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Topics in Artificial Intelligence
prof. dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, http://www.cs.put.poznan.pl/jjozefowska
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2dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Curriculum
• Introduction – overview of research topics in artificial intelligence
• Knowledge representation• Space search as a general inference model• Reasoning under uncertainty
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3dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
References• Bolc L., Borodziewicz W., Wójcik M., Podstawy przetwarzania informacji niepewnej i niepełnej, PWN,
Warszawa, 1991.• Bolc L., Zaremba J., Wprowadzenie do uczenia się maszyn, Akademicka Oficyna Wydawnicza RM,
Warszawa, 1992.• Bolc L., J. Cytowski, Metody przeszukiwania heurystycznego, PWN, t1 1989, t2 1991.• Charniak E., Mc Dermot D., Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, Addison Wesley, 1985.• Churchland P.M., P. Smith-Churchland, Czy maszyna może myśleć?, Świat Nauki, lipiec 1991.• Greenfield S., Tajemnice mózgu, Świat Książki, Warszawa, 1998.• Guida G., C. Tasso, Design and Development of Knowledge-Based Systems, John Wiley 1994.• Harel D., Rzecz o istocie informatyki, wyd. 2, WNT Warszawa, 2000.• Lugger G., Stubblefield W.A., Artificial Intelligence and the Design of Expert Systems, The
Benjamin/Cummings Publ. Comp. Inc., 1989.• Mulawka J., Systemy ekspertowe, Warszawa, WNT, 1996• Neural Networks and Soft Computing, L. Rutkowski, R. Tadeusiewicz (eds.), Polish Neural Network Society,
Częstochowa, 2000.• Niederliński A., Regułowe systemy ekspertowe, Wydawnictwo Pracowni Komputerowej Jacka Skalmierskiego,
Gliwice 2000.• Puppe F., Systematic Introduction to Expert Systems, Springer Verlag 1993.• Rich E., Artificial Intelligence, McGraw Hill, 1983.• Rich E., K. Knight, Artificial intelligence, McGraw Hill, New York, 1991.• Russell S. J., Norvig P., Artificial Intelligence. A modern approach, Prentice Hall, Inc. 1995.• Scarle J.R., Czy intelekt mózgu jest programem komputerowym?, Świat Nauki, lipiec 1991.• Sieci Neuronowe, W. Duch, J. Korbicz, L.Rutkowski, R. Tadeusiewicz, Biocybernetyka i Inżynieria Medyczna
2000, t. 6, Akademicka Oficyna Wydawnicza EXIT, Warszawa 2000.• Tadeusiewicz R., Elementarne wprowadzenie do techniki sieci neuronowych z przykładowymi programami,
Akademicka Oficyna Wydawnicza PLJ, Warszawa 1998.
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4dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Artificial Intelligencemyths and reality
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5dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
What is human intelligence?
• Is it a single feature or a set of skills?• Can one learn it?• What is learning?• What is creativity?• What is intuition?• What is consciousness?• Can we build an intelligent machine?• How to check if a machine is intelligent?
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6dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Intelligence has been defined by prominent researchers in the field as :
Binet and Simon (1905): the ability to judge well, to understand well, to reason well.
Terman (1916): the capacity to form concepts and to grasp their significance.
Wechsler (1939): the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment.
Gardner (1986): the ability or skill to solve problems or to fashion products which are valued within one or more cultural settings.
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7dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Linguistic intelligence
• reading
• writing
• speaking
• understanding
• creativityShall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Thou art. More lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darlings buds of May,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date;
W. Shakespeare
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8dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Personal intelligence
Ma dwie odmiany:
interpersonal – „people smart”
intrapersonal–„self smart”
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9dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Logical-mathematical intelligence„number/reasoning smart”
• abstract, symbolic thought
• sequential reasoning skills
• inductive and deductive thinking patterns
E=mc2
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10dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Kinesthetic intelligence – „Body smart”
manipulate objects and use a variety of physical skills
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11dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Musical intelligence
• recognize
• create
• reproduce
• reflect on music
Słuchamy fragmentu IX symfonii Ludwiga van Beethovena
Musical intelligence is the capacity to discern pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone.
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12dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Spatial intelligence
• mental imagery• spatial reasoning• image manipulation• graphic and artistic skills• an active imagination
Spatial intelligence is the ability to think in three dimensions.
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13dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
The IQ Test and 7 types of intelligence by Gardner
linguistic intelligencepersonal intelligence
interpersonalintrapersonal
logical-mathematical intelligencekinesthetic intelligence musical intelligencespatial intelligence
Psychologist Howard GardnerGardner, H. (1983). Frames of Mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books. Basic Books Paperback, 1985. Tenth Anniversary Edition with new introduction, New York: Basic Books, 1993.
