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An ESA Communications Production
Publication ESA Technology Tree Version 3.0 (ESA STM-277 2nd ed., October 2013)
Editing/layout K. Fletcher
Publisher ESA CommunicationsESTEC, PO Box 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, the NetherlandsTel: +31 71 565 3408 Fax: +31 71 565 5433 www.esa.int
ISBN 978-92-9221-927-7
ISSN 0379-4067
Copyright © 2013 European Space Agency
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 3
Table of Contents
Change log .................................................................................................................................................. 4
1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 5
1.1 Objective of this Document ...................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Structure of the Technology Tree ............................................................................................. 5
1.3 Document Overview ................................................................................................................. 5
1.4 Historical Background .............................................................................................................. 5
1.5 2012 Update ............................................................................................................................. 6
1.6 Technology Tree Objectives..................................................................................................... 6
1.7 Definitions ................................................................................................................................ 6
1.8 Granularity Guidelines ............................................................................................................. 7
2 Technology Tree Issue 3.0 – Abbreviated Version ............................................................................ 8
3 Technology Tree Issue 3.0 – Full Version ........................................................................................ 11
Appendix A – Technology Domain Responsibles ................................................................................... 48
Appendix B – Differences between Technology Tree Versions 2.1 and 3.0 ........................................... 49
Appendix C: Acronyms ............................................................................................................................ 51
Annex: Technology Tree in Excel file
4 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
Technology Tree Change Log
Reason for change Issue Revision Date
Initial issue 1 0 March 2003 Re-numbering of TD15 1 1 June 2003 Second issue: Full document update 2 0 November 2006 Further update of TDs 9-10-11-12 and reduction to two levels
2 1 April 2007
Review of 2.1 vs 1.1 correspondence matrix 2 1.1 March 2008 No change to content; layout changed to bring the document into the ESA STM series
2 1.2 September 2008
Third issue: Full document update Updated to 2nd edition of STM-277
3 0 October 2013
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 5
1 Introduction
1.1 Objective of this Document The objective of this document is to present the ESA Technology Tree, which provides a classification system for all technical knowhow that is available in ESA.
The Tree was initially defined in the frame of the ESTER (European Space Technology Requirements database) consolidation activities performed in April/May 2002. The present issue (issue 3.0) is the result of the 2012 update carried out by TEC-T with the help of TECNET, and with the help of all the Technology Domain Responsibles (TDRs).
The Technology Tree presented in this document is a living tool and therefore will be subject to evolution as necessary.
1.2 Structure of the Technology Tree The Technology Tree has a three-level structure. The first level of decomposition introduces 26 Technology Domains (TDs). The TDs are then further subdivided into Technology Subdomains (TSs) and Technology Groups (TGs), as appropriate.
For many ESA processes, only the first two levels of the Tree are used, namely the TDs and the TSs. An abbreviated version of the table is therefore also provided.
1.3 Document Overview The document is divided into three sections and two Appendices:
Section 1 (this section) describes the objectives of the document, an outline of the changes between issues 2.1 and 3.0, a number of useful definitions and a brief historical background.
Section 2 contains an abbreviated version of the Tree (only TDs and TSs included).
Section 3 contains the full tabular format version, with descriptions (all levels included).
Appendix A provides the latest updated list of the TDRs (ESA contact point list).
Appendix B provides a detailed description of the changes between issues 2.1 and 3.0 of the Technology Tree, including a connectivity matrix between version 2.1 and 3.0.
In addition, an Excel file is provided on attached CD in order to facilitate the use of the Tree.
1.4 Historical Background ESTER was initially structured around 56 separate TGs (originally referred to as Product Groups). During the 2002 update, however, the list grew to include 207 separate items. The main reason behind this growth was that data providers had introduced new groups in order to define more accurately their area of work or expertise. The resulting cumulative list was not well structured, and, not surprisingly, included many duplications and overlaps, thus penalising its overall function. In order to improve the situation and provide a more structured classification of technology, the concept of the Technology Tree was established.
Issue 1.1 of the Technology Tree was released in 2003 as the result of a collaboration between the Directorate of Technical and Operational Support (D-TOS) and the Technology Harmonisation and Strategy Division (IMT-TH).
Since the first issue in 2003, the Technology Tree has been used both by ESA (e.g. for ESTER, Harmonisation, ESA Technology Strategy Long-Term Plan, technology programme workplans), and by the European industry.
6 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
1.5 2012 Update Since the last issue of the Technology Tree, things have changed both technologically and organisationally, plus a number of comments were made by users on both the content and the navigability of the Tree.
In response to the above comments, the 2012 Technology Tree update has been carried out according to the following guidelines:
• Contact all ESA TDRs for suggestions on changes and improvements to the Technology Tree • Analyse all received input and identify areas where there might be overlaps or where there might
be potential for misunderstanding • Analyse areas where no changes have been made, in order to catch issues that might have been
missed in previous reviews
Issue 3.0 of the Technology Tree now contains:
• 26 TDs (26 in issue 2.1) • 101 TSs (92 in issue 2.1) • 320 TGs (274 in issue 2.1)
The total number of entries for issue 3.0 is therefore 447. By comparison, issue 2.1 contained 392 entries, and issue 1.1, 411 entries. An outline of the changes introduced in this latest revision follows:
• 47 entries have been added • 44 entries have an updated title • 110 entries have an updated description • 7 entries have been moved within the Tree • 3 entries have been deleted • 9 entries have been split into more than one entry • 6 entries have been merged
More details about the changes, and a connectivity matrix between versions 2.1 and 3.0, are provided in Appendix B.
1.6 Technology Tree Objectives The objectives of the Technology Tree are as follows
• To provide a classification of all technological expertise currently available in ESA for space activities.
• To provide guidance for the identification in ESA of individuals responsible for specific technology areas.
1.7 Definitions In the context of this document, the following definitions are applicable:
Technology A technology is defined as the technical knowhow that is required for the design, manufacture and test of a space product, including all related processes.
Product Space products are all items needed for space activities that can be procured in the market, including services.
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 7
1.8 Granularity Guidelines Consistent with the definition of technology given above, the granularity of the description of TD, TS and TG goes from more general (TD) to more specific (TG), as follows:
• TD: A technology domain includes knowhow relevant to a technical area that can be identified as being standalone and can therefore be considered independently of other TDs.
• TS: A decomposition of a TD to provide a more accurate description of its content in terms of different but related technical areas.
• TG: A further decomposition of each TS to identify a technology that is relevant to a family of products but that is not the description of a product in itself.
An example of a technology category is 3-B-II. The structure and levels are illustrated in Fig. 1.
Figure 1: Structure of the Technology Tree
Technology Domain (1-26)
Technology Subdomain A
TG I
TG XX
Technology Subdomain Z
TG I
TG XX
8 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
2 Technology Tree Issue 3.0 – Abbreviated Version TD TECHNOLOGY DOMAIN TS TECHNOLOGY SUBDOMAIN 1 Onboard Data Systems A Payload data processing
B Onboard data management C Microelectronics for digital and analogue applications
2 Space System Software A Advanced Software technologies B Space segment software C Ground segment software D Ground data processing E Earth observation payload data exploitation
3 Spacecraft Electrical Power A Power system architecture B Power generation technologies C Energy storage technologies D Power conditioning and distribution including regulation,
control and distribution 4 Spacecraft Environments and
Effects A Space environment B Environment effects C Space weather
5 Space System Control A Control systems engineering B Control systems innovative technologies C Control techniques and tools D AOCS/GNC sensors and actuators
6 RF Systems, Payloads and Technologies
A Telecommunication systems/subsystems B Radio navigation systems/subsystems C TT&C and payload data modulator (PDM)
systems/subsystems D RF payloads E RF technologies and equipment
7 Electromagnetic Technologies and Techniques
A Antennas B Wave Interaction and propagation C EMC/RFC/ESD
8 System Design & Verification A Mission and system specification B Collaborative and concurrent engineering C System analysis and design D System verification and AIT
9 Mission Operation and Ground Data systems
A Advanced system concepts B Mission operations C Ground data systems (MCS)
10 Flight Dynamics and GNSS A Flight dynamics B GNSS high-precision data processing
11 Space Debris A Ground- and space-based debris and meteoroid measurements B Modelling and risk analysis C Debris mitigation, debris environment remediation and
protection 12 Ground Station System and
Networks A Ground station system B Ground communications networks
13 Automation, Telepresence & Robotics
A Applications and concepts B Automation & robotics systems C Automation & robotics components and technologies
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 9
TD TECHNOLOGY DOMAIN TS TECHNOLOGY SUBDOMAIN 14 Life & Physical Sciences A Instrumentation in support of life sciences
B Instrumentation in support of physical sciences C Applied life science technology D Applied physical science technology
15 Mechanisms A Mechanism core technologies B Non-explosive release technologies C Exploration tool technologies D Control electronics technologies E MEMS technologies F Tribology technologies G Mechanism engineering H Pyrotechnic technologies
16 Optics A Optical system engineering B Optical component technology and materials C Optical equipment and instrument technology
17 Optoelectronics A Laser technologies B Detector technologies C Photonics
18 Aerothermodynamics A Numerical methods B Ground-based facilities C Sensors and Measurement Techniques D Flight databases
19 Propulsion
A Chemical propulsion technologies B Electric propulsion technologies C Advanced propulsion D Supporting Propulsion Technologies and Tools
20 Structures A Structural design and verification methods and tools B High-stability and high-precision S/C structures C Inflatable and deployable structures D Hot structures E Active/adaptive structures F Damage tolerance and health monitoring G Launchers, reentry vehicles, planetary vehicles H Crew habitation, safe haven and EVA suits I Meteoroid and debris shield design and analysis J Advanced structural concepts and materials
21 Thermal A Heat transport technology B Cryogenics and refrigeration C Thermal protection D Heat storage and rejection E Thermal analysis tools
22 Environmental Control Life Support (ECLS) and In Situ Resource Utilisation (ISRU)
A ECLS B ISRU
23 EEE (electric, electromechanical & electronic) Components and quality
A Methods and processes for product assurance of EEE components, including radiation hardness assurance
B EEE component technologies
10 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
TD TECHNOLOGY DOMAIN TS TECHNOLOGY SUBDOMAIN 24 Materials and Processes A Novel materials and materials technology
B Materials processes C Cleanliness and sterilisation D Space environmental effects on materials and processes E Modelling of materials behaviour and properties F Non-destructive inspection (NDI) G Materials and process obsolescence H Materials for electronic assembly
25 Quality, Dependability and Safety
A System Dependability and Safety B Software quality C Product and quality assurance
26 OTHERS
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 11
3 T
echn
olog
y T
ree
Issu
e 3.
0 –
Full
Ver
sion
TD
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y D
OM
AIN
T
S T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y S
UBD
OM
AIN
T
G
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
GR
OU
P 1
Onb
oard
Dat
a Sy
stem
s A
ddre
sses
bot
h sp
acec
raft
data
m
anag
emen
t and
pay
load
dat
a pr
oces
sing
and
cov
ers t
he h
ardw
are
and
softw
are
requ
ired
for d
ata
acqu
isiti
on, d
ata
proc
essi
ng, s
tora
ge
for b
oth
payl
oad
and
spac
ecra
ft da
ta, o
nboa
rd n
etw
orki
ng a
nd th
e sp
ace-
link
netw
ork
laye
r and
abo
ve.
A
Payl
oad
Dat
a Pr
oces
sing
C
over
ing
spec
ific
digi
tal s
igna
l and
dat
a pr
oces
sing
tech
nolo
gies
and
tech
niqu
es, a
s w
ell a
s spe
cific
(hig
h-sp
eed,
hig
h-ca
paci
ty-
orie
nted
) har
dwar
e (e
.g. D
SP, s
tora
ge),
softw
are
(sig
nal/i
mag
e pr
oces
sing
, dat
a co
mpr
essi
on/fu
sion
…) a
nd n
etw
orki
ng
tech
nolo
gies
(inc
ludi
ng p
roto
cols
and
st
anda
rds)
.
I Sy
stem
Tec
hnol
ogie
s for
Pay
load
Dat
a Pr
oces
sing
C
over
s sys
tem
asp
ects
such
as p
aylo
ad p
roce
ssin
g an
d st
orag
e ar
chite
ctur
es, a
lgor
ithm
s, co
mm
unic
atio
n, e
tc.,
for E
arth
ob
serv
atio
n, sc
ienc
e an
d m
anne
d-sp
ace
appl
icat
ions
. II
H
ardw
are
Tec
hnol
ogie
s for
Pay
load
Dat
a Pr
oces
sing
C
over
s har
dwar
e te
chno
logi
es re
late
d to
hig
h-sp
eed/
high
-pe
rfor
man
ce e
quip
men
t (e.
g. D
SP, m
ass m
emor
ies,
switc
hes a
nd
com
mun
icat
ion
links
, dig
ital v
ideo
, dat
a co
mpr
essi
on).
III
Soft
war
e T
echn
olog
ies f
or P
aylo
ad D
ata
Proc
essi
ng
Cov
ers s
oftw
are
tech
nolo
gies
rela
ted
to h
igh-
spee
d/hi
gh-
perf
orm
ance
pay
load
dat
a pr
oces
sing
syst
ems.
B
O
nboa
rd D
ata
Man
agem
ent
Cov
ers a
vion
ics a
nd c
omm
and
& c
ontro
l sy
stem
spec
ific
aspe
cts,
such
as
data
han
dlin
g, sy
stem
man
agem
ent a
nd
auto
nom
y, a
s wel
l as s
peci
fic h
ardw
are
(e.g
. co
mpu
ters
, sto
rage
, mic
ro-c
ontro
llers
), so
ftwar
e (e
.g. b
asic
supp
ort p
acka
ges)
and
ne
twor
king
tech
nolo
gies
and
tech
niqu
es, e
tc.
I Sy
stem
H
ighl
y in
tegr
ated
syst
ems,
arch
itect
ure,
faul
t tol
eran
ce, o
nboa
rd
oper
atio
n m
anag
emen
t and
aut
onom
y.
II
Onb
oard
Com
pute
rs
Cov
ers o
nboa
rd fa
ult-t
oler
ant d
epen
dabl
e co
mpu
ters
, the
ir m
ain
com
pone
nts (
mic
ropr
oces
sors
, I/O
) and
bas
ic so
ftwar
e.
III
Dat
a St
orag
e C
over
s the
dev
elop
men
t of d
ata
stor
age
equi
pmen
t (m
ass m
emor
ies)
an
d m
odul
es fo
r spa
cecr
aft p
latfo
rms.
IV
Onb
oard
Net
wor
ks a
nd C
ontr
ol/M
onito
ring
C
over
s the
dev
elop
men
t of t
he o
nboa
rd d
ata
com
mun
icat
ion
syst
ems,
incl
udin
g on
boar
d co
mm
and
and
cont
rol d
ata
netw
orks
for
perf
orm
ing
mon
itorin
g an
d co
ntro
l acr
oss t
he p
latfo
rm, a
nd w
irele
ss
syst
ems.
12 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
1 O
nboa
rd D
ata
Syst
ems (
cont
d.)
C
Mic
roel
ectr
onic
s for
Dig
ital a
nd A
nalo
gue
App
licat
ions
C
over
ing
desi
gn m
etho
dolo
gies
and
te
chno
logy
for s
pace
app
licat
ion
spec
ific
inte
grat
ed c
ircui
ts (A
SIC
s) a
nd fi
eld
prog
ram
mab
le g
ate
arra
ys (F
PGA
s). D
igita
l an
d an
alog
ue d
esig
ns, i
nclu
ding
IP c
ores
.
I M
etho
dolo
gies
R
ad-h
arde
ning
by
desi
gn a
llow
ing
usag
e of
com
mer
cial
te
chno
logi
es; S
yste
m-o
n-ch
ip d
esig
n m
etho
dolo
gies
; Har
dwar
e-So
ftwar
e co
-des
ign;
usa
ge o
f rep
rogr
amm
able
FPG
As f
or sp
ace
appl
icat
ions
; hig
h-pe
rfor
man
ce a
nd lo
w p
ower
sign
al p
roce
ssin
g al
gorit
hms a
nd p
roce
ssor
s; a
nalo
gue
IC d
esig
n. A
SIC
and
FPG
A
desi
gn (d
esig
n ki
t and
libr
arie
s) a
nd te
st to
ols.
(Not
e 1-
C-I-
1: Is
sues
rela
ted
to b
asic
mec
hani
sms o
f rad
iatio
n ef
fect
s are
cov
ered
in T
D 2
3)
(Not
e 1-
C-I-
2: T
he so
ftwar
e si
de o
f sof
twar
e–ha
rdw
are
co-e
ngin
eeri
ng is
cov
ered
in 2
-B-I
I) II
D
igita
l and
Ana
logu
e D
evic
es a
nd T
echn
olog
ies
Reu
sabl
e IP
cor
es, (
ASI
C) p
roce
ssor
s, de
tect
or re
adou
ts a
nd se
nsor
el
ectro
nics
fron
t-end
s, st
anda
rd A
SIC
s and
ASS
Ps (A
pplic
atio
n Sp
ecifi
c St
anda
rd P
rodu
cts)
, FPG
As.
2 Sp
ace
Syst
em S
oftw
are
Add
ress
es b
oth
spac
e an
d gr
ound
se
gmen
t. A
ll ba
sic
tech
niqu
es a
nd
tech
nolo
gies
in th
e fie
lds o
f so
ftwar
e an
d In
form
atio
n Te
chno
logy
with
resp
ect t
o th
eir
appl
icat
ion
to sp
ace
mis
sion
s.
A
Adv
ance
d So
ftw
are
Tec
hnol
ogie
s A
dvan
ced
softw
are
deve
lopm
ent
(req
uire
men
ts, d
esig
n, v
erifi
catio
n, v
alid
atio
n,
mai
nten
ance
and
qua
lific
atio
n) m
etho
ds/to
ols.
Adv
ance
d fu
nctio
ns to
be
impl
emen
ted
in
softw
are.
Bot
h gr
ound
and
spac
e ap
plic
atio
n in
clud
ed. D
evel
opm
ent o
f rel
ated
stan
dard
s.
I A
dvan
ced
Soft
war
e D
evel
opm
ent M
etho
ds a
nd T
ools
Met
hods
and
tool
s for
the
softw
are
deve
lopm
ent t
hat a
re in
nova
tive
in th
e co
mm
erci
al w
orld
and
requ
ire a
naly
sis p
rior t
o ad
optio
n in
the
spac
e do
mai
n. T
his i
nclu
des f
or e
xam
ple
the
OM
G (O
bjec
t M
anag
emen
t Gro
up) t
echn
olog
ies,
new
lang
uage
s, et
c.
II
Adv
ance
d so
ftw
are
func
tions
N
ew fu
nctio
ns o
f the
softw
are
syst
ems t
hat a
re a
ntic
ipat
ed to
be
need
ed b
ut th
at n
eed
pred
evel
opm
ent o
r pro
toty
ping
bef
ore
actu
al
spac
e de
velo
pmen
t. In
clud
es a
uton
omy,
par
alle
l com
putin
g, e
tc.
(Not
e 2-
A-II
-1: T
his i
nclu
des a
lso
pred
evel
opm
ent f
or a
pplic
atio
ns
indi
cate
d in
TD
1-A-
III)
B
Spac
e Se
gmen
t Sof
twar
e O
nboa
rd so
ftwar
e re
quire
men
ts, d
esig
n,
verif
icat
ion,
val
idat
ion,
mai
nten
ance
and
qu
alifi
catio
n m
etho
ds/to
ols.
Spec
ific
aspe
cts
rela
ted
to th
e ap
plic
atio
n of
mod
ern
IT
tech
nolo
gies
. Inc
lude
s flig
ht so
ftwar
e an
d re
late
d si
mul
ator
tech
nolo
gies
.
I M
etho
ds a
nd T
ools
for
Onb
oard
Sof
twar
e E
ngin
eeri
ng
Proc
esse
s A
ll as
pect
s of o
nboa
rd so
ftwar
e en
gine
erin
g, re
quire
men
t en
gine
erin
g, a
utom
atio
n of
the
life
cycl
e, te
stin
g, m
odel
-bas
ed
deve
lopm
ent,
etc.
In p
artic
ular
, it i
nclu
des s
oftw
are
emul
ator
s of
onbo
ard
proc
esso
rs.
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 13
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
2 Sp
ace
Syst
em S
oftw
are
(con
t.)
B
Spac
e Se
gmen
t Sof
twar
e (c
ont.)
II
In
nova
tive
Soft
war
e M
anag
emen
t Pro
cess
A
dapt
ive
engi
neer
ing,
new
pla
nnin
g ap
proa
ches
, cos
t est
imat
ion
met
hods
, dis
tribu
ted
deve
lopm
ent.
The
focu
s is o
n th
e sy
stem
as
pect
s of s
oftw
are,
the
syst
em–s
oftw
are
co-e
ngin
eerin
g. In
clud
es
also
softw
are–
hard
war
e co
-eng
inee
ring.
(N
ote
2-B-
II-1
: The
syst
em si
de o
f sys
tem
–sof
twar
e co
-eng
inee
ring
, an
d th
e ha
rdwa
re si
de o
f sof
twar
e–ha
rdw
are
co-e
ngin
eerin
g, a
re
cove
red
in 8
-A-I
and
1-C
-I re
spec
tivel
y.)
III
Soft
war
e A
rchi
tect
ures
So
ftwar
e ar
chite
ctur
es fo
r spa
ce se
gmen
t sof
twar
e. In
clud
es e
.g.
conc
epts
such
as A
rinc6
53. I
n pa
rticu
lar,
it in
clud
es a
lso
Plug
and
Pl
ay te
chno
logi
es.
C
Gro
und
Segm
ent S
oftw
are
Mis
sion
con
trol s
yste
m so
ftwar
e de
sign
, ve
rific
atio
n, v
alid
atio
n an
d m
aint
enan
ce
met
hods
/tool
s. A
pplic
atio
n of
mod
ern
IT
tech
nolo
gies
to sp
acec
raft
oper
atio
ns,
incl
udin
g O
bjec
t-Orie
nted
Tec
hnol
ogie
s.
D
Gro
und
Dat
a Pr
oces
sing
C
over
s arc
hivi
ng sy
stem
s and
ana
lytic
al
proc
essi
ng o
f spa
ce d
ata.
I D
ata
Arc
hivi
ng S
yste
ms
Long
-term
dat
a st
orag
e, la
rge
data
vol
ume
tech
nolo
gy…
II
A
naly
tical
Pro
cess
ing
Dat
a m
inin
g, fe
atur
e ex
tract
ion…
E
Ear
th O
bser
vatio
n Pa
yloa
d D
ata
Exp
loita
tion
Tech
nolo
gies
ass
ocia
ted
with
dev
elop
men
t an
d op
erat
ion
of g
roun
d se
gmen
t in
fras
truct
ure
and
faci
litie
s (in
clud
ing
user
in
terf
aces
, mis
sion
ana
lysi
s/pl
anni
ng, p
aylo
ad
data
acq
uisi
tion,
arc
hivi
ng, p
roce
ssin
g,
diss
emin
atio
n, q
ualit
y co
ntro
l), p
rovi
sion
of
rela
ted
data
and
info
rmat
ion
to u
ser
com
mun
ities
, sup
port
to d
ata
utili
satio
n,
appl
icat
ions
and
serv
ices
, cre
atio
n of
hig
her-
leve
l inf
orm
atio
n pr
oduc
ts a
nd th
e cr
eatio
n an
d pr
ovis
ion
of in
form
atio
n-ba
sed
serv
ices
.
I D
ata
and
Info
rmat
ion
Proc
essi
ng a
nd E
xplo
itatio
n C
over
s asp
ects
rela
ted
to d
ata
and
info
rmat
ion
acqu
isiti
on,
arch
ivin
g, p
roce
ssin
g, d
isse
min
atio
n, a
nd q
ualit
y co
ntro
l, an
d to
m
issi
on p
lann
ing.
