 7

FUEL PRESSURE FIRES 15 Min. color. This flit: covers safety regulations and the

importance of teamwork in the extinguishment of fuel pressure

LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS

FIRES

COORDINATED STRUCTURAL

FIRE ATTACK

FIRES AND WIRES

15 Min. color. Covers safety precautions and demonstrates the

proper. techniques for controlling and extinguishing LE fires.

15 Min. color. Discusses hazards and safety precautions and

outlines the recommended procedure of attacking structural fires.

25 Min. color. Provides firefighter with safety knowhow which

can help him and the public avoid serious injury or death from

electrical hazards at accident scenes.

EXHIBIT 16

LAWS OF ALASKA

1975

Source Chapter No.

HCSSB 119 148

AN ACT

Relating to smoke detection devices; and providing for an effective date.

BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF ALASKA:

*Section 1. AS 18.70 is amended by adding a new section to read:

Sec. 18.70.095. SMOKE DETECTION DEVICES. Smoke detection devices shallbe installed in all living units built, manufactured or sold in the state. The devices shallbe of a type and deployed in a manner approved by the state fire marshal.

*Section 2. This Act takes effect January 1, 1976.

Approved by governor: June 14, 1975Actual effective date: January 1, 1976

I)

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY

DIVISION OF FIRE PREVENTION

The NATION AL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATIONS Standard 74-1974 is being adopted forthe enforcement of Alaska Statute 18.70.095. Only those sections pertinent to smoke detectors

apply.

Following is a list f guidelines from this standard as it applies to smoke detectors.

This standard is primarily concerned with life protection, not with protection of properlyIt contemplates that the family has an exit plan.

A .,:rnoke detector is defined as a device which detects visible or invisible particles of com-

bustion.

A smoke detector approved by the State Fire Marshal shall be one which is approved b,.

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., Underwriters Laboratories of Canada, Inc., or Factory.

Mutual Research Corporation.

An AC primary power source shall be utilized for detectors in all new construction. Inexi-:ting, households. AC primary power is preferred. However, when such is not practical,

a monitored battery primary power source is permitted.

Each smoke detector shall cause the operation of an alarm which shall be clearly audible

in all bedrooms over background noise levels with all intervening doors closed. The teskof audibility level shall hr conducted with all household equipment, which may be in over

atinn at night. in full operation.

Smoke detectors installed to protect sleeping areas shall be located outside of the bedrooms

but in the immediate vicinity of the sleeping areas.

Smoke detectors shall be located on or near the ceiling.

If batteries are used as a source of energy they shall be replaced in acrordatice with Ilierecommendations of the alarm equipment manufacturers.

INFORMATION

Planning and practicing-for Fire conditions with accent on rapid exit from a living unit are important.Drills should be held so that- all family members know what to do. Each person should plan for the

possibility that exit out of a bedroom window 'nay be necessary. An exit out of the livin, unitwitiumt requiring the opening Of a bedroom door is essential.

rDINING

INSTALLATION

Smoke detectors required by this regulation are intended to provide only the minimum level ofprotection. They shall be installed to protect each sleeping area and at the head of each stairwayto occupied areas. Examples:

KITCHEN

LIVING ROOM

I

BEDROOM BEDROOM

BEDROOM

BEDROOM

BEDROOM BEDROOM

/ 77/ // / / /17 / III />/

A basic smoke detector (indicated by cross) shall be located In homes with more than one sleeping area, a smoke3f:INItiOn the sleeping area and the rest of the house. detector (indicated by cross) should be provided to protect each.

Any apartment building sold, built or manufactured after January 1, 1976 which is over threestories in height or contains more than 12 units, shall be equipped with a complete supervised

,:ruoke detection system.

1.