11.1 KEY CONCEPT A population shares a common gene pool.

GENETIC VARIATION IN A POPULATION INCREASES THE CHANCE THAT SOME INDIVIDUALS WILL SURVIVE.

Genetic variation leads to phenotypic variation. Phenotypic variation is necessary for natural selection. Genetic variation stored in gene pool.

made up of all alleles in a population Offspring = new allele combinations

Allele frequencies measure genetic variation.– how common allele is in population– can be calculated for each allele in gene pool

1. Calculate the allele frequency for G(Green frogs) in the population

2. Calculate the allele frequency for g (brown frogs) in the population

GENETIC VARIATION COMES FROM SEVERAL SOURCES. CAN YOU THINK OF SOME?

Mutation is a random change in the DNA of a gene.

• Recombination forms new combinations of alleles.

– can form new allele–How can mutations be

passed on to offspring?

– usually occurs during meiosis, What is the process called?– parents’ alleles

arranged in new ways in gametes

GENETIC VARIATION COMES FROM SEVERAL SOURCES.

Hybridization is the crossing of two different species.occurs when individuals can’t find mate of own

speciesMuch more successful/common in plants topic of current scientific research

SUMMARY Why aren’t mutations in a skin or kidney

cell sources of genetic variation? If you have 10 individuals, 5

homozygous recessive and 5 heterozygous, what is the allele frequency for each allele?

11.2 NATURAL SELECTION ACTS ON DISTRIBUTIONS OF TRAITS. A normal distribution graphs as a bell-shaped curve.

• Why is this curve called “normal”?

• Traits not undergoing natural selection have a normal distribution. Why?

– highest frequency near mean value

– frequencies decrease toward each extreme value

NATURAL SELECTION CAN CHANGE THE DISTRIBUTION OF A TRAIT IN ONE OF THREE WAYS.

Microevolution is evolution within a population.observable change in the allele frequencies can result from natural selectionHow does natural selection cause a change in allele

frequencies?

Natural selection can take one of three paths. – Directional selection favors phenotypes at one

extreme.– Bacteria, Greyhounds

– Stabilizing selection favors the intermediate phenotype.– Gall flies, Siberian Huskies

– What happens to the allele frequency in this distribution?

Natural selection can take one of three paths.

Natural selection can take one of three paths. – Disruptive selection favors both

extreme phenotypes.– What happens if the middle cuts off

completely?

WORK WITH YOUR NEIGHBOR Think of an example for each of the types of

distributions for natural selection

GENETIC DRIFT QUICK LAB Use a deck of cards to represent a population of

island birds. The four suits represent different alleles for tail shape.

What would be the allele frequencies in the original population?

What are the allele frequencies of each suit when only 40 cards are chosen?

Suppose a few birds are blown by a storm to a new island. If we reshuffle the deck and only choose 10 alleles (how many birds does that represent?) what are the new allele frequencies?

11.3 GENE FLOW IS THE MOVEMENT OF ALLELES BETWEEN POPULATIONS.

Gene flow occurs when individuals join new populations and reproduce.

Gene flow keeps neighboring populations similar.

Low gene flow increases the chance that two populations will evolve into different species.What is a species? Why would low gene flow

create new species?bald eagle migration

GENETIC DRIFT IS A CHANGE IN ALLELE FREQUENCIES DUE TO CHANCE.

Genetic drift causes a loss of genetic diversity. It is most common in small populations. Why? A population bottleneck can lead to genetic drift.

It occurs when an eventdrastically reducespopulation size.

Example?The bottleneck effect is

genetic drift that occursafter a bottleneck event.

The founding of a small population can lead to genetic drift.

– It occurs when a few individuals start a new population.– Can you think of an example of when this might occur?– The founder effect is genetic drift that occurs after start

of new population.

Genetic drift has negative effects on a population.– less likely to have some individuals that can adapt– Why does that occur more in small population?

– Penny Activity:Flip the penny 3 times, record how many head and how many tails you flipped.Flip the penny 17 more times, record how many heads and tails you flipped.Which results were closer to the 1:1 ratio you expect to get?