Als
o co
vers
exp
loita
tion
of fe
dera
ted
and
colla
bora
tive
payl
oad
data
gro
und
segm
ent s
ervi
ces a
nd d
ata
diss
emin
atio
n.
II
App
licat
ions
and
Ser
vice
s C
over
s asp
ects
rela
ted
to a
pplic
atio
ns (e
.g. a
lgor
ithm
s, m
odel
s, re
late
d en
viro
nmen
ts, e
tc.),
hig
her-
leve
l pro
cess
ing,
info
rmat
ion
min
ing,
info
rmat
ion-
base
d se
rvic
es, s
ervi
ce su
ppor
t, ou
treac
h.
III
Info
rmat
ion
Syst
ems a
nd U
ser
Inte
rfac
es
Cov
ers a
spec
ts re
late
d to
syst
ems f
or a
cces
sing
dat
a an
d in
form
atio
n an
d us
er in
terf
ace
tool
s and
met
hods
.
14 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
2 Sp
ace
Syst
em S
oftw
are
(con
t.)
E E
arth
Obs
erva
tion
Payl
oad
Dat
a E
xplo
itatio
n (c
ont.)
IV
C
ore
Infr
astr
uctu
re a
nd A
rchi
tect
ures
C
over
s asp
ects
at g
roun
d se
gmen
t lev
el, l
ike
arch
itect
ures
, com
mon
in
fras
truct
ure,
supp
ort t
o m
anag
emen
t and
ope
ratio
ns,
auto
mat
ion,
…
3 Sp
acec
raft
Ele
ctri
cal P
ower
A
ddre
sses
the
tech
niqu
es a
nd
tech
nolo
gies
rela
ted
to p
ower
sy
stem
arc
hite
ctur
e, to
pow
er
gene
ratio
n, d
istri
butio
n an
d co
nditi
onin
g an
d to
ene
rgy
stor
age.
A
Pow
er S
yste
m A
rchi
tect
ure
In
clud
ing
pow
er sy
stem
topo
logi
es, s
izin
g,
mod
ellin
g an
d si
mul
atio
n to
ols a
nd
tech
niqu
es.
B
Pow
er G
ener
atio
n T
echn
olog
ies
I Ph
otov
olta
ic G
ener
ator
Tec
hnol
ogy
Incl
udin
g so
lar c
ells
(cry
stal
line
and
thin
film
s), p
hoto
volta
ic
asse
mbl
y an
d so
lar a
rray
tech
nolo
gies
. II
Fu
el C
ell T
echn
olog
ies
III
Nuc
lear
and
The
rmo-
Ele
ctri
c Po
wer
Gen
erat
or T
echn
olog
ies
C
Ene
rgy
Stor
age
Tec
hnol
ogie
s I
Ele
ctro
-Che
mic
al T
echn
olog
ies f
or E
nerg
y St
orag
e II
M
echa
nica
l Tec
hnol
ogy
for
Ene
rgy
Stor
age
(Not
e 3-
C-II
-1: D
etai
led
mec
hani
sms a
spec
ts ar
e co
vere
d in
TD
15)
D
Pow
er C
ondi
tioni
ng a
nd D
istri
butio
n
Incl
udin
g re
gula
tion,
con
trol a
nd d
istri
butio
n.
I Po
wer
Con
ditio
ning
PC
Us,
DC
/DC
con
verte
rs, S
AR
, BD
Rs,
BC
Rs e
tc.
II
Spec
ific
Pow
er S
uppl
ies
PPU
s, hi
gh-v
olta
ge E
PCs,
whe
el e
lect
roni
cs, e
tc.
III
Pow
er D
istr
ibut
ion
Solid
-sta
te sw
itche
s, PD
Us.
4 Sp
acec
raft
Env
iron
men
ts a
nd
Eff
ects
Sp
ace
envi
ronm
enta
l eff
ects
are
lim
iting
on
all s
pace
mis
sion
s and
ne
ed to
be
asse
ssed
dur
ing
all
mis
sion
pha
ses.
Ass
essm
ent
requ
ires t
he c
reat
ion
of
envi
ronm
ent m
odel
s and
the
know
ledg
e of
eff
ects
, whi
ch is
ob
tain
ed b
y in
fligh
t mea
sure
men
t an
d te
stin
g.
A
Spac
e E
nvir
onm
ent
Met
hods
and
mod
els,
and
infli
ght m
onito
ring
of sp
ace
envi
ronm
ents
(inc
ludi
ng ra
diat
ion,
pl
asm
as, m
icro
met
eoro
ids a
nd m
icro
-deb
ris,
atm
osph
ere
and
cont
amin
atio
n).
I N
umer
ical
mod
ellin
g of
env
iron
men
ts
Esta
blis
hmen
t of n
umer
ical
mod
els t
hat r
epre
sent
spac
e en
viro
nmen
ts a
nd th
eir v
aria
bles
, as r
equi
red
by m
issi
on
deve
lopm
ent a
nd o
pera
tion.
Ass
ocia
ted
data
ana
lysi
s, an
d sy
stem
s de
liver
ing
mod
el o
utpu
t for
eff
icie
nt u
se in
dev
elop
men
t and
op
erat
ions
. II
In
fligh
t Mon
itori
ng
Tech
nolo
gies
to g
athe
r dat
a on
the
spac
e en
viro
nmen
t. In
clud
es
radi
atio
n de
tect
ion
(flu
xes a
nd d
eriv
ed q
uant
ities
for a
ll ra
diat
ion
com
pone
nts)
, pla
smas
, dire
ct m
icro
parti
cle
dete
ctio
n.
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 15
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
4 Sp
acec
raft
Env
iron
men
ts a
nd
Eff
ects
(con
t.)
B
Env
iron
men
t Eff
ects
C
over
s eff
ects
due
to sp
ace
envi
ronm
ent
(rad
iatio
n da
mag
e an
d in
terf
eren
ce, s
pace
craf
t ch
argi
ng, m
icro
parti
cle
impa
ct ri
sk, …
) de
velo
pmen
t of c
ompu
tatio
nal t
ools
and
re
late
d ex
perim
enta
l inv
estig
atio
ns.
I E
ffec
ts A
naly
sis T
ools
Dev
elop
men
t of t
ools
for e
ach
envi
ronm
enta
l dom
ain
and
reso
urce
s fo
r coo
rdin
ated
ass
essm
ent.
Tool
s for
use
in d
evel
opm
ent a
nd
oper
atio
ns fo
r qua
ntify
ing
envi
ronm
enta
l eff
ects
in te
rms o
f en
gine
erin
g pa
ram
eter
s, an
d fo
r use
in p
rodu
ct a
ssur
ance
and
te
stin
g.
II
Gro
und
and
Spac
e Ef
fect
s Inv
estig
atio
ns
Prov
idin
g da
ta fo
r the
dev
elop
men
t and
val
idat
ion
of th
e an
alys
is
tool
s and
incl
udin
g es
tabl
ishm
ent a
nd/o
r exp
loita
tion
of o
n-gr
ound
an
d in
-spa
ce in
vest
igat
ions
of t
he e
nviro
nmen
ts a
nd th
e ef
fect
s on
tech
nolo
gies
. Inc
lude
s rad
iatio
n ef
fect
s, ch
argi
ng a
nd E
SD
mon
itorin
g, d
irect
and
indi
rect
impa
ct d
etec
tion,
ana
lysi
s of r
etur
ned
mat
eria
l, et
c.
C
Spac
e W
eath
er
Cov
ers t
echn
olog
y de
velo
pmen
ts th
at
cont
ribut
e to
the
esta
blis
hmen
t of c
apab
ilitie
s fo
r pre
dict
ing
or e
valu
atin
g ha
zard
ous
envi
ronm
enta
l con
ditio
ns in
spac
e, in
the
iono
sphe
re o
r on
the
grou
nd d
ue to
spac
e w
eath
er, t
hrou
gh u
se o
f obs
erva
tion
tech
nolo
gies
cou
pled
with
mod
ellin
g an
d IT
te
chno
logi
es. T
he o
bser
vatio
ns a
nd m
odel
ling
rela
te to
phe
nom
ena
on th
e Su
n, in
in
terp
lane
tary
spac
e an
d co
uplin
g w
ith th
e ne
ar-E
arth
env
ironm
ent.
I M
odel
ling
Dev
elop
men
t and
IT In
fras
truc
ture
D
evel
opm
ent o
f num
eric
al m
odel
s in
the
vario
us sp
ace
wea
ther
do
mai
ns (s
olar
, hel
iosp
heric
, mag
neto
sphe
ric, i
onos
pher
ic).
Als
o co
vers
IT in
fras
truct
ure:
dev
elop
men
t of a
n in
tegr
ated
but
di
strib
uted
syst
em th
at in
clud
es re
altim
e an
d ar
chiv
ed d
ata,
cou
pled
m
odel
ling
and
user
-orie
nted
info
rmat
ics t
ools
. II
Sp
ace
Wea
ther
Mon
itori
ng T
echn
olog
y In
situ
and
rem
ote
mea
sure
men
t of s
pace
wea
ther
feat
ures
for u
se in
fo
reca
stin
g an
d no
wca
stin
g, in
clud
ing
sola
r, he
liosp
heric
, m
agne
tosp
heric
and
iono
sphe
ric d
omai
ns.
5 Sp
ace
Syst
em C
ontr
ol
Cov
ers t
he d
esig
n an
d im
plem
enta
tion
of c
ontro
l sys
tem
s fo
r spa
ce a
pplic
atio
ns. I
nclu
des
AO
CS
for s
atel
lites
; GN
C fo
r spa
ce
vehi
cles
and
laun
cher
s; p
oint
ing
acqu
isiti
on a
nd tr
acki
ng sy
stem
s for
an
tenn
as, l
aser
term
inal
s, an
d lin
e-of
-sig
ht st
abili
satio
n eq
uipm
ent.
A
Con
trol
Sys
tem
s Eng
inee
ring
C
over
s sys
tem
asp
ects
and
AO
CS/
GN
C
func
tiona
l cha
in e
ngin
eerin
g.
I A
OC
S/G
NC
Arc
hite
ctur
e In
clud
es c
once
pt a
nd m
ode
defin
ition
, and
sele
ctio
n an
d ac
com
mod
atio
n of
sens
ors a
nd a
ctua
tors
. II
A
uton
omy
and
FDIR
C
over
s con
trol-r
elat
ed a
spec
ts a
nd im
plem
enta
tion
(with
TD
2 an
d TD
9-B
). II
I Po
intin
g E
rror
Eng
inee
ring
C
over
s bud
get m
etho
dolo
gy a
nd to
ols.
IV
Con
trol
Req
uire
men
ts E
ngin
eeri
ng
Incl
udes
softw
are
algo
rithm
spec
ifica
tion
(with
TD
2) a
nd se
nsor
an
d ac
tuat
or sp
ecifi
catio
n.
16 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
5 Sp
ace
Syst
em C
ontr
ol (c
ont.)
A
C
ontr
ol S
yste
ms E
ngin
eeri
ng (c
ont.)
V
Con
trol
Des
ign
and
Ver
ifica
tion
Incl
udes
det
aile
d an
alys
is a
nd p
erfo
rman
ce v
erifi
catio
n on
fu
nctio
nal e
ngin
eerin
g si
mul
ator
s and
avi
onic
test
ben
ches
. B
C
ontr
ol S
yste
ms I
nnov
ativ
e T
echn
olog
ies
Cov
ers e
nabl
ing
tech
nolo
gy d
evel
opm
ents
de
dica
ted
to sp
ecifi
c m
issi
ons a
nd g
ener
ic
appl
icat
ions
.
I G
NC
Tec
hnol
ogie
s for
Ent
ry, D
esce
nt a
nd L
andi
ng
Cov
ers G
NC
tech
nolo
gy d
evel
opm
ents
for a
erob
raki
ng, p
reci
sion
la
ndin
g, h
azar
d av
oida
nce,
real
time
guid
ance
and
nav
igat
ion,
sp
ecia
lised
sim
ulat
ion
tool
s and
test
bed
s. II
G
NC
Tec
hnol
ogie
s for
Cru
ise, R
ende
zvou
s and
Doc
king
or
Cap
ture
C
over
s GN
C te
chno
logy
dev
elop
men
ts fo
r exp
lora
tion
as w
ell a
s ac
tive
debr
is re
mov
al.
III
Hig
h A
ccur
acy
Poin
ting
Tec
hnol
ogie
s C
over
s tec
hnol
ogy
deve
lopm
ents
in A
OC
S an
d po
intin
g ac
quis
ition
an
d tra
ckin
g sy
stem
s. IV
C
ompe
titiv
e A
OC
S T
echn
olog
ies
For c
omm
erci
al a
nd g
ener
ic a
pplic
atio
ns, t
ackl
ing
cost
redu
ctio
n at
al
l lev
els (
desi
gn a
nd v
erifi
catio
n ef
fort,
bui
ldin
g-bl
ock
appr
oach
, hy
brid
isat
ion
of se
nsor
s, …
). C
C
ontr
ol T
echn
ique
s and
Too
ls C
over
s gen
eric
and
adv
ance
d te
chni
ques
de
dica
ted
to d
esig
n an
alys
is a
nd v
erifi
catio
n.
I M
odel
ling
Tec
hniq
ues
Cov
ers m
athe
mat
ical
mod
ellin
g an
d so
ftwar
e m
odel
dev
elop
men
t fo
r: sa
telli
te d
ynam
ics a
nd e
nviro
nmen
t, se
nsor
s and
act
uato
rs, a
nd
softw
are
com
pone
nts.
II
Adv
ance
d C
ontr
ol, E
stim
atio
n &
Opt
imis
atio
n C
over
s the
dev
elop
men
t of e
ffic
ient
tech
niqu
es a
nd to
ols f
or d
esig
n an
alys
is a
nd v
erifi
catio
n.
III
Mul
tidis
cipl
inar
y O
ptim
isat
ion
Incl
udes
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f mat
hem
atic
al so
lver
s and
tool
s for
co
ncur
rent
opt
imis
atio
n of
GN
C-r
elat
ed a
spec
ts o
f the
spac
e ve
hicl
e an
d tra
ject
ory.
D
A
OC
S/G
NC
Sen
sors
and
Act
uato
rs
Cov
ers t
he sp
ecifi
catio
n an
d de
velo
pmen
t of
gene
ric a
nd c
usto
m p
rodu
cts b
ased
on
mis
sion
an
d m
arke
t nee
ds.
I A
OC
S/G
NC
Opt
ical
Sen
sors
St
artra
cker
s, Su
n an
d Ea
rth se
nsor
s, op
tical
nav
igat
ion
sens
ors.
Incl
udes
det
ecto
rs (w
ith T
D17
-B),
optic
s (w
ith T
D16
), m
icro
elec
troni
cs (w
ith T
D1-
C),
elec
troni
cs, i
mag
e pr
oces
sing
, so
ftwar
e al
gorit
hms.
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 17
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
5 Sp
ace
Syst
em C
ontr
ol (c
ont.)
D
A
OC
S/G
NC
Sen
sors
and
Act
uato
rs (c
ont.)
II
A
OC
S/G
NC
Iner
tial a
nd M
agne
tic S
enso
rs
Gyr
os, a
ccel
eros
, IM
Us,
mag
neto
met
ers.
Incl
udes
MEM
S, H
RG
, FO
G te
chno
logi
es, c
ontro
l loo
ps a
nd h
ybrid
isat
ion,
mic
roel
ectro
nics
(w
ith T
D1-
C),
elec
troni
cs.
III
AO
CS/
GN
C In
ertia
l and
Mag
netic
Act
uato
rs
Rea
ctio
n w
heel
s, C
MG
s, m
agne
tic to
rque
rs).
Incl
udes
con
trol l
oops
, m
echa
nism
s & tr
ibol
ogy
(with
TD
15-F
/G),
pow
er e
lect
roni
cs (w
ith
TD3-
D),
mic
roel
ectro
nics
(with
TD
1-C
). 6
RF
Syst
ems,
Payl
oads
and
T
echn
olog
ies
Cov
ers a
ll te
chno
logi
es a
nd
tech
niqu
es o
pera
ting
in th
e R
F do
mai
n re
late
d to
sate
llite
syst
ems
and
netw
orks
, spa
cecr
aft p
aylo
ads,
inst
rum
ents
and
spec
ific
grou
nd
equi
pmen
t (se
e no
te b
elow
), fo
r te
leco
mm
unic
atio
n, T
T&C
, na
viga
tion,
Ear
th o
bser
vatio
n an
d sp
ace
scie
nce,
incl
udin
g se
curit
y as
pect
s.
(Not
e 6-
1: T
echn
olog
ies f
or c
ontro
l ce
ntre
s, TT
&C
and
Ear
th
Obs
erva
tion
Payl
oad
Dat
a Tr
ansm
issi
on G
roun
d St
atio
ns a
nd
Gro
und
Stat
ion
Net
wor
ks a
re
cove
red
in T
D12
)
A
Tel
ecom
mun
icat
ion
Syst
ems/
Subs
yste
ms
Cov
ers t
elec
omm
unic
atio
n te
chni
ques
and
al
gorit
hms (
codi
ng, m
odul
atio
n, a
cces
s, sy
nchr
onis
atio
n, n
etw
orki
ng, s
ecur
ity e
tc.),
sy
stem
tool
s and
tele
com
equ
ipm
ent.
I T
elec
om S
yste
m E
ngin
eeri
ng T
ools
C
over
ing
all a
spec
ts re
late
d to
sate
llite
tele
com
syst
em a
nd
subs
yste
m a
naly
sis,
desi
gn to
ols a
nd m
etho
dolo
gies
. II
T
elec
om S
igna
l Pro
cess
ing
Cov
erin
g al
l sig
nal p
roce
ssin
g te
chni
ques
and
alg
orith
ms r
elat
ed to
co
ding
/dec
odin
g, m
odul
atio
n/de
mod
ulat
ion,
acc
ess,
sync
hron
isat
ion,
med
ium
acc
ess c
ontro
l. II
I N
etw
orki
ng T
echn
ique
s C
over
ing
tele
com
sate
llite
net
wor
king
asp
ects
rela
ted
to ra
dio
reso
urce
man
agem
ent,
netw
ork
man
agem
ent a
nd c
ontro
l asp
ects
, tra
ffic
mod
ellin
g, e
tc.
IV
Tel
ecom
Equ
ipm
ent
Cov
erin
g al
l bas
eban
d te
leco
m e
quip
men
t (e.
g. m
odul
ator
s, de
mod
ulat
ors,
fron
t-end
s). U
sed
for f
ixed
, mob
ile a
nd b
road
cast
sa
telli
te o
r hyb
rid sa
telli
te/te
rres
trial
tele
com
syst
ems,
also
incl
udin
g us
er te
rmin
als.
V
Tel
ecom
Sec
urity
Tec
hniq
ues a
nd T
echn
olog
ies
Cov
erin
g th
e te
chni
ques
and
tech
nolo
gies
to se
cure
end
-to-e
nd
tele
com
syst
ems.
B
Rad
io N
avig
atio
n Sy
stem
s/Su
bsys
tem
s C
over
s rad
io n
avig
atio
n te
chni
ques
and
te
chno
logi
es, e
lem
ents
and
subs
yste
ms
capa
ble
of g
ener
atin
g, re
ceiv
ing,
exp
loiti
ng
and
anal
ysin
g th
e si
gnal
s fro
m c
urre
nt a
nd
upco
min
g ra
dio
navi
gatio
n sy
stem
s (G
PS,
Glo
nass
, EG
NO
S, G
alile
o), i
nclu
ding
syst
em
tool
s and
nav
igat
ion
equi
pmen
t.
I N
avig
atio
n Sy
stem
Too
ls C
over
ing
all a
spec
ts re
late
d to
gro
und
and
spac
e na
viga
tion
syst
ems,
subs
yste
ms,
Sign
al in
Spa
ce, s
imul
ator
s, an
alys
is to
ols a
nd
met
hodo
logi
es.
II
Gro
und
Rec
eive
rs
Cov
erin
g al
l tec
hnol
ogie
s rel
ated
to R
F an
d ba
seba
nd a
spec
ts,
posi
tioni
ng a
nd in
tegr
ity a
lgor
ithm
s, in
tegr
atio
n w
ith o
ther
sens
ors,
loca
l aug
men
tatio
n, a
nd in
tegr
atio
n w
ith te
leco
mm
unic
atio
n sy
stem
s an
d se
rvic
es.
18 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
6 R
F Sy
stem
s, Pa
yloa
ds a
nd
Tec
hnol
ogie
s (co
nt.)
B
Rad
io N
avig
atio
n Sy
stem
s/Su
bsys
tem
s (c
ont.)
II
I O
nboa
rd R
ecei
vers
C
over
ing
all a
spec
ts re
late
d to
nav
igat
ion
spac
e re
ceiv
ers o
r re
fere
nce
rece
iver
s, al
gorit
hms a
nd te
chno
logi
es.
IV
Form
atio
n-fly
ing
RF
met
rolo
gy
Cov
erin
g al
l asp
ects
rela
ted
to h
igh
accu
racy
RF
met
rolo
gy re
quire
d fo
r for
mat
ion-
flyin
g ap
plic
atio
ns, i
nclu
ding
alg
orith
m te
chno
logy
an
d to
ols.
C
TT
&C
and
Pay
load
Dat
a M
odul
ator
(P
DM
) Sys
tem
s/Su
bsys
tem
s C
over
s bot
h sp
acec
raft
TT&
C/P
DM
te
chni
ques
and
tech
nolo
gies
, spa
ce-li
nk
com
mun
icat
ions
(RF,
hyb
rid R
F/op
tical
sy
stem
s, si
gnal
cod
ing/
mod
ulat
ion,
rang
ing
tech
niqu
es, r
adio
scie
nce
expe
rimen
ts) a
nd
prox
imity
link
s.
I T
T&
C S
yste
m T
ools
Cov
erin
g al
l asp
ects
rela
ted
to T
T&C
syst
ems (
codi
ng, m
odul
atio
n,
mul
tiple
, lin
k an
alys
is, i
nter
fere
nce)
and
subs
yste
m a
naly
sis
tool
s and
met
hodo
logi
es.
II
Dee
p-Sp
ace
Tran
spon
ders
C
over
ing
all a
spec
ts re
late
d to
the
desi
gn a
nd d
evel
opm
ent o
f dee
p-sp
ace
TT&
C tr
ansp
onde
rs.
III
Nea
r-E
arth
Tra
nspo
nder
s C
over
ing
all a
spec
ts re
late
d to
the
desi
gn a
nd d
evel
opm
ent o
f nea
r-Ea
rth T
T&C
tran
spon
ders
. IV
Pr
oxim
ity L
ink
Cov
erin
g al
l asp
ects
rela
ted
to th
e de
sign
and
dev
elop
men
t of u
nits
fo
r pro
xim
ity li
nk a
pplic
atio
ns.
V
Hig
h-sp
eed
Dow
nlin
k PD
M
Cov
erin
g al
l asp
ects
rela
ted
to (c
oded
) mod
ems f
or h
igh-
spee
d pa
yloa
d do
wnl
ink
(e.g
. for
EO
, DR
S ap
plic
atio
ns).
D
RF
Payl
oads
C
over
s tel
ecom
mun
icat
ion
payl
oads
(tr
ansp
aren
t and
rege
nera
tive)
, rem
ote
sens
ing
inst
rum
ents
, and
nav
igat
ion
payl
oads
ex
ploi
ting
anal
ogue
, dig
ital a
nd o
ptic
al
tech
nolo
gies
.
I Pa
yloa
d To
ols
Adv
ance
d si
mul
atio
n to
ols a
nd a
naly
sis p
arad
igm
s for
com
plex
pa
yloa
ds fo
r Tel
ecom
/EO
/Nav
igat
ion.
II
T
elec
omm
unic
atio
n Pa
yloa
ds
Cov
erin
g te
leco
mm
unic
atio
n pa
yloa
ds a
nd a
rchi
tect
ures
en
com
pass
ing
RF,
dig
ital a
nd o
ptic
al te
chno
logi
es.