IQ = (Mental Age) / (Chronological Age) x 100
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14dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
General intelligence
Intelligence is not a collection of various aptitudes but the integration of various aptitudes into a coherent whole.
Humans are smarter than computers because they can switch from Chess to Painting and see the connections between those fields, something that computers are completely unable to do.
Intelligence is at least as much into the links between our various aptitudes that into the various aptitudes themselves and it is a serious mistake to reduce intelligence to the aptitudes that support it.
Charles Spearman
G-factor
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15dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
General intelligence
• memory• creativity• imagination• common sense• intuition• emotions• morality
Intelligence and
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16dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Famous meeting
The Dartmouth Seminar 1956
Dartmouth College: John McCarthyMarvin Minsky
Claude ShannonNathaniel Rochester
Princeton: Trenchard MoreIBM: Arthur Samuel
MIT: Ray SolomonoffOliver Selfridge
Carnegie Tech: Allen NewellHerbert Simon
"Within ten years a digital computer will be the world's
chess champion," Allen Newell said in 1957,
"unless the rules bar it from competition."
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17dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Artificial intelligence
Thinking humanly Thinking rationally
Acting humanly Acting rationally
Source: Russel S.J., Norvig P., Artificial intelligence - a modern approach, Prentice Hall 1995.
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18dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
The Turing test
?
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19dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Criticism of the Turing test
• The Test provides a guarantee not of intelligence but of culturally-oriented human intelligence (see French, Robert M.: Subcognition and the Limits of the Turing Test).
• The test is limited to solving symbolic tasks, it is not possible to verify perception or manual abilities, although they reflect human intelligence.
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20dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Defense of the Turing test
• The only standard allowing to discover intelligence without defining its „true” nature.
• It ignores the problem of internal computer inference mechanism and its consciousness.
• The natural advantages of „living” object is reduced by the interface.
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21dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Mental faculties
INPUT
INTERIOR OUTPUT
IMAGE RROBOTICS
SPEACH
DEDUCTION
ACTION PLANNING
EXPLANATION
LEARNING SPEACH
Source: E. Charniak, D. McDermott, Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, Addison Wesley, Reading, MA, 1985, s.7
flavour, test, intuition
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22dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Application domains of artificial intelligence
• Natural language processing • Image recognition• Automated reasoning• Games• Expert systems• Automatic learning• Action planning and robotics
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23dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Cognitivism or connectionism?
Weak or strong artificial intelligence?
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24dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
• How does a human brain work?
• How do humans solve problems?
Conectionist model Cognitivist model
• Big number of identical simple units
• Distributed and parallel processing
• Failure resistance
Complexity of learning
• Symbolic knowledge representation
• Inference mechanism
Complexity of search
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25dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Physical symbol system hypothesis1976 - Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon*)
A physical symbol system consists of a set of entities, called symbols, which are physical patterns that can occur as components of another type of entity called an expression (or symbol structure).
Hypothesis:
A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligent action.
*)Carnegie Tech - now Carnegie Mellon University
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26dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Knowledge representation
Search
General technique for problem solving consisting in systematic exploration of all consecutive and alternative steps in the problem solving process.
The process and the result of formalization of knowledge in such a way, that it can be used automatically for problem solving.
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27dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Automated reasoning
Bernard Russel1872-1970
Alfred N. Whitehead1861-1947
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29dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Logic Theorist - 1956
Allen Newell19.03.1927 - 19.07.1992
Herbert Simon15.06.1916 - 9.02.2001
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30dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
First Order Logic (FOL)
A = Z F P S {(, ), ,}
A – set of symbols
Z - variables x1, x2, ...
F – function symbols: F1n, F2
n, ...
P – predicate symbols: P1n, P2
n, ...
S – logical symbols {, , , , , , }
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31dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Deduction
Inference method based on modus ponens
,
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32dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
2. modus ponens
Dowód:
Theorem: die(sokrates)
1. X/sokrates in A1
man(sokrates), man(sokrates) die(sokrates)
Theory(A1) man(X) die(X)(A2) man(sokrates)
(A1’) man(sokrates) die(sokrates)
die(sokrates)
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33dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Operations in Logic Theorist
Substitution: any variable may be substituted by an expresion.
Modus ponens (reguła odrywania):
Replacement: an operator can be replaced by a definition.
e.g. in (A B) (A B) we substitute A for B (A A) (AA) (*)
np. w wyrażeniu (A A) A zastępujemy operator jego definicją (*)
(A A) A
[(A B) A]B
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34dr hab. inż. Joanna Józefowska, prof. PP
Logic Theorist - summary
• Newella, Simona and Shawa 1956• Proved theorems from the first chapter of
Principia Mathematica• Knowledge representation: FOL• Inference: deduction• Comparison of expressions: unification• Problems: complexity