– harmful alleles can become more common due to chance

SEXUAL SELECTION OCCURS WHEN CERTAIN TRAITS INCREASE MATING SUCCESS.

Sexual selection occurs due to higher cost of reproduction for females. males produce many

sperm continuously females are more limited

in potential offspring each cycle

Result: Females are picky!

There are two types of sexual selection. intrasexual selection: competition among males

– Example: lions intersexual selection: males display certain traits to

females– Example: birds

These birds have huge red air sacs which make them easier for predators to spot. Why would they have evolved these, then?

Male Irish elks, now extinct, had 12-foot antlers. Describe how sexual selection could have caused such an exaggerated trait to evolve.

11.5 THE ISOLATION OF POPULATIONS CAN LEAD TO SPECIATION.

Populations become isolated when there is no gene flow. Isolated populations adapt to their own environments. Genetic differences can add up over generations.

Two small, isolated populations of dolphins in Tin Can Bay and the Great Sandy Strait are at risk of extinction, and are the focus of a study by Southern Cross University researcher Daniele Cagnazzi. Mr Cagnazzi has been studying dolphins along the Queensland coast for the last three years. ~ABC News

Reproductive isolation can occur between isolated populations.members of different populations cannot mate

successfully Prezygotic: temporal isolation, behavioral isolation Postzygotic: hybrid sterility

final step to becoming separate species Speciation is the rise of two or more species

from one existing species.

POPULATIONS CAN BECOME ISOLATED IN SEVERAL WAYS. Behavioral barriers can cause isolation.

called behavioral isolation includes differences in courtship or mating behaviors

Geographic barriers can cause isolation.called geographic isolationphysical barriers divide population

Temporal barriers can cause isolation.called temporal isolation timing of reproductive periods prevents mating

11.6 EVOLUTION THROUGH NATURAL SELECTION IS NOT RANDOM.

Natural selection can have direction. The effects of natural selection add up over time.

CONVERGENT EVOLUTION DESCRIBES EVOLUTION TOWARD SIMILAR TRAITS IN UNRELATED SPECIES

What examples can you think of of convergent evolution?

Divergent evolution describes evolution toward different traits in closely related species.

Other examples of divergent evolution?

ancestor

kit foxred fox

SPECIES CAN SHAPE EACH OTHER OVER TIME.

Two or more species can evolve together through coevolution. evolutionary paths become connected species evolve in response to changes in each other

Coevolution can occur in beneficial relationships.

Coevolution can occur in competitive relationships, sometimes called evolutionary.

SPECIES CAN BECOME EXTINCT. Extinction is the elimination of a

species from Earth. Background extinctions occur

continuously at a very low rate. Same rate as speciation Few species in small area caused by local changes in

environment

Mass extinctions are rare but much more intense.destroy many species at global levelcatastrophic events5 in last 600 million years

SPECIATION OFTEN OCCURS IN PATTERNS. A pattern of punctuated equilibrium exists in the fossil

record. theory proposed by Eldredge and Gould in 1972 Episodes of speciation occur suddenly followed by periods

of little change revised Darwin’s idea

CH. 10 REVIEW TOPICSadaptation populationvestigial structure homologous structure analogous structuregradualismcatastrophismuniformitarianismnatural selectionartificial selection

CH. 11 REVIEW TOPICSgene pool allele frequency genetic drift founder effectbottleneck effect coevolution divergent evolutionconvergent evolution

CH. 12 REVIEW TOPICSPaleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Eras half-life5 types of fossils

ALSO KNOW… Charles Darwins’ observations on Galapagos Islands Scientists and their contributions to evolution: Lamarck,

E.Darwin, Linnaeus 4 principles of natural selection and their application

(adaptation, variation, overproduction, descent with modification

Reasons for genetic variation (mutations, recombination, etc.)

3 types of selection (directional, disruptive, stabilizing) and application

Isolations: reproductive, behavioral, temporal, geographic Labs for this Unit: Beak Lab, Lethal Alleles Lab (Tigers born

without fur, two colors of M&M’s)– know the basic procedure and what principles of evolution the lab demonstrated, if you weren’t here for a lab, check with someone else to get the overall idea of what we did