III
EO
Inst
rum
ents
C
over
ing
EO in
stru
men
ts b
oth
pass
ive
(e.g
. rad
iom
eter
s, G
NSS
-R)
and
activ
e (e
.g. S
AR
, alti
met
ers,
RF
soun
ding
). IV
N
avig
atio
n Pa
yloa
ds
Cov
erin
g na
viga
tion
payl
oad
syst
ems a
nd su
bsys
tem
s.
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 19
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
6 R
F Sy
stem
s, Pa
yloa
ds a
nd
Tec
hnol
ogie
s (co
nt.)
E R
F T
echn
olog
ies a
nd E
quip
men
t C
over
s RF
equi
pmen
t, su
bsys
tem
s and
bu
ildin
g bl
ocks
, act
ive
and
pass
ive
com
pone
nts,
and
rela
ted
desi
gn a
nd
char
acte
risat
ion
tool
s in
the
who
le R
F do
mai
n.
(Not
e 6-
E-1:
All
quas
i-opt
ic a
nd fr
ee-s
pace
as
pect
s are
cov
ered
by
TD7
and
TD12
) (N
ote
6-E-
2: A
ll qu
ality
asp
ects
are
cov
ered
by
TD
23 a
nd T
D25
) (N
ote
6-E-
3: A
ll gr
ound
stat
ion
RF
tech
nolo
gies
for T
T&C
and
pay
load
dat
a ar
e co
vere
d by
TD
12)
I R
F M
odel
ling
and
Des
ign
Tool
s C
over
ing
desi
gn a
nd a
naly
sis t
ools
for R
F eq
uipm
ent a
nd
com
pone
nts.
II
RF
Equ
ipm
ent
Cov
erin
g R
F eq
uipm
ent a
nd su
bsys
tem
s (e.
g. S
SPA
s, LN
As,
freq
uenc
y co
nver
ters
and
mul
tiplie
rs, l
ocal
osc
illat
ors a
nd
synt
hesi
sers
, mul
tiple
xers
). II
I R
F D
evic
es
Cov
erin
g th
e de
sign
, spe
cific
atio
n, d
evel
opm
ent a
nd
char
acte
risat
ion
of a
ctiv
e de
vice
s (e.
g. d
iode
s, tra
nsis
tors
, mix
ers,
mul
tiplie
rs, i
nteg
rate
d ci
rcui
ts) a
nd p
assi
ve d
evic
es (e
.g. f
ilter
s, re
sona
tors
, MEM
S de
vice
s, ca
bles
and
con
nect
ors)
, inc
ludi
ng
pack
agin
g an
d in
terc
onne
ctio
n.
IV
Vac
uum
Ele
ctro
nics
C
over
ing
tech
nolo
gies
and
tech
niqu
es re
late
d to
hig
h-po
wer
RF
ampl
ifica
tion
usin
g va
cuum
ele
ctro
nic
devi
ces (
e.g.
TW
T).
V
Tim
e an
d Fr
eque
ncy
C
over
ing
the
tech
niqu
es a
nd te
chno
logi
es fo
r the
gen
erat
ion
of
refe
renc
e si
gnal
s (os
cilla
tors
and
clo
cks o
f all
type
s, e.
g. q
uartz
, V
CO
s/N
CO
s, R
b, C
s, H
-mas
er) a
nd th
eir m
eans
for c
ompa
rison
and
di
ssem
inat
ion
as re
quire
d fo
r tel
ecom
, nav
igat
ion
and
scie
nce
appl
icat
ions
. (N
ote
6-E-
V-1:
Opt
ical
ato
mic
clo
cks a
re c
over
ed in
17-
C-I
V)
VI
RF
Mea
sure
men
t, C
hara
cter
isat
ion
and
Cal
ibra
tion
Tec
hniq
ues
Cov
erin
g R
F eq
uipm
ent a
nd c
ompo
nent
s, in
clud
ing
for h
igh-
pow
er,
coro
na a
nd m
ultip
acto
r tes
ting.
7
Ele
ctro
mag
netic
Tec
hnol
ogie
s an
d T
echn
ique
s C
over
s ant
enna
s and
rela
ted
tech
nolo
gies
, wav
e in
tera
ctio
n an
d pr
opag
atio
n, a
nd e
lect
rom
agne
tic
com
patib
ility
.
A
Ant
enna
s C
over
ing
ante
nna
syst
ems a
nd a
rchi
tect
ures
, de
sign
tool
s, te
chno
logi
es a
nd m
easu
rem
ent
tech
niqu
es fo
r var
ious
app
licat
ions
for s
pace
sy
stem
s and
gro
und
user
s, up
to T
Hz
freq
uenc
ies,
such
as c
omm
unic
atio
ns,
navi
gatio
n or
sens
ing,
spac
ecra
ft po
intin
g,
TT&
C, e
tc.
(Not
e 7-
A-1:
Gro
und
TT&
C a
nten
nas a
re
cove
red
in 1
2-A-
II)
I A
nten
na D
esig
n To
ols
Cov
erin
g m
odel
ling,
synt
hesi
s and
opt
imis
atio
n te
chni
ques
and
tool
de
velo
pmen
t for
new
type
s of a
nten
nas a
nd th
eir f
eed
netw
orks
, ar
rays
, ref
lect
or a
nd sm
all a
nten
nas,
both
isol
ated
and
in th
e sp
acec
raft
envi
ronm
ent.
20 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
7 E
lect
rom
agne
tic T
echn
olog
ies
and
Tec
hniq
ues (
cont
.) A
A
nten
nas (
cont
.) II
R
efle
ctor
and
Len
s Ant
enna
s C
over
ing
sing
le a
nd m
ultip
le b
eam
refle
ctor
ant
enna
arc
hite
ctur
es,
refle
ctor
des
ign,
mul
tiple
refle
ctor
s, re
conf
igur
able
refle
ctor
an
tenn
as, s
hape
d, u
nfur
labl
e an
d fo
ldab
le re
flect
ors,
freq
uenc
y- a
nd
pola
risat
ion-
sele
ctiv
e su
rfac
es, a
ctiv
e an
d pa
ssiv
e le
nses
, fee
d el
emen
ts a
nd fe
ed a
rray
s with
thei
r fee
d ne
twor
ks, r
efle
ct-a
rray
s. II
I A
rray
Ant
enna
s and
Sta
ndal
one
Rad
iato
rs
Cov
erin
g pl
anar
and
con
form
al a
rray
s, m
ulti-
freq
uenc
y ar
rays
, dua
l-po
laris
atio
n ar
rays
, act
ive,
sem
i-act
ive
and
pass
ive
arra
ys. S
mal
l ar
rays
and
stan
dalo
ne ra
diat
ors f
or m
ediu
m a
nd lo
w g
ain
appl
icat
ions
for s
pace
craf
t and
for u
ser t
erm
inal
s. A
rray
feed
ne
twor
ks. E
lect
roni
c sc
anni
ng a
rray
s. Fi
xed
and
stee
rabl
e be
am
arra
ys fo
r fix
ed a
nd m
obile
use
r ter
min
als.
Sate
llite
TT&
C
stan
dalo
ne a
nd m
ulti-
elem
ent a
nten
nas.
IV
Mill
imet
re-W
ave
and
Sub-
Mill
imet
re-W
ave
Ant
enna
Fro
nt-
End
s C
over
ing
ante
nnas
, ins
trum
ents
, new
arc
hite
ctur
es a
nd te
chno
logi
es
for T
Hz
pass
ive
and
activ
e re
mot
e se
nsin
g in
stru
men
ts su
ch a
s ra
diom
eter
s, im
ager
s, lim
b so
unde
rs. A
lso
refle
ctor
s and
qua
si-o
ptic
as
sem
blie
s, fo
cal p
lane
arr
ays a
nd fr
ont-e
nds.
V
M
easu
rem
ent,
Cha
ract
erisa
tion
and
Cal
ibra
tion
Tec
hniq
ues f
or
Rad
iativ
e Pa
yloa
ds a
nd A
nten
nas
Cov
erin
g ne
w a
nten
na a
nd p
aylo
ad m
easu
rem
ent t
echn
ique
s (e.
g.
for m
ulti-
beam
pay
load
s), v
alid
atio
n of
mod
ellin
g so
ftwar
e,
tech
niqu
es fo
r mea
sure
men
t of a
nten
nas i
n th
e sp
acec
raft
envi
ronm
ent,
inte
ract
ions
bet
wee
n an
tenn
as, m
illim
etre
-wav
e an
d TH
z an
tenn
as. R
F ch
arac
teris
atio
n of
refle
ctiv
e an
d tra
nspa
rent
m
ater
ials
. B
W
ave
Inte
ract
ion
and
Prop
agat
ion
Cov
erin
g te
chno
logi
es a
nd te
chni
ques
rela
ted
to p
ropa
gatio
n m
odel
s and
mod
ellin
g te
chni
ques
, int
erfe
renc
e m
odel
ling
and
expe
rimen
tatio
n, w
ave
inte
ract
ion
mod
ellin
g,
and
asso
ciat
ed re
triev
al a
lgor
ithm
s and
m
odel
s. A
pplic
atio
ns a
re te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns,
navi
gatio
n, re
mot
e se
nsin
g (b
oth
for E
arth
and
pl
anet
s), T
T&C
and
pay
load
dat
a tra
nsfe
r.
I W
ave
Inte
ract
ion
Cov
erin
g m
odel
ling
of w
ave
inte
ract
ions
for p
assi
ve a
nd a
ctiv
e m
icro
wav
e an
d op
tical
rem
ote
sens
ing
of a
tmos
pher
e, su
rfac
e an
d su
bsur
face
feat
ures
of E
arth
and
pla
nets
. Ret
rieva
l alg
orith
ms.
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 21
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
7 E
lect
rom
agne
tic T
echn
olog
ies
and
Tec
hniq
ues (
cont
.) B
W
ave
Inte
ract
ion
and
Prop
agat
ion
(con
t.)
II
Wav
e Pr
opag
atio
n C
over
ing
prop
agat
ion
and
inte
rfer
ence
mod
els a
nd th
eir v
alid
atio
n at
mic
row
ave
and
optic
al fr
eque
ncie
s thr
ough
Ear
th a
nd p
lane
tary
at
mos
pher
e, st
rato
sphe
re, i
onos
pher
e. M
icro
wav
e pr
opag
atio
n in
ur
ban
and
indo
or e
nviro
nmen
ts. L
ink
budg
ets i
n co
mpl
ex
prop
agat
ion
envi
ronm
ents
. C
E
MC
/RFC
/ESD
C
over
ing
desi
gn, m
odel
s, si
mul
atio
n, te
stin
g te
chni
ques
and
tech
nolo
gies
in th
e fie
lds o
f el
ectro
mag
netic
com
patib
ility
(EM
C),
radi
o fr
eque
ncy
com
patib
ility
(RFC
), el
ectro
stat
ic
disc
harg
e (E
SD),
and
mag
netic
cle
anlin
ess.
I E
MC
Mod
ellin
g an
d Si
mul
atio
n C
over
ing
deve
lopm
ent o
f spe
cific
EM
C m
odel
s and
sim
ulat
ion
tool
s fo
r app
licat
ion
to sp
acec
raft.
II
E
MC
Tes
t Tec
hniq
ues
Cov
erin
g va
lidat
ion
of n
ew E
MC
des
igns
and
nov
el E
MC
and
m
agne
tost
atic
test
met
hods
for a
pplic
atio
n to
spac
ecra
ft.
8 Sy
stem
Des
ign
& V
erifi
catio
n C
over
s tec
hnol
ogy,
met
hods
and
to
ols t
o su
ppor
t sys
tem
eng
inee
ring
proc
esse
s (sp
ecifi
catio
n, d
esig
n,
and
verif
icat
ion)
of s
pace
syst
ems
durin
g th
e co
mpl
ete
mis
sion
lif
ecyc
le (p
hase
s 0 to
F).
Focu
ses
on re
duci
ng th
e sc
hedu
le a
nd/o
r co
st o
f dev
elop
men
t of t
he sp
ace
syst
em (i
.e. s
pace
and
gro
und
segm
ent)
whi
lst c
ontro
lling
qua
lity
and
risk
(mis
sion
succ
ess)
to th
e re
quire
d le
vel.
It co
vers
new
pa
radi
gms (
e.g.
mod
el-b
ased
sy
stem
s eng
inee
ring)
, app
roac
hes
and
tech
niqu
es fo
r the
dev
elop
men
t of
spac
e sy
stem
s, w
hich
are
mos
tly
com
mon
to se
vera
l ser
vice
do
mai
ns.
A
Mis
sion
and
Sys
tem
Spe
cific
atio
n C
over
ing
the
early
pha
ses o
f a p
roje
ct
deve
lopm
ent l
ife c
ycle
, foc
usin
g on
re
quire
men
t eng
inee
ring,
spec
ifica
tion
and
arch
itect
ure
form
ulat
ion.
I Sp
ecifi
catio
n M
etho
ds a
nd T
ools
M
etho
ds a
nd to
ols t
o su
ppor
t the
cap
ture
, mod
ellin
g an
d va
lidat
ion
of re
quire
men
ts, i
nclu
ding
def
initi
on a
nd fo
rmal
isat
ion
of sy
stem
ar
chite
ctur
es.
II
Req
uire
men
t Eng
inee
ring
M
etho
ds a
nd to
ols t
o su
ppor
t the
syst
em re
quire
men
t eng
inee
ring
proc
ess,
incl
udin
g re
quire
men
t man
agem
ent a
nd re
late
d da
taba
se
issu
es.
B
Col
labo
rativ
e an
d C
oncu
rren
t Eng
inee
ring
C
over
ing
aspe
cts r
elat
ed to
the
proc
ess o
f co
ncur
rent
eng
inee
ring
as w
ell a
s the
dat
a un
derly
ing
mul
tidis
cipl
inar
y co
llabo
ratio
n.
I C
oncu
rren
t Des
ign
Incl
udes
met
hods
and
tool
s to
prov
ide
an in
tegr
ated
env
ironm
ent f
or
the
conc
urre
nt d
esig
n of
a m
issi
on/s
yste
m.
II
Dat
a E
xcha
nge
Cov
erin
g m
etho
ds a
nd st
anda
rds t
o su
ppor
t the
exc
hang
e of
m
ultid
isci
plin
ary
data
, foc
usin
g on
the
data
asp
ects
of c
olla
bora
tive
engi
neer
ing.
II
I C
olla
bora
tive
Eng
inee
ring
C
over
s met
hods
and
tool
s to
supp
ort c
olla
bora
tion
of re
mot
ely-
loca
ted
engi
neer
ing
team
s and
acc
ess t
o re
mot
e m
odel
s/da
ta.
Incl
udes
asp
ects
of i
nter
oper
abili
ty a
nd d
eplo
ymen
t of
corr
espo
ndin
g to
ols.
C
Syst
em A
naly
sis a
nd D
esig
n In
clud
ing
syst
em-to
-sub
syst
em in
tera
ctio
n an
d in
terf
aces
, rel
atio
nshi
ps b
etw
een
dom
ain-
leve
l an
alys
es a
nd sy
stem
-leve
l ana
lyse
s.
I D
esig
n an
d Si
mul
atio
n In
clud
es m
etho
ds a
nd to
ols t
o su
ppor
t the
mod
ellin
g an
d si
mul
atio
n-ba
sed
desi
gn a
nd v
erifi
catio
n at
syst
em le
vel.
22 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
8 Sy
stem
Des
ign
& V
erifi
catio
n (c
ont.)
C
Sy
stem
Ana
lysi
s and
Des
ign
(con
t.)
II
Mul
tidis
cipl
inar
y A
naly
sis
Incl
udes
met
hods
and
tool
s to
supp
ort c
oord
inat
ed a
naly
ses f
or
diff
eren
t tec
hnic
al d
isci
plin
es.
D
Syst
em V
erifi
catio
n an
d A
IT
Cov
erin
g m
etho
ds, t
ools
and
infr
astru
ctur
e ne
cess
ary
to in
tegr
ate
and
verif
y sp
ace
syst
ems.
I A
dvan
ced
AIT
Met
hods
C
over
ing
adva
nced
met
hods
, too
ls a
nd st
anda
rds t
o su
ppor
t the
as
sem
bly,
inte
grat
ion
and
test
ing
plus
ver
ifica
tion
of sp
ace
syst
ems
acro
ss th
e lif
e cy
cle.
II
G
roun
d Su
ppor
t Equ
ipm
ent
Cov
erin
g ad
vanc
ed to
ols a
nd st
anda
rds f
or su
ppor
ting
grou
nd
activ
ities
in a
ll do
mai
ns a
cros
s the
life
cyc
le.
(Not
e 8-
D-I
I-1: G
SE fo
r pro
puls
ion
syst
ems i
s inc
lude
d in
19-
D-I
V)
9 M
issi
on O
pera
tion
and
Gro
und
Dat
a Sy
stem
s A
ddre
sses
asp
ects
rela
ted
to th
e co
ntro
l and
ope
ratio
ns o
f spa
ce
syst
em e
lem
ents
(sat
ellit
es, t
rans
fer
vehi
cles
, orb
iters
, lan
ders
, pro
bes,
rove
rs, e
tc.)
and
rela
ted
grou
nd
segm
ents
, add
ress
ing
the
tech
nolo
gies
ass
ocia
ted
with
su
ppor
ting
syst
ems a
nd to
ols.
A
Adv
ance
d Sy
stem
Con
cept
s C
over
ing
stud
ies,
tech
nolo
gy in
vest
igat
ions
an
d pr
otot
ypin
g re
late
d to
the
impl
emen
tatio
n an
d va
lidat
ion
of in
nova
tive
or a
dvan
ced
syst
em a
nd m
issi
on o
pera
tion
conc
epts
.
- -
B
Mis
sion
Ope
ratio
ns
Cov
erin
g as
pect
s rel
ated
to o
pera
tion
proc
esse
s and
mis
sion
con
trol c
once
pts,
incl
udin
g au
tom
atio
n, a
uton
omy
at v
ario
us
leve
ls a
nd d
istri
butio
n/de
cent
ralis
atio
n,
oper
atio
ns su
ppor
t pro
cess
es (s
uch
as
oper
atio
n tra
inin
g) a
nd a
ssoc
iate
d to
ols,
depe
ndab
ility
of o
pera
tion
syst
ems a
nd
proc
esse
s.
I D
istr
ibut
ed a
nd D
ecen
tral
ised
Ope
ratio
ns
Incl
udes
ope
ratio
ns o
f sin
gle
mis
sion
s and
fam
ilies
of m
issi
ons,
form
atio
n fly
ing
and
cons
tella
tions
. II
A
utom
atio
n, A
uton
omy
and
Mis
sion
Plan
ning
Con
cept
s In
clud
es c
once
pts f
or a
utom
atio
n an
d m
issi
on p
lann
ing
of g
roun
d da
ta sy
stem
s and
spac
ecra
ft op
erat
ions
. II
I O
pera
tion
Supp
ort P
roce
sses
C
over
ing
aspe
cts s
uch
as o
pera
tion
prep
arat
ion,
kno
wle
dge
trans
fer
from
man
ufac
ture
r to
oper
atio
ns, t
rain
ing,
dep
enda
bilit
y of
op
erat
ion
syst
ems a
nd p
roce
sses
. C
G
roun
d D
ata
Syst
ems
Cov
erin
g te
chno
logi
es a
nd te
chni
ques
rela
ted
to m
issi
on c
ontro
l sys
tem
s (M
CS’
s), S
IM a
nd
DC
arc
hite
ctur
es, t
echn
ique
s and
tool
s for
op
erat
ions
pla
nnin
g an
d sc
hedu
ling,
co
mm
onal
ities
of A
IV a
nd o
pera
tions
, de
cisi
on su
ppor
t and
pro
cess
con
trol,
oper
atio
ns d
ata
arch
ivin
g an
d ac
cess
, hum
an–
com
pute
r int
erfa
ces (
HC
Is).
I M
issi
on C
ontr
ol S
yste
m, A
utom
atio
n, M
issi
on P
lann
ing,
Si
mul
ator
s and
Sta
tion
M&
C a
nd D
ata
Cen
tre
Arc
hite
ctur
e an
d T
echn
olog
ies
Incl
udes
arc
hite
ctur
al c
once
pts,
defin
ition
of a
gen
eral
fram
ewor
k, a
se
t of b
uild
ing
bloc
ks/li
brar
ies f
or a
ny ty
pe o
f mis
sion
and
stat
e of
th
e ar
t tec
hnol
ogie
s for
Gro
und
Segm
ent C
SOS
(Com
plex
Sys
tem
of
Sys
tem
s).
II
Prep
arat
ion
and
Proc
edur
e T
ools
Taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt c
omm
onal
ities
with
EG
SE re
quire
men
ts.
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 23
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
9 M
issi
on O
pera
tion
and
Gro
und
Dat
a Sy
stem
s (co
nt.)
C
Gro
und
Dat
a Sy
stem
s (co
nt.)
III
Hum
an–C
ompu
ter
Inte
rfac
es a
nd T
echn
olog
ies
Incl
udes
fram
ewor
ks, t
oolk
its a
nd o
ther
aid
ing
tool
s tha
t eas
e th
e de
finiti
on o
f HC
I, sh
arin
g a
com
mon
look
and
feel
and
usa
bilit
y.
10
Flig
ht D
ynam
ics a
nd G
NSS
C
ompr
ises
the
activ
ities
rela
ted
to
the
anal
ysis
and
def
initi
on o
f tra
ject
ory
aspe
cts o
f spa
ce p
roje
cts,
know
n as
mis
sion
ana
lysi
s. It
incl
udes
all
oper
atio
nal g
roun
d ac
tiviti
es re
late
d to
the
mea
sure
men
t and
con
trol o
f sp
acec
raft
orbi
t and
atti
tude
. Fu
rther
mor
e it
deal
s with
the
prov
isio
n of
pre
cise
nav
igat
ion
serv
ices
to b
oth
grou
nd a
nd sp
ace-
base
d us
ers a
nd a
lso
the
prov
isio
n of
the
geod
etic
refe
renc
e fr
ame.
A
Flig
ht D
ynam
ics (
FD)
Flig
ht d
ynam
ics s
uppo
rt ad
dres
ses t
he
traje
ctor
y an
d at
titud
e as
pect
s of s
pace
m
issi
ons.
This
incl
udes
the
pre-
fligh
t tra
ject
ory
desi
gn (m
issi
on a
naly
sis)
. In
fligh
t, it
incl
udes
the
dete
rmin
atio
n an
d co
ntro
l of
traje
ctor
y an
d at
titud
e of
the
spac
ecra
ft,
mon
itorin
g of
spac
ecra
ft A
OC
S an
d ge
nera
tion
of o
rbit-
and
atti
tude
-rel
ated
co
mm
and
para
met
ers.
The
FD d
omai
n of
ex
perti
se c
ompr
ises
mat
hem
atic
s, dy
nam
ics,
optim
isat
ion
and
envi
ronm
ent m
odel
ling.
FD
su
ppor
t is m
issi
on c
ritic
al a
nd th
us m
ust b
e co
rrec
t, ro
bust
, rel
iabl
e an
d fle
xibl
e.
I M
issi
on A
naly
sis a
nd T
raje
ctor
y D
esig
n C
over
s pre
-flig
ht sp
acec
raft
mis
sion
des
ign,
traj
ecto
ry o
ptim
isat
ion
and
laun
ch w
indo
w c
alcu
latio
ns.
II
Adv
ance
d Fl
ight
Dyn
amic
s Ope
ratio
ns
Cov
ers h
igh-
prec
isio
n na
viga
tion
at m
inor
bod
ies,
inte
rpla
neta
ry
RV
D a
nd fo
rmat
ion
cont
rol,
FD su
ppor
t to
GN
C sy
stem
s inc
ludi
ng
nove
l sen
sors
and
act
uato
rs; a
eroc
aptu
re a
nd a
erob
raki
ng; e
ntry
, de
scen
t and
land
ing;
hig
h-pr
ecis
ion
form
atio
n-fly
ing
cont
rol;
high
-pr
ecis
ion
orbi
t con
trol f
or E
arth
obs
erva
tion.
II
I A
dvan
ced
Flig
ht D
ynam
ics P
roce
sses
and
Too
ls
Cov
ers a
utom
atio
n of
flig
ht d
ynam
ics o
pera
tions
, adv
ance
d m
odul
es
of F
D a
pplic
atio
n SW
and
adv
ance
d op
erat
iona
l pro
cess
es.
B
GN
SS H
igh-
Prec
isio
n D
ata
Proc
essi
ng
Cov
ers o
pera
tion
of G
NSS
sens
or n
etw
orks
, G
NSS
-rel
ated
dat
a pr
oces
sing
, tec
hniq
ues f
or
prec
ise
orbi
t- an
d cl
ock-
dete
rmin
atio
n co
ncep
ts fo
r MEO
s and
LEO
s and
sate
llite
ge
odes
y.
I G
roun
d T
rack
ing
Net
wor
ks
Cov
ers t
he d
eplo
ymen
t, op
erat
ion
and
data
col
lect
ion
for G
NSS
se
nsor
stat
ions
, net
wor
k m
anag
emen
t, da
ta h
andl
ing
serv
ices
. II
G
NSS
and
Geo
detic
Dat
a Pr
oces
sing
M
odel
s, al
gorit
hms,
data
mon
itorin
g, d
ata
qual
ity a
sses
smen
t and
de
liver
y of
serv
ices
and
pro
duct
s. II
I M
EO
and
LEO
Pre
cise
Orb
it D
eter
min
atio
n A
lgor
ithm
s O
rbit
dyna
mic
s and
rela
ted
mod
els,
anal
ytic
al a
nd n
umer
ical
al
gorit
hms,
for r
ealti
me
(gro
und)
and
non
-rea
ltim
e (o
nboa
rd/g
roun
d) d
ata
proc
essi
ng, p
erfo
rman
ce a
naly
sis.
IV
Geo
detic
Ref
eren
ce F
ram
es
Sate
llite
geo
desy
, sta
ndar
ds, p
roce
ssin
g of
diff
eren
t obs
erva
tions
.
24 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
11
Spac
e D
ebri
s C
over
ing
all a
spec
ts re
late
d to
kn
owle
dge
of th
e m
eteo
roid
and
de
bris
env
ironm
ent i
nclu
ding
spac
e su
rvei
llanc
e, d
atab
ases
, ass
essi
ng
debr
is ri
sk le
vels
for c
urre
nt a
nd
futu
re m
issi
ons,
reen
try o
f spa
ce
obje
cts,
hype
r vel
ocity
impa
cts a
nd
prot
ectio
n, a
nd m
itiga
tion
mea
sure
s.
A
Gro
und-
and
Spa
ce-b
ased
Deb
ris a
nd
Met
eoro
id M
easu
rem
ents
In
clud
es g
roun
d- a
nd sp
ace-
base
d m
easu
rem
ents
and
rela
ted
tech
nolo
gy
deve
lopm
ents
.
I G
roun
d-ba
sed
Rad
ar M
easu
rem
ents
of D
ebri
s and
Met
eoro
ids
Bea
mpa
rk e
xper
imen
ts, o
bser
vatio
n an
d pe
rfor
man
ce m
odel
ling
for
track
ing
and
surv
eilla
nce
sens
ors,
com
paris
on o
f mea
sure
men
ts a
nd
mod
els.
Proc
essi
ng o
f rad
ar tr
acki
ng d
ata
e.g.
to re
cons
titut
e or
bits
of
unc
orre
late
d ob
ject
s for
ope
ratio
nal c
ollis
ion
avoi
danc
e an
d an
omal
y re
solu
tion.
II
G
roun
d-ba
sed
Opt
ical
Mea
sure
men
ts o
f Deb
ris a
nd M
eteo
roid
s H
igh-
altit
ude
surv
eys f
or fa
int o
bjec
ts. F
ollo
w-u
p an
d ca
talo
gue
mai
nten
ance
of o
bjec
ts in
hig
h-al
titud
e or
bits
. Dev
elop
men
t and
op
erat
ion
of p
lann
ing
and
proc
essi
ng so
ftwar
e fo
r opt
ical
m
easu
rem
ents
of a
rtific
ial o
bjec
ts. O
rbit
dete
rmin
atio
n an
d ob
serv
atio
ns fo
r ano
mal
y re
solu
tion.
Pla
nnin
g an
d pe
rfor
man
ce
anal
ysis
for o
ptic
al sp
ace-
base
d se
nsor
s. II
I In
situ
Rad
ar a
nd O
ptic
al M
easu
rem
ents
of D
ebri
s and
M
eteo
roid
s Sp
ace-
base
d ra
dar a
nd o
ptic
al d
etec
tion
tech
niqu
es to
cha
ract
eris
e th
e sm
all-p
artic
le e
nviro
nmen
t. D
evel
opm
ent,
fligh
t and
dat
a ev
alua
tion.
B
M
odel
ling
and
Ris
k A
naly
sis
Incl
udes
pop
ulat
ion
mod
els f
or m
eteo
roid
s an
d de
bris
(cur
rent
and
futu
re e
volu
tion)
, st
atis
tical
and
ope
ratio
nal r
isk
anal
ysis
in
spac
e an
d re
entry
surv
ivab
ility
and
safe
ty
anal
ysis
on
the
grou
nd.
I D
ebri
s and
Met
eoro
id E
nvir
onm
ent M
odel
s D
evel
opm
ent a
nd a
pplic
atio
n of
mod
els f
or th
e ch
arac
teris
atio
n of
im
pact
flux
on
orbi
tal s
urfa
ces.
Dev
elop
men
t and
ope
ratio
n of
da
taba
ses o
n sp
ace
obje
cts,
laun
ch a
nd sp
ace
even
t inf
orm
atio
n.
II
In-o
rbit
Ris
ks
Ope
ratio
nal c
ollis
ion
avoi
danc
e, c
onju
nctio
n de
tect
ion
and
anal
ysis
, or
bit r
efin
emen
t, av
oida
nce
man
oeuv
re o
ptim
isat
ion.
Sta
tistic
al ri
sk
asse
ssm
ent a
nd a
naly
sis o
f req
uire
men
ts fo
r col
lisio
n av
oida
nce
(del
ta-V
, rem
aini
ng ri
sk) f
or m
issi
on p
lann
ing.
II
I R
eent
ry R
isks
St
ruct
ural
ana
lysi
s to
dete
rmin
e th
e su
rviv
abili
ty o
f spa
cecr
aft
com
pone
nts u
nder
the
influ
ence
of a
erot
herm
al a
nd a
erod
ynam
ic
stre
ss d
urin
g co
ntro
lled
and
unco
ntro
lled
reen
tries
. Dev
elop
men
t of
sim
ulat
ion
mod
els a
nd m
odel
s of t
he sp
acec
raft
geom
etry
, mat
eria
ls.
Com
puta
tion
of g
roun
d sa
fety
. Pre
dict
ion
of re
entry
win
dow
s (da
te
and
loca
tion)
of r
isk
obje
cts f
rom
surv
eilla
nce
data
.
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 25
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
11
Spac
e D
ebri
s (co
nt.)
C
Deb
ris M
itiga
tion,
Deb
ris E
nvir
onm
ent
Rem
edia
tion
and
Prot
ectio
n In
clud
es id
entif
icat
ion,
stan
dard
isat
ion
and
verif
icat
ion
of th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of
miti
gatio
n m
easu
res a
nd a
ccom
pany
ing
mod
els,
envi
ronm
ent p
redi
ctio
n m
odel
ling,
ac
tive
rem
oval
tech
niqu
es a
s wel
l as H
VI t
est
tech
niqu
es, d
evel
opm
ent a
nd v
alid
atio
n of
nu
mer
ical
sim
ulat
ions
, eva
luat
ion
and
mod
ellin
g of
mat
eria
ls fo
r shi
eldi
ng.
I Sp
ace
Deb
ris M
itiga
tion
Dev
elop
men
t of m
odel
s and
tool
s for
the
anal
ysis
of m
itiga
tion
requ
irem
ents
for a
spac
e m
issi
on, w
hich
incl
udes
the
pred
ictio
n of
or
bita
l life
time,
fuel
ass
essm
ents
, ree
ntry
surv
ivab
ility
and
mis
sion
su
rviv
abili
ty w
ith re
spec
t to
debr
is im
pact
s, as
wel
l as
stan
dard
isat
ion
of th
ese
activ
ities
. II
Sp
ace
Deb
ris E
nvir
onm
ent R
emed
iatio
n Lo
ng-te
rm e
nviro
nmen
t pro
ject
ions
usi
ng m
odel
s for
traf
fic a
nd
miti
gatio
n ac
tions
. Ide
ntifi
catio
n of
rem
oval
targ
ets a
nd e
valu
atio
n of
rem
oval
opt
ions
. II
I Pr
otec
tion
agai
nst D
ebri
s and
Met
eoro
ids
Test
ing,
eva
luat
ion
and
deve
lopm
ent o
f HV
I tes
t tec
hniq
ues,
deve
lopm
ent a
nd v
alid
atio
n of
num
eric
al si
mul
atio
ns, e
valu
atio
n an
d m
odel
ling
of m
ater
ials
und
er H
VI,
impa
ct d
amag
e da
ta o
n S/
C
conf
igur
atio
n, sh
ield
opt
imis
atio
n.
12
Gro
und
Stat
ion
Syst
ems a
nd
Net
wor
ks
This
dom
ain
cove
rs a
ll el
emen
ts
and
know
how
requ
ired
for
engi
neer
ing
of th
e fa
cilit
ies t
hat
conn
ect t
he sp
ace
segm
ent w
ith
cont
rol c
entre
s. Th
e ap
plic
atio
n ra
nge
cove
rs h
igh-
perf
orm
ance
de
ep-s
pace
stat
ions
to n
etw
orks
of
smal
l gro
und
stat
ions
.
A
Gro
und
Stat
ion
Syst
em
Cov
erin
g te
chno
logi
es a
nd te
chni
ques
rela
ted
to th
e de
sign
of a
gro
und
stat
ion
syst
em a
nd
its c
onst
ituen
t ele
men
ts su
ch a
s gro
und
TT&
C
and
payl
oad
data
rece
ptio
n an
tenn
a sy
stem
s us
ing
RF
and
optic
al te
chni
ques
; tra
nsm
it an
d re
ceiv
e ra
dar a
nd o
ptic
al sy
stem
s for
gro
und-
base
d sp
ace
surv
eilla
nce;
TT&
C, r
adar
and
op
tical
sign
al a
nd d
ata
proc
essi
ng.
I A
dvan
ced
Gro
und
Stat
ion
Des
ign
Con
cept
s C
over
s des
ign
conc
epts
for R
F an
d op
tical
gro
und
stat
ions
for s
pace
co
mm
unic
atio
n an
d sp
ace
surv
eilla
nce
appl
icat
ions
. II
G
roun
d T
T&
C a
nd P
aylo
ad D
ata
Rec
eptio
n A
nten
na S
yste
ms
Incl
udes
RF
desi
gn, o
ptic
al d
esig
n, m
echa
nica
l stru
ctur
es, s
ervo
-m
echa
nism
s, an
d tra
ckin
g pr
oces
ses.
III
Mic
row
ave
and
Opt
ical
Act
ive/
Pass
ive
Syst
ems
Incl
udes
all
activ
e co
mpo
nent
s suc
h as
LN
As,
dete
ctor
s, H
PAs,
lase
rs, f
requ
ency
con
verte
rs, m
icro
wav
e so
urce
s, al
l pas
sive
co
mpo
nent
s suc
h as
filte
rs, s
witc
hes,
isol
ator
s, w
aveg
uide
s. IV
T
T&
C, R
adar
and
Opt
ical
Sig
nal &
Dat
a Pr
oces
sing
C
over
s tel
emet
ry re
ceiv
ers,
deco
ders
and
dem
odul
ator
s, te
leco
mm
and
mod
ulat
ors a
nd e
ncod
ers,
tele
met
ry d
ata
prep
roce
ssor
s, ra
ngin
g su
bsys
tem
s and
pre
cise
nav
igat
ion
tech
niqu
es.
V
Freq
uenc
y &
Tim
e G
ener
atio
n an
d D
istri
butio
n C
over
s all
mea
ns o
f fre
quen
cy g
ener
atio
n su
ch a
s ato
mic
clo
cks,
mas
ers a
nd c
ryst
al o
scill
ator
s. Ti
me
refe
renc
e ge
nera
tion
and
sync
hron
isat
ion.
(N
ote
12-E
-V-1
: Ref
eren
ce si
gnal
s req
uire
d fo
r nav
igat
ion,
tele
com
an
d sc
ienc
e ap
plic
atio
ns a
re c
over
ed in
6-E
-V)
26 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
12
Gro
und
Stat
ion
Syst
ems a
nd
Net
wor
ks (c
ont.)
B
G
roun
d C
omm
unic
atio
ns N
etw
orks
C
over
ing
all t
echn
olog
ical
asp
ects
for T
T&C
an
d pa
yloa
d da
ta d
istri
butio
n, re
late
d to
the
use
of m
oder
n co
mm
erci
al-o
ff-th
e-sh
elf
grou
nd c
omm
unic
atio
n te
chno
logy
/ser
vice
s, fo
r pro
vidi
ng c
ost/p
erfo
rman
ce e
ffec
tive
solu
tions
to th
e op
erat
ions
of s
pace
mis
sion
s.
I A
dvan
ced
Gro
und
Com
mun
icat
ion
Net
wor
king
Con
cept
s C
over
s new
des
ign
conc
epts
for d
ata/
com
mun
icat
ion
in th
e gr
ound
se
gmen
t. II
C
omm
unic
atio
n N
etw
ork
Tech
nolo
gies
and
Pro
toco
ls
Cov
ers i
ssue
s rel
ated
to c
omm
unic
atio
n an
d da
ta e
xcha
nge,
in
clud
ing
rout
ing
and
mod
em is
sues
as w
ell a
s net
wor
k pr
otoc
ols.
13
Aut
omat
ion,
Tel
epre
senc
e &
R
obot
ics
Cov
ers t
he sp
ecifi
catio
n,
deve
lopm
ent,
verif
icat
ion,
op
erat
ion
and
utili
satio
n of
spac
e au
tom
atio
n sy
stem
s. Su
ch sy
stem
s in
clud
e (1
) spa
ce ro
bot s
yste
ms
(com
pris
ing
both
arm
-bas
ed
syst
ems f
or in
spec
tion,
serv
icin
g an
d as
sem
bly
of sp
ace
syst
em
infr
astru
ctur
e or
pay
load
s and
m
obile
robo
ts fo
r sur
face
ex
plor
atio
n on
cel
estia
l bod
ies)
and
(2
) spa
ce la
bora
tory
aut
omat
ion
and
payl
oad
cont
rol s
yste
ms i
n m
anne
d an
d un
man
ned
mis
sion
s.
(Not
e 13
-1: D
etai
led
mec
hani
sms
aspe
cts a
re c
over
ed in
TD
15)
A
App
licat
ions
and
Con
cept
s C
over
s sys
tem
asp
ects
and
inno
vativ
e ro
botic
co
ncep
ts fo
r mis
sion
s.
I Pl
anet
ary
Expl
orat
ion
Incl
udes
nov
el c
once
pts f
or h
andl
ing/
asse
mbl
y of
surf
ace
infr
astru
ctur
e el
emen
ts, n
ovel
aer
obot
con
cept
s, no
vel r
obot
co
ncep
ts fo
r exp
lora
tion
(incl
udin
g of
ast
eroi
ds),
mic
ro- a
nd n
ano-
rove
r con
cept
s and
swar
ms.
II
Orb
ital S
yste
ms
Incl
udes
aut
omat
ion
of o
rbita
l inf
rast
ruct
ure,
or n
on-c
oope
rativ
e sa
telli
tes,
sate
llite
des
ign
for r
obot
ic se
rvic
ing,
com
poun
d op
erat
ion
of a
rms o
n fr
ee-f
lyin
g pl
atfo
rms,
asse
mbl
y an
d se
rvic
ing
of sp
ace
stru
ctur
es in
orb
it, m
ulti-
robo
t coo
pera
tion.
B
A
utom
atio
n &
Rob
otic
s Sys
tem
s C
over
s the
det
aile
d de
finiti
on o
f rob
otic
sy
stem
s and
subs
yste
ms,
incl
udin
g te
chno
logy
de
velo
pmen
ts d
edic
ated
to sp
ecifi
c ap
plic
atio
ns.
I M
anip
ulat
ion
Syst
ems
Incl
udes
robo
t arm
s, en
d-ef
fect
ors a
nd to
ols.
(see
Not
e 13
-1)
II
Mob
ility
Sys
tem
s In
clud
es ro
vers
, aer
obot
s, un
derg
roun
d an
d un
derw
ater
exp
lore
rs.
III
Payl
oad
Aut
omat
ion
Syst
ems
Cov
ers a
ll au
tom
atio
n as
pect
s of s
pace
labo
rato
ries.
C
Aut
omat
ion
& R
obot
ics C
ompo
nent
s and
T
echn
olog
ies
Incl
udes
gen
eral
pur
pose
and
spec
ific
Aut
omat
ion
& R
obot
ics (
A&
R) c
ompo
nent
s an
d m
etho
ds.
I Pe
rcep
tion
Incl
udes
sens
ors a
nd se
nsin
g m
etho
ds (e
.g. c
ompu
ter v
isio
n) w
hich
al
low
robo
ts to
per
ceiv
e th
eir e
nviro
nmen
t and
the
stat
e of
the
proc
ess t
hey
are
cont
rolli
ng.
II
Con
trol
, Aut
onom
y an
d In
telli
genc
e C
over
s met
hods
that
allo
w ro
bot s
yste
ms t
o pe
rfor
m p
erce
ptio
n pr
oces
sing
, und
erst
andi
ng o
f the
ope
ratin
g en
viro
nmen
t, m
otio
n pl
anni
ng a
nd c
ontro
l, at
tent
ion
allo
catio
n, a
ntic
ipat
ion,
act
ivity
pl
anni
ng, a
nd re
ason
ing
abou
t the
ir ow
n st
ate
and
the
stat
e of
oth
er
agen
ts.
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 27
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
13
Aut
omat
ion,
Tel
epre
senc
e &
R
obot
ics (
cont
.) C
A
utom
atio
n &
Rob
otic
s Com
pone
nts a
nd
Tec
hnol
ogie
s (co
nt.)
III
Mot
ion
and
Act
uatio
n C
over
s the
mea
ns th
at a
llow
a ro
bot t
o ph
ysic
ally
inte
ract
with
its
envi
ronm
ent (
e.g.
lim
bs, j
oint
s, ch
assi
s, w
heel
uni
ts, b
allo
on
enve
lope
s, pr
opul
sion
uni
ts).
(see
Not
e 13
-1).
IV
Rob
ot-U
ser
Inte
rfac
ing
Incl
udes
com
man
ding
and
pro
gram
min
g m
eans
(e.g
. im
mer
sive
sy
stem
s, ha
ptic
dev
ices
) and
met
hods
that
allo
w u
sers
to in
tera
ct
with
an
auto
mat
ion
and
robo
tics s
yste
m. I
nclu
des t
eleo
pera
tion,
te
lepr
esen
ce, t
eles
cien
ce.
V
Rob
ot G
roun
d T
estin
g In
clud
es to
ols,
met
hods
and
faci
litie
s tha
t allo
w o
n-gr
ound
ch
arac
teris
atio
n an
d ve
rific
atio
n of
A&
R sy
stem
s. 14
L
ife &
Phy
sica
l Sci
ence
s C
over
s all
tech
nolo
gica
l asp
ects
re
late
d to
inst
rum
enta
tion
in
supp
ort o
f life
and
phy
sica
l sc
ienc
es, a
nd fo
r ens
urin
g de
liver
y of
a c
ompl
ete
syst
em (i
nstru
men
t) te
chno
logy
. The
obj
ectiv
e is
an
optim
ised
scie
ntifi
c re
turn
, the
em
phas
is b
eing
rath
er o
n a
cons
iste
nt sy
stem
phi
loso
phy
than
on
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f com
pone
nt
tech
nolo
gies
. Als
o in
clud
es th
e te
chno
logi
es a
nd te
chni
ques
re
latin
g to
pla
neta
ry p
rote
ctio
n,
both
ster
ilisa
tion
met
hods
and
te
chno
logi
es, a
nd a
lso
syst
em
tech
nolo
gies
nee
ded
to m
onito
r co
ntam
inan
ts.
A
Inst
rum
enta
tion
in S
uppo
rt o
f Life
Sci
ence
s In
clud
es a
spec
ts o
f hum
an p
hysi
olog
y,
biol
ogy,
bio
tech
nolo
gy, e
xobi
olog
y/pl
anet
ary
expl
orat
ion.
I Se
nsor
s and
Ana
lytic
al In
stru
men
tatio
n C
over
s the
who
le ra
nge
of se
nsor
s and
ana
lytic
al in
stru
men
ts
need
ed to
mon
itor s
cien
tific
exp
erim
ents
and
to e
xtra
ct sc
ient
ific
data
. II
Im
agin
g D
iagn
ostic
s and
Imag
e T
reat
men
t Tec
hnol
ogie
s In
clud
es th
e w
hole
rang
e fr
om m
acro
scop
ic im
agin
g do
wn
to su
b-m
icro
scop
ic im
agin
g w
ith th
e re
late
d im
age
treat
men
t tec
hnol
ogie
s (c
ontra
st e
nhan
cem
ent,
com
pres
sion
etc
.).
III
Cul
tivat
ion,
Pro
cess
ing
and
Bio
proc
essi
ng
Star
ts fr
om si
mpl
e cu
ltiva
tion
of c
ells
and
mic
roor
gani
sms a
nd
exte
nds i
nto
bior
eact
or ty
pe c
ultiv
atio
n in
clud
ing
proc
essi
ng/
biop
roce
ssin
g of
mat
eria
ls fo
r in
situ
reso
urce
util
isat
ion.
B
In
stru
men
tatio
n in
Sup
port
of P
hysi
cal
Scie
nces
In
clud
es a
spec
ts o
f flu
id sc
ienc
e, m
ater
ial
scie
nce,
cry
stal
gro
wth
, app
lied
phys
ics,
plan
etar
y ex
plor
atio
n.
I Se
nsor
s and
Ana
lytic
al In
stru
men
tatio
n St
arts
at (
high
) tem
pera
ture
sens
ors a
nd e
xten
ds in
to c
ompl
ex
anal
ytic
al in
stru
men
ts su
ch a
s Ram
an S
pect
rosc
opy
and
X-r
ay
diag
nost
ics t
ools
. II
Im
agin
g D
iagn
ostic
s and
Imag
e T
reat
men
t Tec
hnol
ogie
s In
clud
es m
acro
scop
ic a
nd m
icro
scop
ic im
agin
g an
d ot
her (
e.g.
in
terf
erom
etric
) im
agin
g m
etho
ds w
ith th
e re
late
d pr
oble
ms o
f im
age
acqu
isiti
on st
orag
e, tr
ansf
er a
nd tr
eatm
ent.
Imag
e ac
quis
ition
ra
nges
from
sing
le sh
ot to
hig
h-sp
eed
imag
ing
(500
fram
es/s
).
28 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
14
Life
& P
hysi
cal S
cien
ces (
cont
.) B
In
stru
men
tatio
n in
Sup
port
of P
hysi
cal
Scie
nces
(con
t.)
III
Proc
essi
ng a
nd P
rodu
ctio
n In
clud
es lo
w-v
olum
e pr
oces
sing
of n
ew m
ater
ials
and
ext
ends
into
pr
oces
sing
and
pro
duct
ion
utili
sing
in si
tu re
sour
ces i
n pl
anet
ary
expl
orat
ion.
C
A
pplie
d L
ife S
cien
ce T
echn
olog
y In
clud
es th
e ap
plic
atio
n of
adv
ance
d an
d ne
w
tech
nolo
gies
of t
he li
fe sc
ienc
es to
spec
ific
prob
lem
s of p
lane
tary
exp
lora
tion,
pla
neta
ry
prot
ectio
n an
d hu
man
long
-term
pre
senc
e in
sp
ace.
(N
ote
14-C
-I-1
: tec
hnol
ogie
s rel
ated
to
ster
ilisa
tion
effe
cts o
n m
ater
ials
are
cov
ered
in
24-
C-I
)
I A
pplic
atio
n of
Hum
an P
hysio
logy
Tec
hnol
ogie
s C
over
s the
app
licat
ion
of h
uman
phy
siol
ogy
tech
nolo
gies
to h
uman
he
alth
mon
itorin
g/ca
re a
nd c
ount
erm
easu
res f
or lo
ng d
urat
ion
spac
eflig
ht a
nd in
clud
es ra
diat
ion
mon
itorin
g.
II
Bio
burd
en/B
iodi
vers
ity M
onito
ring
C
over
s all
tech
nolo
gies
requ
ired
at sp
acec
raft
and
faci
lity
leve
l to
com
ply
with
CO
SPA
R p
lane
tary
pro
tect
ion
requ
irem
ents
. II
I B
ioba
rrie
rs
Cov
ers a
ll te
chno
logi
es re
quire
d to
isol
ate
spac
ecra
ft su
bsys
tem
s w
ith d
iffer
ent b
iobu
rden
leve
ls. (
Has
to b
e ta
ilore
d to
org
anic
and
bi
olog
ical
cle
anlin
ess r
equi
red,
and
to th
e sp
ecifi
c bi
obur
den
redu
ctio
n pr
oces
s.)
IV
Dry
Hea
t Ste
rilis
atio
n C
over
s sta
ndar
d an
d no
n-st
anda
rd d
ry h
eat b
iobu
rden
redu
ctio
n pr
oces
ses f
or su
bsys
tem
and
syst
em (t
erm
inal
pro
cess
). V
L
ow-T
empe
ratu
re S
teri
lisat
ion
Cov
ers g
as a
nd li
quid
ster
ilisa
tion
proc
esse
s at l
ow te
mpe
ratu
res.
Com
plem
enta
ry to
stan
dard
dry
hea
t ste
rilis
atio
n.
VI
Prec
isio
n C
lean
ing
and
Ster
ility
C
over
s cle
anin
g pr
oces
ses t
o ac
hiev
e hi
gh le
vel o
f org
anic
cl
eanl
ines
s and
ster
ility
. Req
uire
d fo
r sam
ple
acqu
isiti
on a
nd
dist
ribut
ion
syst
ems,
as w
ell a
s for
cer
tain
cla
sses
of s
ampl
e re
turn
m
issi
ons.
D
App
lied
Phys
ical
Sci
ence
Tec
hnol
ogy
Incl
udes
the
spec
ific
appl
icat
ion
of m
ater
ial
scie
nce
tech
nolo
gy to
use
in si
tu re
sour
ces f
or
extra
terr
estri
al p
rodu
ctio
n of
com
pone
nts (
e.g.
he
at a
nd ra
diat
ion
shie
lds e
tc.).
I Pr
oces
sing
and
Pro
duct
ion
Incl
udes
the
low
-vol
ume
proc
essi
ng o
f new
mat
eria
ls a
nd e
xten
ds
into
pro
cess
ing
and
prod
uctio
n ut
ilisi
ng in
situ
reso
urce
s in
plan
etar
y ex
plor
atio
n.
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 29
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
15
Mec
hani
sms
All
devi
ces w
ith m
ovin
g pa
rts (e
.g.
actu
ator
s, ho
ld-d
own
& re
leas
e de
vice
s, po
intin
g m
echa
nism
s, de
ploy
able
boo
ms,
thru
st v
ecto
r co
ntro
l mec
hani
sms)
; ass
ocia
ted
spec
ific
disc
iplin
es (s
uch
as
tribo
logy
and
pyr
otec
hnic
s) a
nd
tool
s (su
ch a
s mec
hani
sm a
nd
mag
netic
sim
ulat
ions
).
A
Mec
hani
sm C
ore
Tec
hnol
ogie
s B
uild
ing-
bloc
k te
chno
logi
es u
sed
indi
vidu
ally
or
in c
ombi
natio
n to
pro
vide
a m
echa
nism
fu
nctio
n.
I A
ctua
tor
Tec
hnol
ogie
s Te
chno
logi
es to
pro
vide
torq
ue o
r for
ce (e
.g. e
lect
rom
agne
tic
mot
ors,
voic
e co
ils, p
iezo
mot
ors,
shap
e m
emor
y al
loy
actu
ator
s, el
ectro
activ
e po
lym
er a
ctua
tors
, spr
ing
actu
ator
s, pa
raff
in a
ctua
tors
). II
D
ampe
rs &
Spe
ed R
egul
ator
Tec
hnol
ogie
s Te
chno
logi
es to
regu
late
the
spee
d of
a m
ovab
le e
lem
ent o
r to
dam
p m
echa
nica
l loa
ds (e
.g. l
ow m
eltin
g po
int a
lloy
regu
lato
r, flu
id
dam
per,
mec
hani
cal d
ampe
r, ed
dy c
urre
nt d
ampe
r).
III
Mot
ion
Tra
nsfo
rmer
Tec
hnol
ogie
s Te
chno
logi
es u
sed
to tr
ansf
orm
a m
otio
n (e
.g. g
ears
, pul
leys
and
ca
bles
, har
mon
ic d
rives
, bal
l and
rolle
r scr
ews)
. IV
M
otio
n &
For
ce S
enso
r T
echn
olog
ies
e.g.
switc
hes,
optic
al e
ncod
ers,
reso
lver
s, st
rain
gau
ge se
nsor
s, ca
paci
tive
sens
ors,
acce
lero
met
ers.
V
Gui
ding
Tec
hnol
ogie
s Te
chno
logi
es p
rovi
ding
line
ar o
r rot
atio
nal g
uidi
ng fu
nctio
ns (e
.g.
ball
and
rolle
r bea
rings
, jou
rnal
bea
rings
, mag
netic
bea
rings
, bal
l jo
ints
, fle
xibl
e gu
ides
). V
I Se
alin
g T
echn
olog
ies
Tech
nolo
gies
pro
vidi
ng a
stat
ic o
r dyn
amic
seal
ing
func
tion.
V
II
Ele
ctri
cal T
rans
fer
Tec
hnol
ogie
s Te
chno
logi
es w
hose
func
tion
is to
tran
sfer
an
elec
trica
l sig
nal
betw
een
two
parts
in re
lativ
e m
otio
n, w
ith o
r with
out c
onta
ct (e
.g.
slip
ring
s, ro
ll rin
gs, c
onta
ctle
ss te
chno
logi
es).
B
Non
-Exp
losiv
e R
elea
se T
echn
olog
ies
Non
-pyr
otec
hnic
tech
nolo
gies
use
d to
rele
ase
a fo
rce
or to
rque
(e.g
. mec
hani
cal f
use,
shap
e m
emor
y al
loy,
ele
ctro
mag
netic
, par
affin
).
C
Exp
lora
tion
Tool
Tec
hnol
ogie
s To
ol te
chno
logi
es to
acq
uire
sam
ples
in
expl
orat
ion
mis
sion
s (e.
g. d
rill b
its, u
ltras
onic
to
ols)
.
D
Con
trol
Ele
ctro
nics
Tec
hnol
ogie
s Te
chno
logi
es p
rovi
ding
mec
hani
sm c
ontro
l (o
pen
and
clos
ed lo
op c
ontro
l ele
ctro
nics
).
30 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
15
Mec
hani
sms (
cont
.) E
ME
MS
Tec
hnol
ogie
s M
icro
-/nan
o-te
chno
logi
es p
rovi
ding
a
mec
hani
sm fu
nctio
n (e
.g. p
oint
ing,
scan
ning
).
(Not
e 15
-E-1
: Asp
ects
rela
ted
to q
ualit
y ar
e co
vere
d in
TD
23)
F T
ribo
logy
Tec
hnol
ogie
s Te
chno
logi
es re
late
d to
the
scie
nce
of
inte
ract
ing
surf
aces
.
I L
ubri
catio
n Te
chno
logi
es
Tech
nolo
gies
pro
vidi
ng a
lubr
icat
ion
func
tion
(e.g
. sol
id lu
bric
ants
, flu
id lu
bric
ants
, sel
f-lu
bric
atin
g m
ater
ials
). II
M
ater
ial S
urfa
ce T
echn
olog
ies
Tech
nolo
gies
pro
vidi
ng a
spec
ific
mat
eria
l sur
face
per
form
ance
(e
.g. c
oatin
gs, h
eat t
reat
men
t).
(Not
e 15
-F-I
I-1:
Issu
es re
late
d to
mat
eria
l cha
ract
erisa
tion
are
cove
red
in T
D24
) G
M
echa
nism
Eng
inee
ring
Sp
ecifi
c m
echa
nism
eng
inee
ring
know
how
to
deve
lop
spac
e-re
late
d m
echa
nism
s.
I E
ngin
eeri
ng D
isci
plin
es
Spec
ific
engi
neer
ing
disc
iplin
es in
volv
ed in
the
desi
gn a
nd
deve
lopm
ent o
f spa
ce m
echa
nism
s (e.
g. m
otor
isat
ion
sizi
ng, m
icro
-vi
brat
ion
anal
ysis
, fun
ctio
nal t
oler
ance
bud
gets
, mul
ti-bo
dy
dyna
mic
ana
lysi
s, tri
bolo
gy).
II
Eng
inee
ring
Too
ls Sp
ecifi
c to
ols u
sed
to su
ppor
t the
des
ign
and
deve
lopm
ent o
f spa
ce
mec
hani
sms (
e.g.
bea
ring
sizi
ng so
ftwar
e, m
ulti-
body
dyn
amic
an
alys
is so
ftwar
e).
H
Pyro
tech
nic
Tech
nolo
gies
In
clud
ing
deve
lopm
ent a
nd te
stin
g of
new
m
ater
ials
, ign
ition
met
hods
, act
uatio
n an
d m
inia
turis
atio
n.
I E
xplo
sive
Com
posi
tion
Tec
hnol
ogie
s C
over
s hig
h-te
mpe
ratu
re su
rviv
al a
nd a
gein
g ch
arac
teris
tics;
shoc
k re
duct
ion
tech
nolo
gies
incl
udin
g te
stin
g.
II
The
rmite
Tec
hnol
ogie
s C
over
app
licat
ions
of t
herm
ite h
eatin
g to
pro
vide
con
nect
ion,
di
scon
nect
ion,
rele
ase,
join
ing.
Cov
ers a
lso
prov
isio
n of
oxy
gen
for
life
and
othe
r gas
es fo
r pre
ssur
e fu
nctio
ns.
III
Rel
iabi
lity
Det
erm
inat
ion
for
Non
-Rep
eatin
g Fu
nctio
ns
Cov
ers a
naly
sis t
echn
ique
s for
val
id e
stim
ates
of r
elia
bilit
y at
re
quire
d le
vels
of c
onfid
ence
, def
initi
on a
nd d
emon
stra
tion
of te
st
and
anal
ysis
tech
niqu
es fo
r sm
all s
ampl
es.
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 31
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
15
Mec
hani
sms (
cont
.) H
Py
rote
chni
c Te
chno
logi
es (c
ont.)
IV
O
ptic
al Ig
nitio
n T
echn
olog
ies
Cov
ers t
he d
evel
opm
ent o
f com
pone
nts a
nd sy
stem
s for
alte
rnat
ive
to e
lect
rical
igni
tion,
with
pot
entia
l to
incr
ease
safe
ty b
y re
duci
ng
sens
itivi
ty to
ele
ctric
al d
istu
rban
ce.
V
Adv
ance
d E
lect
ropy
rote
chni
cs
Cov
ers t
he u
se o
f exp
losi
ve fo
il in
itiat
ors i
n or
der t
o re
duce
mas
s an
d co
st a
nd in
crea
se sa
fety
. V
I D
evel
opm
ent o
f New
Dev
ices
for
Futu
re E
xplo
ratio
n an
d E
xplo
itatio
n M
issi
ons
Cov
ers c
onne
ctio
n an
d di
scon
nect
ion
of st
ruct
ures
and
flui
d ci
rcui
ts,
depl
oym
ent o
f shi
elds
and
shel
ters
, sei
smic
and
exp
lora
tion
func
tions
, anc
horin
g, p
enet
ratin
g, se
alin
g; fo
r man
ned,
robo
tic a
nd
auto
mat
ic o
pera
tion.
16
O
ptic
s A
ddre
sses
tech
nolo
gies
and
te
chni
ques
for s
yste
ms,
inst
rum
ents
an
d co
mpo
nent
s, as
wel
l as d
esig
n,
engi
neer
ing
and
verif
icat
ion
met
hods
, in
the
field
of o
ptic
s.
A
Opt
ical
Sys
tem
Eng
inee
ring
C
over
s def
initi
on, d
esig
n an
d en
gine
erin
g of
op
tical
syst
ems a
nd p
aylo
ad/in
stru
men
t ar
chite
ctur
es; c
over
s als
o th
e ev
alua
tion
and
verif
icat
ion
(by
anal
ysis
and
test
ing)
of t
he
optic
al d
esig
n pe
rfor
man
ces (
incl
udin
g st
rayl
ight
).
I O
vera
ll O
ptic
al S
yste
m D
efin
ition
, Des
ign
and
Eng
inee
ring
C
over
s the
def
initi
on, d
esig
n an
d en
gine
erin
g of
opt
ical
syst
ems a
nd
subs
yste
ms a
nd th
e co
ncep
tual
def
initi
on o
f opt
ical
pa
yloa
d/in
stru
men
t arc
hite
ctur
es.
II
Opt
ical
Des
ign
Perf
orm
ance
Eva
luat
ion
and
Ana
lysi
s C
over
s eva
luat
ion
and
verif
icat
ion
of o
ptic
al d
esig
n pe
rfor
man
ces
by a
naly
sis (
e.g.
opt
ical
mod
els,
Zem
ax, A
SAP,
Cod
eV) a
nd/o
r te
stin
g (e
.g. o
ptic
s lab
orat
ory)
; inc
lude
s eva
luat
ion
of st
rayl
ight
and
de
sign
of m
eans
for s
trayl
ight
supp
ress
ion
(e.g
. baf
fles)
. B
O
ptic
al C
ompo
nent
Tec
hnol
ogy
and
Mat
eria
ls C
over
s all
tech
niqu
es a
nd te
chno
logi
es fo
r de
sign
and
man
ufac
ture
of o
ptic
al c
ompo
nent
s (f
rom
mic
ro/n
anos
truct
ures
to li
ghtw
eigh
t te
lesc
ope
mirr
ors o
f sev
eral
met
res’
ape
rture
) as
wel
l as o
f sta
ble
optic
al b
ench
es; i
nclu
des
com
pone
nt m
ount
ing
tech
nolo
gies
and
spec
ial
optic
al m
ater
ials
; cov
ers t
he w
hole
‘opt
ical
’ sp
ectru
m fr
om X
-ray
to fa
r-in
frar
ed.
I O
ptic
al C
ompo
nent
s C
over
s all
tech
nolo
gies
for r
efra
ctiv
e an
d re
flect
ive
optic
al
com
pone
nts s
uch
as (c
lass
ical
-bul
k) fi
lters
, len
ses,
grat
ings
, pris
ms,
beam
split
ters
, pol
aris
ers m
anuf
actu
red
in c
onve
ntio
nal/
clas
sica
l-bu
lk te
chno
logy
. Inc
lude
s grin
ding
/pol
ishi
ng te
chni
ques
, spe
cial
gl
ass a
nd su
bstra
tes a
nd c
oatin
g te
chno
logi
es (r
adia
tion
tole
rant
). II
M
icro
-Opt
ics C
ompo
nent
s, M
OEM
S, O
ptic
al F
ibre
s and
Pa
ssiv
e In
tegr
ated
Opt
ics
Cov
ers a
ll pa
ssiv
e op
tical
com
pone
nts m
ade
in m
icro
-/n
anot
echn
olog
y, su
ch a
s diff
ract
ive
elem
ents
, hol
ogra
phic
el
emen
ts, m
eta-
mat
eria
l ele
men
ts, m
icro
-opt
ic d
evic
es, m
icro
-opt
o-el
ectro
-mec
hani
cal s
yste
ms (
MO
EMS)
like
switc
hes a
nd d
ynam
ic
grat
ings
, opt
ical
fibr
es a
nd in
tegr
ated
opt
ics d
evic
es.
32 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
16
Opt
ics (
cont
.) B
O
ptic
al C
ompo
nent
Tec
hnol
ogy
and
Mat
eria
ls (c
ont.)
III
Mir
ror
and
Tele
scop
e T
echn
olog
ies
Cov
ers d
esig
n, m
ater
ials
and
man
ufac
turin
g te
chno
logi
es fo
r lig
htw
eigh
t mirr
ors a
nd te
lesc
opes
(inc
ludi
ng st
ruct
ures
and
baf
fles)
w
ith a
pertu
res r
angi
ng fr
om 1
0 cm
to se
vera
l met
res,
oper
atin
g at
X
-ray
, UV
, vis
ible
, IR
and
far-
IR w
avel
engt
hs; i
nclu
des m
onol
ithic
m
irror
s, se
gmen
ted
mirr
ors,
depl
oyab
le te
lesc
opes
, sup
er-p
olis
hing
an
d co
atin
g, a
dapt
ive
optic
s and
wav
efro
nt c
ontro
l. IV
O
ptic
al B
ench
and
Mou
ntin
g T
echn
olog
ies
Cov
ers d
esig
n, m
ater
ials
and
man
ufac
turin
g te
chno
logi
es fo
r sta
ble,
co
mpa
ct, l
ight
wei
ght o
ptic
al b
ench
es o
pera
ting
at ro
om te
mpe
ratu
re,
but a
lso
dow
n to
cry
ogen
ic te
mpe
ratu
res,
and
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f st
able
com
pone
nt m
ount
ing
and
alig
nmen
t tec
hnol
ogie
s. C
O
ptic
al E
quip
men
t and
Inst
rum
ent
Tec
hnol
ogy
Opt
ical
equ
ipm
ent a
nd in
stru
men
t tec
hnol
ogy
cove
rs a
ll te
chni
ques
and
tech
nolo
gies
for t
he
desi
gn, m
anuf
actu
re a
nd te
st o
f opt
ical
eq
uipm
ent a
nd in
stru
men
ts fo
r im
agin
g,
spec
trosc
opy,
radi
omet
ry, s
ound
ing,
rem
ote
sens
ing,
met
rolo
gy, r
angi
ng, i
llum
inat
ion,
fr
ee-s
pace
opt
ical
com
mun
icat
ions
for
appl
icat
ions
in E
arth
obs
erva
tion,
scie
nce
and
plan
etar
y re
sear
ch, t
elec
omm
unic
atio
ns a
nd
navi
gatio
n.
I Sp
ectr
omet
ers,
Imag
ing
Spec
trom
eter
s, R
adio
met
ers
Cov
ers t
echn
ique
s and
tech
nolo
gies
for t
he d
esig
n, m
anuf
actu
re a
nd
test
of o
ptic
al e
quip
men
t and
inst
rum
ents
for i
mag
ing,
spec
trosc
opy
and
radi
omet
ry, i
nclu
ding
Fou
rier-
trans
form
spec
trom
eter
s. II
C
amer
as, I
llum
inat
ion
Dev
ices
, Dis
play
s C
over
s tec
hniq
ues a
nd te
chno
logi
es fo
r the
des
ign,
man
ufac
ture
and
te
stin
g of
cam
eras
and
opt
ical
dev
ices
for i
llum
inat
ion
and
disp
lay.
II
I L
aser
Ran
ging
and
Imag
ing,
Lid
ars a
nd A
ltim
eter
s C
over
s tec
hniq
ues a
nd te
chno
logi
es fo
r the
des
ign,
man
ufac
ture
and
te
stin
g of
opt
ical
equ
ipm
ent a
nd in
stru
men
ts fo
r ran
ging
, alti
met
ry,
3D im
agin
g (f
or G
NC
, pla
neta
ry la
nder
s, R
VD
, rov
er n
avig
atio
n),
atm
osph
eric
soun
ding
, and
rem
ote
sens
ing;
incl
udes
tuna
ble
high
-re
solu
tion
filte
rs.
IV
Inte
rfer
omet
ry, A
pert
ure
Synt
hesi
s and
Opt
ical
Pha
sed
Arr
ays
Cov
ers t
echn
ique
s and
tech
nolo
gies
for t
he d
esig
n, m
anuf
actu
re a
nd
test
ing
of o
ptic
al e
quip
men
t and
inst
rum
ents
of v
ery
high
-res
olut
ion
base
d on
inte
rfer
omet
ric m
etho
ds, a
pertu
re sy
nthe
sis a
nd o
ptic
al
phas
ed a
rray
s, in
par
ticul
ar fo
r sci
ence
mis
sion
s and
imag
ing/
rem
ote
sens
ing
from
geo
stat
iona
ry o
rbit.
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 33
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
16
Opt
ics (
cont
.) C
O
ptic
al E
quip
men
t and
Inst
rum
ent
Tec
hnol
ogy
(con
t.)
V
Hig
h-Pr
ecis
ion
Opt
ical
Met
rolo
gy
Cov
ers t
echn
ique
s and
tech
nolo
gies
for t
he d
esig
n, m
anuf
actu
re a
nd
test
ing
of o
ptic
al e
quip
men
t and
inst
rum
ents
for h
igh-
prec
isio
n op
tical
met
rolo
gy in
spac
e (e
.g. f
or fo
rmat
ion-
flyin
g co
nste
llatio
ns),
but a
lso
for o
n-gr
ound
ver
ifica
tion
of st
ruct
ures
, mirr
or su
rfac
es a
nd
tele
scop
es.
VI
Opt
ical
Com
mun
icat
ions
C
over
s tec
hniq
ues a
nd te
chno
logi
es fo
r the
des
ign,
man
ufac
ture
and
te
stin
g of
opt
ical
equ
ipm
ent/s
ubsy
stem
s and
term
inal
s for
opt
ical
co
mm
unic
atio
ns b
etw
een
sate
llite
s and
bet
wee
n sp
acec
raft
and
grou
nd st
atio
ns (e
.g. f
eede
r lin
ks, d
eep-
spac
e co
mm
unic
atio
ns);
incl
udes
spec
ific
tech
nolo
gies
like
qua
ntum
com
mun
icat
ions
for
secu
re li
nks,
cryp
togr
aphy
and
glo
bal k
ey d
istri
butio
n.
17
Opt
oele
ctro
nics
C
over
s the
dev
elop
men
t and
ap
plic
atio
n of
tech
nolo
gies
co
mbi
ning
pho
toni
cs (i
.e. c
ircui
ts
hand
ling
phot
ons)
with
ele
ctro
nics
to
ach
ieve
giv
en fu
nctio
ns.
A
Las
er T
echn
olog
ies
Cov
ers t
he te
chno
logi
es a
nd te
chni
ques
ne
eded
for t
he g
ener
atio
n of
coh
eren
t opt
ical
ra
diat
ion.
I L
aser
Sou
rces
C
over
s con
tinuo
us w
ave
(CW
) las
ers a
nd p
ulse
d di
ode-
pum
ped
bulk
so
lid-s
tate
lase
rs (e
.g. N
d:Y
AG
, etc
.), m
ode-
augm
ente
d di
ode
lase
rs
for t
he n
ear-
infr
ared
(NIR
) spe
ctra
l reg
ion
(VC
SEL,
EC
LD, e
tc.),
m
ode-
augm
ente
d qu
antu
m c
asca
de la
sers
(QC
L) a
nd G
aN fo
r the
m
id-I
R a
nd v
isib
le sp
ectra
l reg
ions
resp
ectiv
ely,
LED
s, di
ode-
pum
ped
rare
Ear
th (R
E) d
oped
wav
egui
de la
sers
, dop
ed fi
bre
lase
rs,
etc.
II
L
aser
Pum
ping
C
over
s las
er-d
iode
arr
ays L
DA
(CW
and
QC
W),
high
-pow
er si
ngle
-em
itter
(CW
) dio
de so
urce
s and
rela
ted
pum
p-pa
ckag
ing
issu
es,
flash
-lam
p, so
lar p
ump,
ele
ctro
n-be
am, e
tc. I
mpl
emen
tatio
n of
ef
ficie
nt sp
ectra
l con
trol o
f LD
A e
mis
sion
. II
I L
aser
Osc
illat
ors a
nd A
mpl
ifier
s G
eom
etric
al m
ode
cont
rol o
f bot
h st
able
and
uns
tabl
e re
sona
tor
desi
gns.
Mod
e m
atch
ing
tech
niqu
es a
nd d
evic
e te
chno
logi
es, e
tc.
Q-s
witc
hed
and
mod
e-lo
ckin
g te
chni
ques
. Las
er a
mpl
ifier
stag
es,
cohe
rent
pow
er c
ontro
l and
com
bina
tion.
Am
plifi
er d
esig
ns fo
r CW
an
d pu
lsed
app
licat
ions
; bul
k am
plifi
ers,
flare
d se
mic
ondu
ctor
am
plifi
ers,
dope
d fib
re a
mpl
ifier
s.
34 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
17
Opt
oele
ctro
nics
(con
t.)
A
Las
er T
echn
olog
ies (
cont
.) IV
L
aser
Fre
quen
cy C
ontr
ol a
nd S
tabi
lisat
ion
Cov
ers l
aser
cav
ity le
ngth
con
trol a
nd tu
ning
tech
niqu
es, i
njec
tion
lock
ing
and
seed
ing,
for f
requ
ency
con
trol.
Cov
ers f
requ
ency
st
abili
satio
n an
d lo
ckin
g te
chni
ques
usi
ng o
ptic
al st
abili
sing
re
fere
nce
cavi
ties (
OSR
C) f
or p
hase
con
trol a
nd th
e ac
hiev
emen
t of
sub-
Hz
line
wid
ths a
nd a
bsol
ute
freq
uenc
y lo
ckin
g to
nar
row
sp
ectra
l fea
ture
s. Im
plem
enta
tion
of e
lect
roni
c-op
tical
feed
back
te
chni
ques
for l
inew
idth
redu
ctio
n. D
evel
opm
ent a
nd
impl
emen
tatio
n of
met
hods
to re
duce
the
Ther
mal
Noi
se L
imit
(TN
L) o
n SR
C o
ptic
s. D
evel
opm
ent a
nd v
erifi
catio
n of
nov
el
met
hods
to a
chie
ve su
b-m
Hz
linew
idth
em
issi
on.
V
Non
-Lin
ear
Opt
ics
Cov
ers h
arm
onic
gen
erat
ion,
non
-line
ar c
ryst
als a
nd p
oled
w
aveg
uide
mat
eria
ls, p
aram
etric
con
vers
ion,
mul
ti-ph
oton
pr
oces
ses,
stim
ulat
ed li
ght s
catte
ring,
spat
ial l
aser
bea
m c
lean
ing
usin
g ph
ase
conj
ugat
ed m
irror
s, sa
tura
ble
abso
rber
s, et
c.
B
Det
ecto
r T
echn
olog
ies
Cov
ers a
ll th
e te
chno
logi
es a
nd te
chni
ques
ne
eded
for t
he d
etec
tion
of o
ptic
al ra
diat
ion.
I V
isib
le D
etec
tors
(mos
tly S
i bas
ed)
Cov
ers s
ingl
e-pi
xel (
phot
odio
des)
, lin
ear a
nd 2
D a
rray
s, C
CD
and
C
MO
S im
age
sens
ors (
APS
), A
PDs,
APD
arr
ays,
SiPM
arr
ays.
II
Infr
ared
det
ecto
rs. (
NIR
–FIR
) C
over
s bot
h ph
oton
and
ther
mal
tech
nolo
gies
, inc
ludi
ng M
CT,
In
GaA
s, II
I-V
, QW
IP, Q
DIP
, T2S
L, m
icro
bolo
met
ers,
pyro
elec
trics
. II
I U
V, X
-ray
& G
amm
a-R
ay D
etec
tors
C
over
s Si,
wid
e ba
ndga
p se
mic
ondu
ctor
s, sc
intil
lato
rs.
IV
Supe
rcon
duct
ing
Det
ecto
rs
Cov
ers H
EB, S
INIS
-junc
tions
, het
erod
yne
mix
ers,
…
V
Supe
rcon
duct
ing
Dev
ices
In
clud
ing
low
-tem
pera
ture
and
hig
h-te
mpe
ratu
re su
perc
ondu
ctin
g de
vice
s and
sens
ors s
uch
as S
QU
IDs,
Jose
phso
n-ty
pe ju
nctio
ns,
grad
iom
eter
s, et
c.
VI
Foca
l Pla
ne T
echn
olog
ies
Cov
ers c
ompo
nent
tech
nolo
gies
, int
egra
tion,
acc
omm
odat
ion
tech
niqu
es, p
roxi
mity
ele
ctro
nics
, int
erco
nnec
ts (e
.g. f
lex
circ
uits
), fil
ters
and
win
dow
s.
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 35
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
17
Opt
oele
ctro
nics
(con
t.)
C
Phot
onic
s C
over
s gui
ded-
wav
e op
tical
tech
nolo
gies
and
te
chni
ques
for h
andl
ing
optic
al si
gnal
s, or
to
achi
eve
spec
ific
func
tions
for v
ario
us
appl
icat
ions
.
I R
F Ph
oton
ics
Cov
ers p
hoto
nic
devi
ces f
or g
ener
atio
n, h
andl
ing
and
dist
ribut
ion
of
mic
row
ave
sign
als o
n bo
ard
sate
llite
s, fr
eque
ncy
dow
n-co
nver
sion
, tim
e de
lay,
RF
sign
al p
hase
and
am
plitu
de c
ontro
l, op
tical
bea
m-
form
ing
and
dist
ribut
ion
netw
orks
, onb
oard
opt
ical
link
s &
inte
rcon
nect
s, et
c.
II
Mic
ro- &
Nan
o-Ph
oton
ics
Cov
ers p
hoto
nic
IC te
chno
logi
es, h
ybrid
and
mon
olith
ic in
tegr
atio
n of
act
ive
and
pass
ive
func
tions
in v
ario
us m
ater
ial s
yste
ms i
nclu
ding
si
lica
and
sem
icon
duct
or m
ater
ials
. Sili
con
phot
onic
s for
on-
chip
op
tical
func
tions
. II
I Fi
bre-
Opt
ic S
enso
rs
Cov
ers p
ress
ure,
tem
pera
ture
and
stra
in se
nsor
s, in
clud
ing
inte
rrog
atio
n un
its fo
r sat
ellit
es, p
latfo
rms a
nd la
unch
ers.
IV
Opt
ical
Ato
mic
Clo
cks
Cov
ers l
aser
coo
ling
and
trapp
ing
tech
niqu
es fo
r ato
ms,
ions
and
m
olec
ules
, opt
ical
freq
uenc
y co
mbs
bas
ed o
n m
ode-
lock
ed la
sers
an
d ul
tra-h
igh-
Q m
icro
cavi
ties.
Incl
udes
als
o fib
re-o
ptic
and
free
-sp
ace
optic
al fr
eque
ncy
diss
emin
atio
n ov
er la
rge
dist
ance
s, su
bsys
tem
inte
grat
ion
and
verif
icat
ion
into
clo
ck sy
stem
s, sp
ace
qual
ifica
tion
of su
bsys
tem
ele
men
ts.
V
Qua
ntum
Dev
ices
C
over
s las
er-c
oole
d at
om se
nsor
s inc
ludi
ng a
tom
inte
rfer
omet
ers,
mag
neto
met
ers,
phot
on c
onfin
emen
t and
trap
ping
tech
niqu
es
lead
ing
to B
ECs,
atom
ic-s
cale
sens
ing
devi
ces,
etc.
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
lase
r-co
oled
and
coh
eren
t pop
ulat
ion
trapp
ing
(CPT
) and
the
tech
nolo
gy re
quire
d fo
r its
impl
emen
tatio
n; c
hip
gas c
ells
, etc
. 18
A
erot
herm
odyn
amic
s D
ynam
ics o
f gas
es (p
hysi
cal
proc
esse
s & m
odel
ling)
, esp
ecia
lly
of a
tmos
pher
ic in
tera
ctio
ns w
ith
mov
ing
obje
cts a
t hig
h sp
eed.
It
enco
mpa
sses
the
who
le sp
ectru
m
from
take
off t
o la
ndin
g, b
ut a
lso
orbi
tal a
scen
t/des
cent
, aer
ohea
ting
and
ther
mod
ynam
ics o
f pro
puls
ion.
A
Num
eric
al M
etho
ds
Incl
udes
eng
inee
ring
and
com
puta
tiona
l flu
id
dyna
mic
s (C
FD) t
echn
ique
s, bo
th fo
r int
erna
l an
d ex
tern
al fl
ows,
for t
he m
ultid
isci
plin
ary
desi
gn a
nd a
naly
sis o
f Spa
ce V
ehic
les.
I C
ompu
tatio
nal F
luid
Dyn
amic
s (C
FD)
Con
tinuu
m a
nd d
iscr
ete
parti
cle
mod
els (
incl
udin
g nu
mer
ical
al
gorit
hm a
nd g
rid g
ener
atio
n te
chni
ques
) for
mul
ti-ph
ysic
s flo
w.
II
Eng
inee
ring
Tec
hniq
ues
Ana
lytic
al, s
emi-e
mpi
rical
and
par
amet
ric d
esig
n to
ols.
III
Mul
tidis
cipl
inar
y T
echn
ique
s C
oupl
ing
tool
s (in
clud
ing
adva
nced
opt
imis
atio
n al
gorit
hms)
and
/or
data
base
s of d
iffer
ent t
echn
ical
dis
cipl
ines
.
36 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
18
Aer
othe
rmod
ynam
ics (
cont
.) B
G
roun
d-B
ased
Fac
ilitie
s In
clud
es a
ll ty
pes o
f win
d tu
nnel
s and
oth
er
test
faci
litie
s for
the
desi
gn a
nd a
naly
sis o
f sp
ace
vehi
cles
, bot
h fo
r int
erna
l and
ext
erna
l flo
w.
I C
old
Gas
Fac
ilitie
s C
ontin
uous
and
blo
w-d
own
win
d tu
nnel
s, ba
llist
ic ra
nges
, etc
. II
H
ot G
as F
acili
ties
Arc
-hea
ted,
pis
ton
driv
en, d
eton
atio
n dr
iven
, etc
. II
I D
edic
ated
Fac
ilitie
s C
onta
min
atio
n, h
over
ing,
bas
e flo
w-je
t int
erac
tion,
etc
. C
Se
nsor
s and
Mea
sure
men
t Tec
hniq
ues
Incl
udes
all
type
s of m
easu
rem
ent t
echn
ique
s fo
r gro
und
faci
litie
s and
flig
ht p
latfo
rms,
for
the
desi
gn a
nd a
naly
sis o
f spa
ce v
ehic
les,
both
fo
r int
erna
l and
ext
erna
l flo
w.
I In
trus
ive
Mea
sure
men
ts
Sens
ing
tech
nolo
gies
suita
ble
for m
easu
rem
ents
in h
ostil
e en
viro
nmen
t – te
mpe
ratu
re, p
ress
ure,
hea
t flu
x, e
tc.
II
Non
-Int
rusi
ve M
easu
rem
ents
M
ulti-
spec
tral i
nfra
red,
lase
r spe
ctro
scop
y, e
lect
ron-
beam
, etc
. II
I W
irel
ess M
easu
rem
ents
R
adio
sens
ing,
hea
lth m
onito
ring,
etc
. D
Fl
ight
Dat
abas
es
Incl
udes
the
info
rmat
ics e
nviro
nmen
t to
cons
erve
, ret
rieve
and
use
flig
ht d
ata
from
ex
perim
enta
l tes
t bed
s and
dem
onst
rato
rs, a
nd
thei
r ass
ocia
ted
win
d tu
nnel
and
CFD
ex
trapo
latio
n to
flig
ht d
ata.
I U
ser
Inte
rfac
e A
spec
ts re
late
d to
tool
s and
met
hods
for d
ata
stor
age,
han
dlin
g an
d po
st-p
roce
ssin
g.
II
Info
rmat
ics E
nvir
onm
ent
Asp
ects
rela
ted
to sy
stem
s for
dat
a st
orag
e, h
andl
ing
and
post
-pr
oces
sing
. 19
Pr
opul
sion
A
C
hem
ical
Pro
puls
ion
Tec
hnol
ogie
s In
clud
es a
wid
e ra
nge
of te
chno
logi
es fo
r pr
opul
sion
syst
ems,
base
d on
the
use
of
chem
ical
ene
rgy,
rele
vant
to th
e fo
llow
ing
maj
or a
pplic
atio
ns: (
1) sp
acec
raft
onbo
ard
prop
ulsi
on; (
2) re
usab
le o
r exp
enda
ble
laun
ch
vehi
cles
/upp
er st
age
prop
ulsi
on; (
3) re
entry
m
anoe
uvrin
g pr
opul
sion
syst
ems.
I L
iqui
d Pr
opul
sion
Sys
tem
s In
clud
es c
old
gas,
mon
o- a
nd b
ipro
pella
nt, o
nboa
rd sy
stem
s, cr
yoge
nic
and
LOX
/hyd
roca
rbon
laun
ch v
ehic
le sy
stem
s.
II
Solid
Pro
puls
ion
Syst
ems
Incl
udes
from
mic
roth
rust
syst
ems u
p to
laun
ch v
ehic
le b
oost
ers.
III
Air
-Bre
athi
ng a
nd H
ybri
d Pr
opul
sion
Syst
ems
Incl
udes
ram
jets
, scr
amje
ts, r
ocke
t bas
ed c
ycle
s.
B
Ele
ctri
c Pr
opul
sion
Tec
hnol
ogie
s In
clud
es p
ropu
lsio
n sy
stem
s and
com
pone
nts
that
use
ele
ctric
al e
nerg
y (s
olar
or n
ucle
ar),
clas
sifie
d ac
cord
ing
to th
e fo
llow
ing
maj
or
appl
icat
ions
: (1)
spac
ecra
ft on
boar
d pr
opul
sion
; (2)
upp
er st
age
prop
ulsi
on.
I E
lect
rost
atic
Sys
tem
s In
clud
es sy
stem
s bas
ed o
n H
all-e
ffec
t thr
uste
rs, g
ridde
d io
n en
gine
s, fie
ld e
mis
sion
thru
ster
s. II
E
lect
roth
erm
al S
yste
ms
Incl
udes
syst
ems b
ased
on
resi
stoj
ets,
arcj
ets a
nd p
ower
-aug
men
ted
cata
lytic
thru
ster
s.
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 37
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
19
Prop
ulsi
on (c
ont.)
B
Ele
ctri
c Pr
opul
sion
Tec
hnol
ogie
s (co
nt.)
III
Ele
ctro
mag
netic
Sys
tem
s In
clud
es sy
stem
s bas
ed o
n m
agne
to-p
lasm
a-dy
nam
ic th
rust
ers a
nd
puls
ed p
lasm
a th
rust
ers.
C
Adv
ance
d Pr
opul
sion
In
clud
es a
wid
e ra
nge
of n
on-c
lass
ical
pr
opul
sion
syst
ems,
for b
oth
spac
ecra
ft an
d la
unch
ers/
uppe
r-st
ages
, and
the
tech
nolo
gy
field
of b
reak
thro
ugh
prop
ulsi
on p
hysi
cs.
I So
lar
The
rmal
Pro
puls
ion
Syst
ems
II
Nuc
lear
Pro
puls
ion
Syst
ems
III
Sola
r Sa
iling
Pro
puls
ion
Syst
ems
IV
Tet
here
d Pr
opul
sion
Sys
tem
s V
N
ew C
once
pts
Incl
udin
g la
serb
eam
ed p
ropu
lsio
n, L
oren
tz fo
rce
acce
lera
tors
, cr
yoso
lids,
etc.
D
Su
ppor
ting
Prop
ulsi
on T
echn
olog
ies a
nd
Too
ls In
clud
es se
vera
l and
tool
s tha
t are
use
d in
su
ppor
t of t
he d
evel
opm
ent,
qual
ifica
tion,
in
tegr
atio
n an
d m
onito
ring
of p
ropu
lsio
n sy
stem
s. Th
ese
tool
s and
tech
nolo
gies
, al
thou
gh si
mila
r in
scop
e an
d cl
assi
ficat
ion,
m
ight
diff
er su
bsta
ntia
lly d
epen
ding
on
thei
r us
e fo
r che
mic
al, e
lect
rical
or a
dvan
ced
prop
ulsi
on.
I M
odel
ling
Incl
udes
pro
puls
ion
syst
em d
esig
n to
ols,
thru
ster
and
eng
ine
perf
orm
ance
pre
dict
ion
tool
s, pr
opul
sion
syst
em/s
pace
veh
icle
in
tera
ctio
n to
ols a
nd re
late
d or
bit/t
raje
ctor
y de
finiti
on to
ols.
II
Tes
ting
and
Dia
gnos
tics
Incl
udin
g fa
cilit
ies a
nd d
iagn
ostic
tool
s for
gro
und
perf
orm
ance
, qu
alifi
catio
n an
d ac
cept
ance
test
s of p
ropu
lsio
n sy
stem
s; o
nboa
rd
prop
ulsi
on d
iagn
ostic
s and
hea
lth m
onito
ring
syst
ems.
III
Prop
ella
nts
Incl
udin
g te
chno
logi
es fo
r pro
duct
ion,
stor
age,
tran
spor
tatio
n an
d ch
arac
teris
atio
n of
solid
, liq
uid
or g
aseo
us p
rope
llant
s. IV
G
roun
d Su
ppor
t Equ
ipm
ent (
GSE
) In
clud
ing
all m
echa
nica
l, flu
id a
nd e
lect
rical
gro
und
supp
ort
syst
ems d
edic
ated
to a
pro
puls
ion
syst
em in
tegr
atio
n, te
stin
g,
load
ing
and
laun
ch p
repa
ratio
n.
38 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
20
Stru
ctur
es
Tech
nolo
gies
and
met
hodo
logi
es
rela
ted
to d
esig
n, a
naly
sis,
man
ufac
ture
and
test
of s
truct
ures
an
d m
echa
nica
l sys
tem
s for
S/C
, pl
anet
ary
infr
astru
ctur
es, h
abita
ts,
laun
cher
s and
reen
try v
ehic
les.
Incl
udes
met
allic
and
non
-met
allic
st
ruct
ures
such
as a
dvan
ced
depl
oyab
le st
ruct
ures
(sol
ar a
rray
, ra
diat
or, s
hiel
d an
d an
tenn
a st
ruct
ures
), hi
ghly
-load
ed
stru
ctur
es, h
ighl
y-st
able
stru
ctur
es
and
hot s
truct
ures
.
A
Stru
ctur
al D
esig
n an
d V
erifi
catio
n M
etho
ds a
nd T
ools
This
incl
udes
all
tech
nolo
gies
rela
ted
to th
e de
velo
pmen
t and
impl
emen
tatio
n of
m
echa
nica
l des
ign
tool
s, an
alys
is to
ols a
nd
met
hodo
logi
es, t
estin
g to
ols a
nd
met
hodo
logi
es, l
oad
mea
sure
men
ts a
nd
eval
uatio
n te
chni
ques
etc
.
I S/
C D
esig
n an
d D
esig
n To
ols
Incl
udin
g C
AD
tool
s and
met
hodo
logi
es.
II
Ana
lysi
s Too
ls an
d M
etho
dolo
gies
In
clud
ing
stru
ctur
al v
erifi
catio
n to
ols a
nd m
etho
dolo
gies
(aco
ustic
s, da
mag
e to
lera
nce,
ther
moe
last
ic, d
eplo
ymen
t sim
ulat
ions
, co
mpo
site
stru
ctur
es …
). II
I T
estin
g T
ools
and
Met
hodo
logi
es
Incl
udin
g te
st d
ata
stor
age
tool
s, te
st d
ata
eval
uatio
n to
ols,
test
pr
edic
tion
tool
s. IV
In
fligh
t/In-
orbi
t Loa
ds a
nd V
ibra
tion
Mea
sure
men
t Tec
hniq
ues
Incl
udin
g se
nsor
s, in
tegr
atio
n, d
ata
reco
rdin
g/do
wnl
oadi
ng, d
ata
eval
uatio
n.
B
Hig
h-St
abili
ty a
nd H
igh-
Prec
isio
n S/
C
Stru
ctur
es
Cov
ers a
ll te
chno
logi
es re
late
d to
such
st
ruct
ures
, inc
ludi
ng a
dvan
ced
mat
eria
l ap
plic
atio
ns, a
s wel
l as m
anuf
actu
ring
and
verif
icat
ion
aspe
cts.
I A
dvan
ced
Mat
eria
l Tec
hnol
ogie
s for
Sta
ble
Stru
ctur
es
Incl
udin
g m
anuf
actu
re o
f sta
ble
stru
ctur
es, s
truct
ural
ver
ifica
tion,
fa
ilure
ana
lysi
s, de
finiti
on o
f stru
ctur
al a
llow
able
s etc
. II
Jo
inin
g an
d M
ount
ing
Tec
hnol
ogie
s In
clud
ing
inte
rfac
ing
to o
ther
stru
ctur
es, v
erifi
catio
n of
inte
rfac
es
for h
igh-
stab
ility
and
hig
h-pr
ecis
ion
stru
ctur
es.
III
The
rmoe
last
ic S
tabi
lity
Ver
ifica
tion
Tec
hnol
ogie
s In
clud
ing
desi
gn, a
naly
sis a
nd te
st a
spec
ts.
C
Infla
tabl
e an
d D
eplo
yabl
e St
ruct
ures
(s
hiel
ds, a
nten
nas,
boom
s, so
lar a
rray
s, ai
rbag
s and
infla
tabl
e la
ndin
g sy
stem
s etc
.) C
over
s all
tech
nolo
gies
rela
ted
to su
ch
stru
ctur
es, i
nclu
ding
mat
eria
ls, d
eplo
ymen
t si
mul
atio
ns, d
ampi
ng, a
ctiv
e co
ntro
l and
ve
rific
atio
n m
etho
dolo
gies
.
I D
esig
n an
d V
erifi
catio
n T
echn
olog
ies
Incl
udin
g de
sign
tool
s, de
ploy
men
t sim
ulat
ion,
test
met
hodo
logi
es,
com
bine
d ve
rific
atio
n m
etho
dolo
gies
. II
St
ruct
ural
Mat
eria
l Con
cept
s In
clud
ing
mat
eria
l tes
ting,
lam
inat
e/m
embr
ane
desi
gn, i
n-or
bit
curin
g as
pect
s. II
I Jo
inin
g T
echn
olog
ies
Incl
udin
g de
sign
and
ver
ifica
tion
of jo
ints
(bot
h fle
xibl
e-to
-fle
xibl
e an
d fle
xibl
e-to
-rig
id) f
or in
flata
ble
and
depl
oyab
le st
ruct
ures
. D
H
ot S
truc
ture
s C
over
s all
tech
nolo
gies
rela
ted
to su
ch
stru
ctur
es, i
nclu
ding
rela
ted
mat
eria
l de
velo
pmen
ts, c
oatin
gs a
nd v
erifi
catio
n m
etho
dolo
gies
.
I D
esig
n an
d V
erifi
catio
n T
echn
olog
ies f
or C
eram
ic S
truc
ture
s In
clud
ing
man
ufac
turin
g as
pect
s, de
taile
d de
sign
asp
ects
, ana
lysi
s an
d te
st a
spec
ts, s
tatic
, dyn
amic
, the
rmoe
last
ic.
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 39
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
20
Stru
ctur
es (c
ont.)
D
H
ot S
truc
ture
s (co
nt.)
II
Des
ign
and
Ver
ifica
tion
Tec
hnol
ogie
s for
Met
allic
Str
uctu
res
Incl
udin
g m
anuf
actu
ring
aspe
cts,
deta
iled
desi
gn a
spec
ts, a
naly
sis
and
test
asp
ects
, whe
ther
stat
ic, d
ynam
ic, o
r the
rmoe
last
ic.
III
New
Adv
ance
d H
ot S
truc
ture
s Mat
eria
ls
Incl
udin
g de
velo
pmen
t and
stru
ctur
al a
pplic
atio
n of
adv
ance
d m
ater
ials
such
as U
HT
mat
eria
ls.
IV
Join
ing
tech
nolo
gies
C
over
ing
all a
spec
ts re
late
d to
join
ing
of h
ot st
ruct
ures
, e.g
. fa
sten
ers,
braz
ing
and
othe
r met
hods
. Als
o in
clud
es v
erifi
catio
n m
etho
ds.
V
Hea
lth M
onito
ring
Tec
hnol
ogie
s In
clud
ing
sens
ors,
data
reco
rdin
g, d
ata
eval
uatio
n et
c.
E A
ctiv
e/A
dapt
ive
Stru
ctur
es
Cov
ers a
ll te
chno
logi
es re
late
d to
the
deve
lopm
ent a
nd a
pplic
atio
n of
such
st
ruct
ures
, for
dyn
amic
con
trol o
f fle
xibl
e st
ruct
ures
, noi
se re
duct
ion,
load
redu
ctio
n,
activ
e an
d pa
ssiv
e da
mpi
ng. I
nclu
des s
enso
r an
d ac
tivat
or d
evel
opm
ents
, stru
ctur
al a
nd
syst
em in
tegr
atio
n an
d co
ntro
l log
ics.
I Se
nsor
/Act
uato
r T
echn
olog
ies
Incl
udin
g se
nsor
/act
uato
r dev
elop
men
ts e
.g. e
lect
roac
tive
poly
mer
s (E
AP)
, pie
zo p
atch
es, f
ibre
s. (N
ote
20-E
-I-1
: Det
aile
d m
echa
nism
s asp
ects
are
cov
ered
in T
D15
) II
T
echn
olog
ies f
or S
truc
tura
l Int
egra
tion
Incl
udin
g th
e ap
plic
atio
n of
var
ious
sens
or/a
ctua
tor c
ombi
natio
ns.
III
Dat
a A
cqui
sitio
n an
d C
ontr
ol L
ogic
Tec
hnol
ogie
s Rel
ated
to
Stru
ctur
al D
ynam
ics
Cov
erin
g m
ulti-
body
dyn
amic
s ana
lysi
s too
ls a
nd m
etho
dolo
gies
. IV
D
esig
n an
d V
erifi
catio
n To
ols a
nd M
etho
dolo
gies
In
clud
ing
deta
iled
anal
ysis
and
test
tool
s. F
Dam
age
Tole
ranc
e an
d H
ealth
Mon
itori
ng
Incl
udes
all
tech
nolo
gies
rela
ted
to th
e de
velo
pmen
t and
impl
emen
tatio
n of
dam
age
tole
ranc
e an
d he
alth
mon
itorin
g to
ols,
met
hodo
logi
es a
nd h
ardw
are,
incl
udin
g fa
tigue
, fra
ctur
e co
ntro
l, no
n-de
stru
ctiv
e in
spec
tion
(ND
I) a
nd se
nsor
dev
elop
men
ts.
I N
on-D
estr
uctiv
e In
spec
tion
Tec
hnol
ogie
s In
clud
ing
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f new
met
hodo
logi
es a
nd re
late
d ha
rdw
are,
app
licat
ion
in sp
ace
prog
ram
mes
. II
St
ruct
ural
-Hea
lth-M
onito
ring
Sen
sor
Tec
hnol
ogie
s In
clud
ing
sens
or d
evel
opm
ent,
stru
ctur
al in
tegr
atio
n et
c.
III
Frac
ture
Con
trol
Too
ls a
nd M
etho
dolo
gies
In
clud
ing
num
eric
al to
ols,
deta
iled
anal
ysis
met
hodo
logi
es, e
.g. f
or
non-
linea
r app
licat
ions
, dam
age
tole
ranc
e fo
r com
posi
tes a
nd
cera
mic
s.
40 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
20
Stru
ctur
es (c
ont.)
G
L
aunc
hers
, Ree
ntry
Veh
icle
s, Pl
anet
ary
Veh
icle
s (a
scen
t, en
try, …
) Inc
lude
s all
rela
ted
tech
nolo
gies
for t
he d
evel
opm
ent o
f veh
icle
pr
imar
y an
d se
cond
ary
stru
ctur
es, c
ontro
l su
rfac
es, s
hiel
ds e
tc.
I T
echn
olog
ies f
or D
esig
n an
d V
erifi
catio
n of
Adv
ance
d Pr
imar
y St
ruct
ures
In
clud
ing
stru
ctur
al c
once
pts f
or h
ighl
y-lo
aded
com
pone
nts,
man
ufac
turin
g m
etho
dolo
gies
e.g
. fib
re p
lace
men
t, R
TM e
tc.
II
Adv
ance
d Ta
nk D
esig
n an
d V
erifi
catio
n T
echn
olog
ies
Incl
udin
g m
etal
lic a
nd c
ompo
site
tank
s, in
terf
aces
to p
rimar
y st
ruct
ure,
HM
S, N
DI,
dam
age
tole
ranc
e ap
proa
ches
, etc
. II
I L
andi
ng A
tten
uatio
n T
echn
olog
ies
Incl
udin
g ai
rbag
tech
nolo
gies
, lan
ding
legs
, app
licat
ion
of c
rush
able
m
ater
ials
, foa
ms e
tc.
IV
Con
trol
Sur
face
s, D
esig
n an
d V
erifi
catio
n T
echn
olog
ies
Incl
udin
g de
sign
with
cer
amic
s as w
ell a
s adv
ance
d m
etal
lic a
lloys
, co
mbi
ned
mec
hani
cal–
ther
mal
test
met
hodo
logi
es e
tc.
H
Cre
w H
abita
tion,
Saf
e H
aven
and
EV
A
suits
In
clud
es a
ll te
chno
logi
es fo
r the
dev
elop
men
t of
rela
ted
prim
ary
and
seco
ndar
y st
ruct
ures
, sh
ield
s etc
.
I H
abita
tion
Prim
ary
and
Seco
ndar
y St
ruct
ure
Tec
hnol
ogie
s C
over
s env
ironm
enta
l shi
elds
, des
ign
and
verif
icat
ion
tech
nolo
gies
. II
E
VA
Sui
ts, M
echa
nica
l Asp
ects
In
clud
ing
desi
gn o
f loa
d-/p
ress
ure-
carr
ying
ele
men
ts, i
nter
face
de
sign
bet
wee
n el
emen
ts, s
truct
ural
mat
eria
l asp
ects
, m
eteo
roid
/deb
ris im
pact
shie
ldin
g as
pect
s. I
Met
eoro
id a
nd D
ebri
s Shi
eld
Des
ign
and
Ana
lysi
s In
clud
es th
e de
velo
pmen
t of r
elat
ed a
naly
sis
and
test
tool
s and
met
hods
, shi
eld
deve
lopm
ents
, dam
age
asse
ssm
ents
etc
.
I T
ools
and
Met
hodo
logi
es fo
r D
esig
n an
d V
erifi
catio
n of
M
eteo
roid
& D
ebri
s Shi
elds
C
over
s num
eric
al to
ols,
mat
eria
ls m
odel
s, sh
ield
test
met
hods
, gas
gu
ns, s
hape
d ch
arge
s, da
ta a
cqui
sitio
n te
chno
logi
es.
J A
dvan
ced
Stru
ctur
al C
once
pts a
nd
Mat
eria
ls
I D
esig
n an
d V
erifi
catio
n T
echn
olog
ies
Cov
ers s
truct
ures
man
ufac
ture
d fr
om n
ovel
mat
eria
ls (n
anot
ube
rein
forc
ed, f
oam
s, se
lf-he
alin
g m
ater
ials
etc
.).
21
The
rmal
C
over
s all
tech
nolo
gies
nee
ded
for
the
ther
mal
con
trol o
f spa
ce
syst
ems.
A
Hea
t Tra
nspo
rt T
echn
olog
y C
over
s all
tech
nolo
gies
ass
ocia
ted
with
hea
t tra
nspo
rt, w
heth
er in
the
sing
le p
hase
or u
sing
th
e la
tent
hea
t in
two-
phas
e sy
stem
s.
I H
eat P
ipes
C
over
s all
tech
nolo
gies
rela
ted
to h
eat p
ipes
, e.g
. con
stan
t co
nduc
tanc
e, v
aria
ble
cond
ucta
nce
and
heat
pip
e di
odes
. II
C
apill
ary-
Dri
ven
Loop
s C
over
s all
tech
nolo
gies
rela
ted
to c
apill
ary-
driv
en tw
o-ph
ase
heat
tra
nspo
rt lo
ops,
incl
udin
g C
apill
ary
Pum
ped
Loop
s (C
PLs)
and
Lo
op H
eat P
ipes
(LH
Ps).
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 41
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
21
The
rmal
(con
t.)
A
Hea
t Tra
nspo
rt T
echn
olog
y (c
ont.)
II
I M
echa
nica
lly-P
umpe
d T
wo-
Phas
e L
oops
C
over
s all
elem
ents
and
ass
ocia
ted
tech
nolo
gies
for m
echa
nica
lly-
pum
ped
two-
phas
e he
at tr
ansp
ort l
oops
. IV
M
echa
nica
lly-P
umpe
d Si
ngle
-Pha
se L
oops
C
over
s all
elem
ents
and
ass
ocia
ted
tech
nolo
gies
for m
echa
nica
lly-
pum
ped
sing
le-p
hase
hea
t tra
nspo
rt lo
ops.
V
Hea
t Sw
itche
s C
over
s all
elem
ents
and
tech
nolo
gies
for h
eat s
witc
hes,
e.g.
bas
ed
on L
HPs
or m
echa
nica
lly d
riven
. B
C
ryog
enic
s and
Ref
rige
ratio
n C
over
s all
tech
nolo
gies
ass
ocia
ted
with
tra
nsfe
rrin
g he
at fr
om lo
wer
to h
ighe
r te
mpe
ratu
re le
vels
and
coo
ling
by e
vapo
ratio
n of
stor
ed c
ryog
ens.
I R
efri
gera
tion
and
Hea
t Pum
ps
Cov
ers a
ll re
frig
erat
ion
tech
nolo
gies
requ
ired
for t
empe
ratu
re
cont
rol o
f ite
ms i
n a
near
-roo
m-te
mpe
ratu
re e
nviro
nmen
t, in
clud
ing
also
hea
t pum
ps.
II
Cry
o-C
oole
rs
Cov
ers a
ll ac
tive
cryo
-mac
hine
ry a
nd a
ssoc
iate
d te
chno
logi
es fo
r co
olin
g to
cry
ogen
ic te
mpe
ratu
res (
dow
n to
1K
). II
I Pa
ssiv
e C
oole
rs a
nd S
tore
d C
ryog
ens
Cov
ers a
ll te
chno
logi
es re
late
d to
non
-act
ive
cool
ing
(e.g
. rad
iato
rs,
cryo
stat
s).
IV
Sub-
Kel
vin
Coo
lers
C
over
s all
tech
nolo
gies
requ
ired
to p
rovi
de c
oolin
g be
low
1K
. C
T
herm
al P
rote
ctio
n C
over
s all
tech
nolo
gies
ass
ocia
ted
with
th
erm
al p
rote
ctio
n an
d in
sula
tion
syst
ems f
or
atm
osph
eric
ent
ry.
I A
blat
ive
Syst
ems
Cov
ers a
ll te
chno
logi
es p
rovi
ding
ther
mal
pro
tect
ion
base
d on
ch
emic
al a
nd/o
r phy
sica
l rea
ctio
ns.
II
Reu
sabl
e Sy
stem
s C
over
s the
rmal
pro
tect
ion
tech
nolo
gies
for m
ultip
le a
pplic
atio
ns o
n re
entry
veh
icle
s. D
H
eat S
tora
ge a
nd R
ejec
tion
Cov
ers a
ll te
chno
logi
es a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith h
eat
stor
age
and
reje
ctio
n us
ing
coat
ings
, in
sula
tion,
ther
mal
cap
acito
rs a
nd ra
diat
ors.
I C
oatin
gs a
nd In
sula
tion
Cov
ers a
ll te
chno
logi
es fo
r ach
ievi
ng th
erm
al c
ontro
l sur
face
s and
in
sula
tion.
II
H
eat S
tora
ge
Cov
ers a
ll ty
pes o
f the
rmal
cap
acito
rs, e
.g. p
hase
-cha
nge
mat
eria
ls.
III
Rad
iato
rs
Cov
ers a
ll te
chno
logi
es a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith ra
diat
ive
inte
rfac
es b
etw
een
the
syst
em a
nd it
s env
ironm
ent,
incl
udin
g lo
uvre
s.
42 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
21
The
rmal
(con
t.)
E T
herm
al A
naly
sis T
ools
Cov
ers a
ll so
ftwar
e to
ols a
nd m
etho
ds fo
r the
de
sign
and
ver
ifica
tion
of sp
ace
syst
ems.
I T
herm
al S
oftw
are
Too
ls C
over
s all
softw
are
used
for s
yste
m-le
vel a
naly
sis i
n th
e th
erm
al
area
. II
T
herm
al D
ata
Exc
hang
e C
over
s all
prot
ocol
s, to
ols a
nd m
etho
ds fo
r the
rmal
dat
a tra
nsfe
r fr
om o
ne so
ftwar
e en
viro
nmen
t to
anot
her.
III
The
rmal
Ana
lysi
s Met
hods
C
over
s all
anal
ytic
al a
nd n
umer
ical
met
hods
in re
latio
n w
ith th
e de
velo
pmen
t and
app
licat
ion
of so
ftwar
e to
ols f
or d
esig
n an
d ve
rific
atio
n.
22
Env
iron
men
tal C
ontr
ol &
Life
Su
ppor
t (EC
LS) a
nd In
Situ
R
esou
rce
Util
isat
ion
(ISR
U)
Cov
ers a
ll te
chno
logi
es fo
r co
ntro
lling
, mai
ntai
ning
and
su
ppor
ting
hum
an p
rese
nce
in sp
ace
and
the
utili
satio
n of
loca
l re
sour
ces.
A
EC
LS
Cov
ers a
ll te
chno
logi
es fo
r con
trolli
ng,
mai
ntai
ning
and
supp
ortin
g hu
man
pre
senc
e in
non
-terr
estri
al e
nviro
nmen
ts, s
uch
as
rege
nera
tive
(rec
yclin
g) te
chno
logi
es fo
r air,
w
ater
and
was
te, f
ood
prod
uctio
n an
d pr
epar
atio
n, e
nviro
nmen
tal m
onito
ring
and
cont
rol,
incl
udin
g ha
bita
bilit
y is
sues
.
I E
nvir
onm
enta
l Con
trol
and
Mon
itori
ng
Cov
ers a
ll te
chno
logi
es re
late
d to
air,
wat
er a
nd fo
od q
ualit
y m
onito
ring
and
cont
rol w
ith re
spec
t to
mic
robi
al a
nd c
hem
ical
co
ntam
inan
ts.
II
Reg
ener
ativ
e L
ife S
uppo
rt
Cov
ers a
ll te
chno
logi
es re
late
d to
air
and
air r
evita
lisat
ion,
wat
er
and
was
te re
cycl
ing
and
food
pre
para
tion
and
prod
uctio
n, u
sing
ph
ysic
o-ch
emic
al a
nd b
iolo
gica
l pro
cess
es.
III
Hab
itabi
lity
Cov
ers a
ll te
chno
logi
es n
eede
d fo
r des
ign
and
impl
emen
tatio
n of
a
hum
an h
abita
t, ai
min
g fo
r cre
w w
ellb
eing
, cre
w m
otiv
atio
n an
d op
timum
per
form
ance
, inc
ludi
ng d
efin
ition
of k
ey p
sych
olog
ical
fa
ctor
s.
IV
Inte
grat
ed E
CL
S C
over
s all
aspe
cts a
nd a
ssoc
iate
d te
chno
logi
es fo
r int
egra
ted
hum
an
habi
tats
and
life
supp
ort s
yste
ms,
incl
udin
g gr
ound
-bas
ed te
stbe
ds
and
over
all s
imul
atio
n to
ols a
nd m
etho
ds.
B
ISR
U
Cov
erin
g th
e te
chno
logi
cal a
spec
ts re
late
d to
th
e us
e of
indi
geno
us m
ater
ials
at t
he si
te o
f an
inte
rpla
neta
ry m
issi
on fo
r the
pro
duct
ion
of
reso
urce
s suc
h as
pro
pella
nts (
e.g.
met
hane
, ox
ygen
), re
acta
nts f
or fu
el c
ells
(e.g
. car
bon
mon
oxid
e, o
xyge
n) o
r flu
ids/
gase
s for
life
su
ppor
t.
I E
CL
S C
onsu
mab
les
Cov
ers a
ll te
chno
logi
es fo
r col
lect
ing
and
proc
essi
ng fl
uids
and
ga
ses t
o be
use
d as
con
sum
able
s for
EC
LS in
hum
an h
abita
ts (e
.g.
oxyg
en, h
ydro
gen,
nitr
ogen
, wat
er).
II
Fuel
s C
over
s all
tech
nolo
gies
for c
olle
ctin
g an
d pr
oces
sing
flui
ds a
nd
gase
s to
be u
sed
as c
onsu
mab
les f
or p
ropu
lsio
n an
d en
ergy
pr
oduc
tion.
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 43
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
22
EC
LS
and
ISR
U (c
ont.)
B
IS
RU
(con
t.)
III
Stor
age
and
Dis
trib
utio
n C
over
s all
tech
nolo
gies
requ
ired
for s
torin
g an
d di
strib
utin
g flu
ids
and
gase
s. 23
E
EE
Com
pone
nts a
nd Q
ualit
y C
over
s tec
hnol
ogie
s rel
ated
to th
e de
sign
, pro
duct
ion
and
test
ing
of
EEE
com
pone
nts w
hich
mee
t the
pe
rfor
man
ce a
nd re
liabi
lity
requ
irem
ents
for u
se in
onb
oard
el
ectri
c/el
ectro
nic
syst
ems.
(Not
e 23
-1: T
his t
echn
olog
y do
mai
n is
con
cern
ed w
ith q
ualit
y is
sues
; sp
ecifi
c de
sign
issu
es a
re c
over
ed
by th
e re
spec
tive
TD)
A
Met
hods
and
Pro
cess
es fo
r Pr
oduc
t A
ssur
ance
of E
EE
Com
pone
nts,
incl
udin
g R
adia
tion
Har
dnes
s Ass
uran
ce
For d
eter
min
ing
and
enha
ncin
g te
chno
logy
/com
pone
nt re
liabi
lity
and
suita
bilit
y fo
r flig
ht a
pplic
atio
ns. D
efin
ition
of
radi
atio
n ha
rdne
ss a
ssur
ance
(RH
A)
requ
irem
ents
, mod
ellin
g of
par
ticle
inte
ract
ion
with
mat
ter a
nd re
sulti
ng ra
diat
ion
effe
cts i
n EE
E co
mpo
nent
s (in
clud
ing
sim
ulat
ion
of
com
pone
nt p
aram
eter
deg
rada
tion)
, ch
arac
teris
atio
n of
radi
atio
n ef
fect
s in
term
s of
tech
nolo
gy a
nd d
esig
n-de
pend
ent b
asic
m
echa
nism
s, ra
diat
ion
hard
enin
g/m
itiga
tion
and
radi
atio
n ve
rific
atio
n te
stin
g, in
clud
ing
defin
ition
of i
rrad
iatio
n te
st fa
cilit
y re
quire
men
ts a
nd d
osim
etry
.
I E
valu
atio
n an
d T
estin
g In
clud
es th
e de
velo
pmen
t of l
abor
ator
y te
chni
ques
and
test
met
hods
fo
r cha
ract
eris
atio
n, e
valu
atio
n, q
ualif
icat
ion,
der
atin
g, e
nd-o
f-lif
e,
failu
re a
naly
sis a
nd p
rocu
rem
ent o
f spa
ce c
ompo
nent
s. II
R
adia
tion
Har
deni
ng
Proc
ess h
arde
ning
, des
ign
hard
enin
g, m
itiga
tion
tech
niqu
es,
verif
icat
ion
and
valid
atio
n.
III
Des
ign
and
Dev
elop
men
t D
evel
opm
ent a
nd d
esig
n of
com
pone
nts a
dapt
ed to
the
requ
irem
ents
fo
r spa
ce a
pplic
atio
ns a
nd c
apab
le o
f mee
ting
spac
e co
mpo
nent
qu
alifi
catio
n re
quire
men
ts.
IV
Mod
ellin
g Si
mul
atio
n of
EEE
com
pone
nt re
spon
ses t
o ra
diat
ion
at
sem
icon
duct
or le
vel,
incl
udin
g si
mul
atio
n an
d pr
edic
tion
of E
EE
com
pone
nt p
aram
eter
deg
rada
tion.
V
R
HA
Pro
cess
D
efin
ition
of R
HA
requ
irem
ents
and
dev
elop
men
t of i
rrad
iatio
n te
st
met
hod/
guid
elin
es.
VI
Irra
diat
ion
Tes
t Fac
ilitie
s D
efin
ition
of i
rrad
iatio
n te
st fa
cilit
y re
quire
men
ts c
over
ing
parti
cle
spec
ies,
ener
gy, f
lux,
bea
m si
ze, u
nifo
rmity
and
acc
urac
y.
Def
initi
on o
f dos
imet
ry a
nd d
osim
etry
acc
urac
y. D
efin
ition
of a
ll in
terf
aces
(mec
hani
cal a
nd e
lect
rical
) to
enab
le ir
radi
atio
n te
stin
g of
EE
E co
mpo
nent
s. B
E
EE
Com
pone
nt T
echn
olog
ies
Cov
ers t
he c
ompo
nent
tech
nolo
gies
mos
t co
mm
only
eva
luat
ed u
sing
the
proc
esse
s in
23-A
.
I Pa
ssiv
e C
ompo
nent
s C
apac
itors
, ind
ucto
rs, r
esis
tors
, cry
stal
s, m
agne
tics,
switc
hes,
wire
s, ca
bles
, con
nect
ors,
piez
o ac
tuat
ors,
heat
ers,
harn
esse
s, no
n-in
tegr
ated
ele
ctro
-mec
hani
cal c
ompo
nent
s. R
F pa
ssiv
e co
mpo
nent
s su
ch a
s iso
lato
rs, c
ircul
ator
s, et
c. a
re a
lso
addr
esse
d.
II
Silic
on-B
ased
Com
pone
nts
Dis
cret
es, a
nalo
gue,
dig
ital a
nd m
ixed
sign
al te
chno
logi
es a
nd
devi
ce ty
pes a
cros
s all
inte
grat
ion
leve
ls a
nd fu
nctio
nal c
ompl
exity
ra
nges
in b
ipol
ar a
nd M
OS
tech
nolo
gies
.
44 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
23
EE
E C
ompo
nent
s and
Qua
lity
(con
t.)
B
EE
E C
ompo
nent
Tec
hnol
ogie
s (co
nt.)
III
RF
Mic
row
ave
and
Mill
imet
re W
ave
Com
pone
nts
Dis
cret
es a
nd M
MIC
com
pone
nts i
nclu
ding
RF-
CM
OS,
GaA
s, Si
Ge,
InP
tech
nolo
gies
, pac
kagi
ng a
nd R
F pa
ssiv
e co
mpo
nent
s.
IV
Opt
oele
ctro
nic
Act
ive
and
Pass
ive
Com
pone
nts
Opt
ical
and
nea
r-op
tical
sens
ors,
dete
ctor
s, la
ser d
iode
s, fib
re
optic
al c
onne
ctor
s, op
tical
ass
embl
ies a
nd a
ssoc
iate
d pa
ssiv
e co
mpo
nent
s. V
H
ybri
ds a
nd M
icro
pack
agin
g Th
ick
and
thin
film
hyb
rid te
chno
logi
es, m
icro
wav
e hy
brid
circ
uits
, D
C–D
C c
onve
rter t
echn
olog
ies,
crys
tal o
scill
ator
s, m
ultic
hip
mod
ules
, sys
tem
-on-
a-ch
ip (S
OC
), 3D
stac
king
and
inte
rcon
nect
te
chno
logi
es, I
C p
acka
ging
tech
nolo
gies
, RF
and
MM
IC p
acka
ging
an
d su
bass
embl
ies.
VI
Pow
er C
ompo
nent
s V
ery-
high
-vol
tage
MO
SFET
S, IG
BT,
SiC
, GaN
pow
er d
evic
es,
pow
er in
clud
ing
for r
ealis
atio
n of
hig
h-pe
rfor
man
ce D
C–D
C p
ower
co
nver
sion
tran
sist
ors a
nd th
erm
al m
anag
emen
t com
pone
nts.
VII
W
ide
Ban
d G
ap T
echn
olog
ies
SiC
, GaN
and
Dia
mon
d fo
r adv
ance
d M
MIC
app
licat
ions
and
har
sh
envi
ronm
ent s
enso
r tec
hnol
ogie
s and
for r
ealis
atio
n of
hig
h-pe
rfor
man
ce D
C–D
C p
ower
con
vers
ion
trans
isto
rs.
VII
I M
icro
Ele
ctro
Mec
hani
cal S
yste
ms (
MEM
S)
Evol
ving
rang
e of
tech
nolo
gies
and
app
licat
ions
incl
udin
g R
F M
EMS,
pre
ssur
e se
nsor
s, A
OC
S se
nsor
s, M
OEM
S, a
ctua
tors
, etc
. IX
N
anot
echn
olog
y in
Mic
roci
rcui
ts
App
licat
ion
of c
arbo
n na
notu
bes,
nano
fibre
s, in
nova
tive
nano
mat
eria
ls to
mic
roci
rcui
t im
prov
emen
t. 24
M
ater
ials
and
Pro
cess
es
Cov
ers t
he m
ater
ials
mec
hani
cs a
nd
proc
esse
s, th
eir p
hysi
cal a
nd
chem
ical
beh
avio
ur a
nd th
e in
tera
ctio
n w
ith th
e op
erat
iona
l en
viro
nmen
t thr
ough
the
S/C
and
gr
ound
infr
astru
ctur
e lif
ecyc
le.
Furth
erm
ore,
all
man
ufac
turin
g pr
oces
ses a
re c
over
ed.
A
Nov
el M
ater
ials
and
Mat
eria
ls T
echn
olog
y In
clud
es m
ater
ials
not
yet
use
d in
spac
e bu
t pr
esen
ting
pote
ntia
l int
eres
t.
I M
ater
ial A
sses
smen
t In
clud
ing
basi
c pr
oper
ties,
poss
ibili
ty to
scal
e-up
, lim
itatio
ns.
II
Nan
otec
hnol
ogy
Cov
erin
g de
velo
pmen
t, m
anuf
actu
re a
nd te
st o
f nan
otub
es,
nano
fibre
s, na
noco
atin
gs.
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 45
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
24
Mat
eria
ls a
nd P
roce
sses
(con
t.)
B
Mat
eria
ls P
roce
sses
M
ater
ials
man
ufac
turin
g pr
oces
ses a
nd
fabr
icat
ion
tech
niqu
es.
I Jo
inin
g In
clud
ing
glue
ing,
bon
ding
, wel
ding
, bra
zing
, sol
derin
g, fa
sten
ing,
re
pairi
ng.
(Not
e 24
-B-I
-1: t
echn
olog
ies r
elat
ed to
the
join
ing
of h
igh-
stab
ility
st
ruct
ures
are
cov
ered
in 2
0-B-
II; t
echn
olog
ies r
elat
ed to
the
join
ing
of in
flata
ble
and
depl
oyab
le st
ruct
ures
are
cov
ered
in 2
0-C
-III
; te
chno
logi
es re
late
d to
the
join
ing
of h
ot st
ruct
ures
are
cov
ered
in
20-D
-IV.
) II
C
oatin
g In
clud
ing
deve
lopm
ent,
man
ufac
ture
and
test
of p
aint
s, co
nfor
mal
co
atin
gs, o
rgan
ic a
nd in
orga
nic
coat
ings
, the
rmo-
optic
al c
oatin
gs,
ther
mal
con
trol m
ater
ials
, opt
ical
mat
eria
ls, s
ol-g
el c
oatin
gs, A
LD,
oxid
atio
n pr
otec
tion,
fini
shes
. II
I C
hara
cter
isat
ion
and
Feed
back
C
over
s all
aspe
cts r
elat
ed to
ther
mo-
phys
ical
/ mec
hani
cal/c
hem
ical
pr
oper
ties,
long
-term
age
ing
effe
cts.
IV
Adv
ance
d M
ater
ials
Man
ufac
ture
C
over
s man
ufac
turin
g as
pect
s rel
ated
to C
FRP,
cer
amic
s, C
MC
, M
MC
, foa
ms,
func
tiona
lly-g
radi
ent m
ater
ials
, sol
-gel
pro
cess
ed
mat
eria
ls, n
ear-
net-s
hape
pro
cess
ing
rout
e, P
VD
& C
VD
pro
cess
es,
ISR
U p
roce
sses
for s
olid
mat
eria
ls m
anuf
actu
re, n
anot
echn
olog
y as
pect
s of m
ater
ials
…
C
Cle
anlin
ess a
nd S
teri
lisat
ion
Incl
udes
the
tech
niqu
es, t
ests
and
tech
nolo
gies
to
ens
ure
and
verif
y th
at th
e ha
rdw
are
fulfi
ls
the
requ
irem
ents
in te
rms o
f con
tam
inat
ion,
st
erili
satio
n an
d de
grad
atio
n in
a b
road
sens
e.
I St
erili
satio
n of
Mat
eria
ls
Effe
ct o
f ste
rilis
atio
n on
mat
eria
ls a
nd a
ssem
blie
s, co
mpa
tibili
ty o
f m
ater
ials
with
ster
ilisa
tion
tech
niqu
es.
(Not
e 24
-C-I
-1: T
echn
olog
ies r
elat
ed to
ver
ifica
tion
of th
e bi
obur
den
redu
ctio
n pr
oces
s are
cov
ered
in 1
4-C
-IV
to 1
4-C
-VI).
II
C
ontr
ol o
f Mol
ecul
ar C
onta
min
atio
n O
utga
ssin
g of
mat
eria
ls, c
lean
lines
s mon
itorin
g te
chni
ques
, co
ntam
inat
ion
trans
fer p
roce
sses
, eff
ects
on
perf
orm
ance
, m
itiga
tion,
surf
ace
cont
amin
atio
n, …
Las
er-in
duce
d co
ntam
inat
ion,
ph
otof
ixat
ion
of c
onta
min
atio
n.
III
Con
trol
of P
artic
ulat
e C
onta
min
atio
n In
clud
es c
onta
min
atio
n tra
nsfe
r pro
cess
es, e
ffec
ts o
n pe
rfor
man
ce,
miti
gatio
n, p
rote
ctio
n, c
lean
room
mon
itorin
g.
46 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
24
Mat
eria
ls a
nd P
roce
sses
(con
t.)
C
Cle
anlin
ess a
nd S
teri
lisat
ion
(con
t.)
IV
Con
trol
of B
io-C
orro
sion
, Bio
cide
s, Pl
asm
a C
orro
sion
etc.
A
ddre
sses
the
degr
adat
ion
of m
ater
ials
inte
ract
ing
with
an
atm
osph
ere,
incl
udin
g de
grad
atio
n re
sulti
ng fr
om a
n in
habi
ted
atm
osph
ere.
V
C
onta
min
atio
n M
odel
ling
and
Life
time
Pred
ictio
n of
Mat
eria
l B
ehav
iour
M
odel
ling
and
lifet
ime
pred
ictio
n by
the
inte
ract
ion
of
mat
eria
ls/e
nviro
nmen
t with
con
tam
inat
ion.
D
Sp
ace
Env
iron
men
tal E
ffec
ts o
n M
ater
ials
an
d Pr
oces
ses
I In
tera
ctio
n of
Mat
eria
ls w
ith th
e Sp
ace
Env
iron
men
t El
ectro
mag
netic
radi
atio
n fr
om E
UV
to F
IR, X
-ray
s, pa
rticl
e ra
diat
ion,
vac
uum
, ato
mic
oxy
gen,
cha
rgin
g, c
onta
min
atio
n,
syne
rgis
tic e
ffec
ts, d
ust &
par
ticle
s, pl
anet
ary
gase
s…
II
Inte
ract
ion
of M
ater
ials
with
the
Gro
und
Env
iron
men
t C
over
ing
issu
es su
ch a
s sto
rage
, log
istic
s, co
rros
ion,
swel
ling.
II
I In
tera
ctio
n of
Mat
eria
ls w
ith th
e In
habi
ted
Env
iron
men
t A
ddre
ssin
g sa
fety
- and
per
form
ance
-rel
ated
issu
es a
ffec
ting
the
inha
bite
d en
viro
nmen
t suc
h as
toxi
city
, fla
mm
abili
ty, …
. E
Mod
ellin
g of
Mat
eria
ls B
ehav
iour
and
Pr
oper
ties
I M
icro
stru
ctur
al a
nd N
anos
truc
tura
l Cha
ract
erisa
tion
of
Mat
eria
ls II
M
odel
ling
of T
herm
omec
hani
cal P
roce
sses
of M
ater
ials
incl
udin
g L
ifetim
e Pr
edic
tions
II
I C
hara
cter
isat
ion,
Mod
ellin
g an
d T
estin
g of
Fra
ctur
e M
echa
nics
IV
T
herm
al A
naly
sis o
f Mat
eria
ls
Cov
ers c
hara
cter
isat
ion
of th
e fu
nctio
nal p
rope
rties
of m
ater
ials
fr
om c
ryog
enic
to re
entry
/laun
cher
tem
pera
ture
s. F
Non
-Des
truc
tive
Insp
ectio
n In
clud
es d
evel
opm
ent o
f tes
t and
ver
ifica
tion
met
hods
.
- -
G
Mat
eria
l and
Pro
cess
Obs
oles
cenc
e I
Reg
ulat
ion
and
legi
slat
ion-
base
d ob
sole
scen
ce
Add
ress
es th
e m
ater
ials
and
man
ufac
turin
g pr
oces
s ava
ilabi
lity
and
limita
tions
due
to e
nviro
nmen
tal r
egul
atio
ns a
nd e
xpor
t reg
ulat
ions
(e
.g. R
EAC
H, R
oHS,
ITA
R, e
tc.).
II
Sc
arce
Mat
eria
ls D
ue to
pro
duct
ion
stop
, ban
krup
tcy,
etc
.
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 47
T
D
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
DO
MA
IN
TS
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
SU
BDO
MA
IN
TG
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y G
RO
UP
24
Mat
eria
ls a
nd P
roce
sses
(con
t.)
H
Mat
eria
ls fo
r E
lect
roni
c A
ssem
bly
I Pr
inte
d C
ircu
it B
oard
Tec
hnol
ogie
s II
Su
rfac
e M
ount
Tec
hnol
ogie
s M
ater
ials
for
Ele
ctro
nic
Ass
embl
y (c
ont.)
II
I V
erifi
catio
n of
Ele
ctro
nic
Ass
embl
ies
25
Qua
lity,
Dep
enda
bilit
y an
d Sa
fety
C
over
s the
qua
lity,
relia
bilit
y,
avai
labi
lity,
mai
ntai
nabi
lity
and
safe
ty o
f spa
ce sy
stem
s and
thei
r co
nstit
uent
s (ha
rdw
are,
softw
are
and
the
hum
an e
lem
ent).
It a
lso
addr
esse
s met
hods
and
tool
s for
the
asse
ssm
ent a
nd m
anag
emen
t of
tech
nica
l ris
ks a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
spac
e sy
stem
s and
thei
r ope
ratio
ns.
A
Syst
em D
epen
dabi
lity
and
Safe
ty
Add
ress
es th
e re
liabi
lity,
ava
ilabi
lity,
m
aint
aina
bilit
y an
d sa
fety
of t
he e
ntire
spac
e sy
stem
.
I D
epen
dabi
lity
and
Safe
ty M
etho
ds &
Too
ls
Cov
ers m
etho
ds a
nd to
ols t
o ac
hiev
e m
issi
on su
cces
s and
haz
ard
cont
rol.
II
Tec
hnic
al R
isk
Man
agem
ent T
echn
ique
s C
over
s the
iden
tific
atio
n, e
valu
atio
n, m
itiga
tion
and
acce
ptan
ce o
f ris
ks.
B
Soft
war
e Q
ualit
y A
ddre
sses
the
qual
ity o
f the
softw
are
deve
lopm
ent p
roce
ss a
nd th
e re
sulti
ng
softw
are
prod
ucts
.
I SW
Pro
cess
Qua
lity
Tec
hniq
ues
Cov
ers t
he te
chni
ques
to a
ssur
e th
e qu
ality
of t
he so
ftwar
e de
velo
pmen
t pro
cess
. II
SW
Pro
duct
Qua
lity
Tec
hniq
ues
Cov
ers t
he e
valu
atio
n an
d ce
rtific
atio
n of
the
qual
ity o
f the
softw
are
prod
ucts
. C
Pr
oduc
t and
Qua
lity
Ass
uran
ce
I Pr
oduc
t Ass
uran
ce P
roce
sses
for
Flig
ht a
nd G
roun
d Sy
stem
s C
over
s the
coo
rdin
atio
n an
d in
tegr
atio
n of
PA
dis
cipl
ines
(QA
, sa
fety
, dep
enda
bilit
y, E
EE p
arts
, mat
eria
ls, m
echa
nica
l par
ts,
proc
esse
s, so
ftwar
e PA
), au
ditin
g, c
ritic
al it
ems,
conf
igur
atio
n m
anag
emen
t, al
erts
, doc
umen
t and
dat
a co
ntro
l, no
ncon
form
ance
co
ntro
l and
qua
lity
reco
rds.
II
Qua
lity
Ass
uran
ce P
roce
sses
for
Flig
ht a
nd G
roun
d Sy
stem
s C
over
s ass
uran
ce o
f des
ign,
man
ufac
ture
, ass
embl
y, in
tegr
atio
n,
test
ing,
pro
cure
men
t, re
curr
ing
prod
uctio
n, tr
aini
ng, i
nspe
ctio
ns,
trace
abili
ty a
nd st
anda
rds.
26
OT
HE
RS
Plea
se c
onta
ct th
e TE
C-T
off
ice
at E
STEC
if y
ou n
eed
to in
clud
e ad
ditio
nal t
echn
olog
ies n
ot c
over
ed in
this
doc
umen
t.
48 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
Appendix A – Technology Domain Responsibles The following table lists the contact points in ESA for the Technology Domains defined in sections 2 and 3.
TD ID TD TITLES TD CONTACT POINTS IN ESA AFFILIATION
01 Onboard Data Systems Philippe Armbruster TEC-ED
02 Space System Software Jean-Loup Terraillon
Nestor Peccia
Pier Giorgio Marchetti
TEC-SWE
HSO-GI
EOP-GSR
03 Spacecraft Electrical Power Henri Barde TEC-EP
04 Spacecraft Environments & Effects
Eamonn Daly TEC-EES
05 Space System Control Alain Benoit TEC-EC
06 RF Systems, Payloads & Technologies
Riccardo De Gaudenzi TEC-ET
07 Electromagnetics Technologies & Techniques
Cyril Mangenot TEC-EE
08 System Design & Verification Joachim Fuchs
Benoit Laine
TEC-SWM
TEC-MTV
09 Mission Operation and Ground Data Systems
Nestor Peccia HSO-GI
10 Flight Dynamics and GNSS Frank Dreger HSO-GF
11 Space Debris Heiner Klinkrad HSO-GR
12 Ground Station Systems and Networks
Klaus-Juergen Schulz HSO-GS
13 Automation, Telepresence & Robotics
Gianfranco Visentin TEC-MMA
14 Life & Physical Sciences Robert Lindner TEC-MMG
15 Mechanisms Gerard Migliorero TEC-MSM
16 Optics Luca Maresi TEC-MMO
17 Optoelectronics Zoran Sodnik TEC-MME
18 Aerothermodynamics José Longo TEC-MPA
19 Propulsion Giorgio Saccoccia TEC-MP
20 Structures Rafael Bureo TEC-MSS
21 Thermal Olivier Pin TEC-MTT
22 ECLS and ISRU Christophe Lasseur TEC-MMG
23 EEE Components & Quality Ralf de Marino
Laurent Marchand
TEC-QE
TEC-QTC
24 Materials & Processes Mikko Nikulainen TEC-QT
25 Quality, Dependability and Safety
Luigi Bianchi TEC-QQD
26 OTHERS TEC-T
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 49
Appendix B – Differences between Technology Tree Versions 2.1 and 3.0
Issue 3.0 of the Technology Tree (TT) now contains:
• 26 TDs (26 in issue 2.1) • 101 TSs (92 in issue 2.1) • 320 TGs (274 in issue 2.1)
The total number of entries for issue 3.0 is therefore 447. TT issue 2.1 contained 392 entries, and issue 1.1, 411 entries. An outline of the changes introduced in this latest revision is as follows:
• 47 entries have been added • 44 entries have an updated title • 110 entries have an updated description • 7 entries have been moved inside the TT • 3 entries have been deleted • 9 entries have been split into more than one entry • 6 entries have been merged
In more detail, the major changes that have been introduced are:
• System Design & Verification (TD8) has undergone major rewriting • Space Debris (TD11) was previously only defined down to TS level, TGs have now been added • Pyrotechnics has been moved from Structures (TD20) to Mechanisms (TD15) • Aerothermodynamics (TD18) has undergone extensive restructuring and rewriting • Space System Control (TD5) has had new TSs added and also been rewritten • Several new TSs and TGs have been introduced in EEE Components & Quality (TD23), Materials
& Processes (TD24) and Quality, Dependability and Safety (TD25) • A large coordination effort has been undertaken to clarify the split between RF Payload Systems
(TD6), Flight Dynamics and GNSS (TD10), and Ground Station Systems and Networks (TD12)
50 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
The following table gives a mapping matrix from the entries of issue 2.1 to the entries of issue 3.0. Please note that, in the table, when an entry of issue 3.0 is followed by a * it means that more branches were added and therefore a direct match between issues 2.1 and 3.0 is not possible (example: 11-A from 2.1 now has several subgroups in 3.0, therefore 11-A is now 11-A*).
TT2.1 TT3.0
5 A I 5-A-I
II 5-A-II
B I 5*
II 5*
III 5-B-III
10 A I 10-A-I, 10-A-II
II 10-A-II
III 10-A-II
IV 10-A-III
B I 10-B-I
II 10-B-II
11 A 11-A*
B 11-B*
C 11-C*
18 A I 18-A-I
II 18-A*
III 18-A*
IV 18-A*
B I 18-B*
II 18-B*
III 18-B*
IV 18-B*
C I 18-C*
II 18-C*
D I 18-D*
II 18-D*
K I 15-H-I
II 15-H-II
III 15-B
IV 15-H-IV
V 15-H-V
VI 15-H-VI
VII 15-H-III
ESA STM-277 2nd ed. 51
Appendix C: Acronyms
A&R Automation & robotics AIT Assembly, integration and test AIV Assembly, integration and verification ALD Atomic layer deposition AOCS Attitude & orbit control system APD Avalanche photodiode APS Active pixel sensor ASIC Application specific integrated circuits ASSP Application specific standard products BCR Battery charge regulator BDR Battery discharge regulator BEC Bose-Einstein condensate CAD Computer-aided design CCD Charge-coupled device CFD Computational fluid dynamics CFRP Carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic CMC Ceramic matrix composite CMG Control moment gyroscope CMOS Complementary metal oxide
semiconductor COSPAR COmmittee on SPAce Research CPL Capillary pumped loop CPT Coherent population trapping CSOS Complex System of Systems CVD Chemical vapour deposition CW Continuous wave DC Direct current DRS Data relay satellite DSP Digital signal processor EAP Electroactive polymer ECLD External cavity laser diode ECLS Environmental control & life support EEE Electric, electromechanical &
electronic EGNOS European geostationary navigation
overlay service EGSE Electrical ground support equipment EMC Electromagnetic compatibility EO Earth observation EPC Electronic power converter ESD Electrostatic discharge ESTEC ESA’s European Space Research and
Technology Centre ESTER European Space Technology
Requirements database EUV Extreme ultraviolet EVA Extra-vehicular activity
FD Flight dynamics FIR Far-infrared FOG Fibre-optic gyro FPGA Field programmable gate array GNC Guidance, navigation & control GNSS Global navigation satellite system GPS Global positioning system GSE Ground support equipment HCI Human computer interface HEB Hot-electron bolometer HMS Health monitoring system HPA High-power amplifier HRG Hemispherical resonator gyro HVI High-velocity impact HW Hardware IC Integrated circuit IGBT Insulated gate bipolar transistor IMU Inertial measurement unit I/O Input/output IP Intellectual property ISRU In situ resource utilisation ITAR International Traffic in Arms
Regulations LDA laser-diode array LED Light-emitting diode LEO Low Earth orbit LHP Loop heat pipe LNA Low noise amplifier LOX Liquid oxygen M&C Monitoring & control M&D Meteoroid and Debris MCS Mission control systems MCT Mercury cadmium telluride MEMS Micro electro mechanical systems MEO Medium Earth orbit MMC Metal matrix composite MMIC Monolithic microwave integrated
circuit MOEMS Micro-opto-electro-mechanical
systems MOS Metal oxide semiconductor MOSFET Metal oxide semiconductor field effect
transistor NCO Numerically-controlled oscillator NDI Non-destructive inspection Nd:YAG Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum
garnet
52 ESA STM-277 2nd ed.
NIR Near-infrared OMG Object management group OSRC Optical stabilising reference cavities PA Product assurance PCU Power conditioning unit PDM Payload data modulator PDU Power distribution unit PPU Power processing unit PVD Physical vapour deposition QA Quality assurance QCL Quantum cascade lasers QCW Quasi-continuous wave QDIP Quantum dot infrared photodetector QWIP Quantum well infrared photodetector RE Rare Earth REACH Registration, evaluation, authorisation
and restriction of chemical substances RF Radio frequency RFC Radio frequency compatibility RHA Radiation hardness assurance RoHS Restriction of hazardous substances RTM Resin transfer moulding RVD Rendezvous and docking SAR Solar array regulator SAR Synthetic aperture radar S/C Spacecraft SOC System-on-a-chip SQUID Superconducting quantum interference
device SRC Stabilising reference cavity SW Software TD Technology domain TDR Technology domain responsible TECNET ESA Technology Network TG Technology group TNL Thermal noise limit TS Technology subdomain TT Technology tree TT&C Telemetry, tracking and command TWT Travelling wave tube UHT Ultra-high temperature VCO Voltage-controlled oscillator VCSEL Vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers