1.1 INTRODUCTION

All over the world there is a growing concern about the environmental effects of social and economic development efforts. Developing countries have to consider in which way their socio-economic development can be combined with protection of the environment. Not as a luxury, but as a shear necessity for sustainable economic growth.“Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)” is a major tool to address the need for sustainable development.“EIA is an exercise to evaluate the beneficial and adverse effects of development projects/activities on the environmental system including socio-economic, cultural and aesthetic concerns. The purpose of such an exercise is to integrate the environmental considerations with the requirements of economic growth and social development. EIA helps in examining options in terms of technology selection, siting of projects and alternatives to development proposals. In essence, EIA is a pre-requisite for choosing an environmental acceptable course of action based on assessment of environmental conditions to be affected by development activities”.EIA is concerned with identifying, predicting and evaluating the environmental effects of large-scale development projects. As such it is primarily concerned with scientific methodologies and techniques for ensuring the “Environmental Soundness of the Projects”. EIA is at the same time a decision making tool. In this respect it is in the first place concerned with procedures and processes to ensure that decision-makers consider the environmental consequences of projects and programme decisions.

As per the “Notification on Environmental Impact Assessment of Development Projects” of Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) , Government of India as amended on 14/09/2006, any person who desires to undertake any new project or expansion of a facility with melting capacity more than 5.0 TPH using induction furnace has to obtain prior Environmental Clearance.In order to obtain “Environmental Clearance” from MoEF, New Delhi, the project proponent is required to submit an application form as specified in Form-1 of the notification, and should be accompanied by a project report which shall, inter alia, include “Pre-feasibility Report / Terms of Reference” of an Environment Impact Assessment, and then REIA has to be prepared as per the TOR of MoEF. This REIA has been prepared in accordance with the TOR of “The Ministry of Environment & Forest”, and is in part fulfillment of the “Regulatory Requirements” to obtain “Environmental Clearance”.1.2 Project ProponentM/s K.L. Concast Pvt. Ltd is the promoter of the project, which envisages setting up of a steel plant of M.S.Ingot and manufacturing of Shapes, Angeles etc.1.3 Proposed Project and Project LocationThe proposed plant of M/s K.L. Concast Pvt Ltd., will basically consists of melting of M.S. Scrap / Sponge Iron in an electric induction furnace, casting of billets in a continuous concast plant, and rolling of these billets in a rolling mill to produce Angles, Shapes etc. The per capita consumption of steel is around 33 Kgs. in India as against 242 kgs in China and an average of over 400 kgs in the developed countries. This wide gap in relative steel consumption indicates that the potential ahead for India to rise its steel consumption is high.Strengthening of steel prices since 2003 till early 2006 helped the domestic steel companies immensely as many of them managed to reduce their debt burden considerably. Going forward, the demand for the metal is likely to sustain on the back of continuing demand within India and from the US and other South East Asian nations.

A robust housing and infrastructure sector, with growth potential in the auto and the consumer durables sectors is likely to be a big positive for the domestic steel sector.Indian steel producers are one of the lowest cost producers in the world, which provides them with a hedge against fall in prices. Further, relatively efficient and vertically integrated companies like Tata Steel are likely to be in a better position to weather any steel downturn.1.4 Terms of Reference – Rapid Environment Impact Assessment / Environment

Management PlanThe Draft Terms of Reference (TOR) was discussed during the 77th meeting of the Expert Appraisal Committee (Industry) of MoEF held during 21st -24th January 2008 for preparation of REIA-EMP report.Following were the TOR’s Finalized.

- Details of Arc Furnace should be included.- Present Land use based on satellite imagery should be incorporated.- Site-specific micro meteorological data using temperature, relative humidity,

hourly wind speed and direction and rainfall is necessary.- Location of National Park/Wild life Sanctuary/Reserve Forest within 10 km

radius of the project.- List of raw materials required and source should be included.- Manufacturing process details should be included.- Ambient Air quality at 8 locations within the study area of 3.0 Km , aerial

coverage from project site., Location of One AAQMS in downwind direction.- Ambient Air quality modeling for Ferro Alloy Plant.- One season data for gaseous emissions and inclusion of existing emission data.- An action plan to control and monitoring of primary and secondary fugitive

emissions as per CPCB guidelines should be included.- Determination of Atmospheric inversion level at the project site and assessment

of ground level concentration of pollutants from the stack emission based on site-specific meteorological features.

- Permission for the drawl of water from the concerned department. Water balance cycle data including quantity of effluent generated, recycled and reused and discharged with special emphasis on chromium monitoring.

- Ground water monitoring minimum at 8 locations and also near solid waste dump zone should be carried out. Geological features and Geo-hydrological status of the study area and ecological status (Terrestrial and Aquatic) should be included.

- Solids waste generation; storage, utilization and disposal should be included particularly related to the slag, char and fly ash. Toxic metal content in the waste material and its composition should also be incorporated particularly of slag.

- Risk assessment and damage control should be included.- Occupational health of the workers should be incorporated.- Ac action plan to develop green belt in 33% of area should be included.- Scheme for rainwater harvesting should be incorporated.- Socio economic development activities should be in place.- Compliance to the recommendations mentioned in the CREP guidelines should be

included.- Detailed Environment Management Plan (EMP) with specific reference to air

pollution control system, water management, monitoring frequency, responsibility and time bound implementation plan.

- EMP should include concept of waste minimization, recycle/reuse/recover techniques, Energy conservation, and natural resource conservation.

- EMP should include a clear map for plantation/green belt.- A tabular chart for the issues raised and addressed during public hearing

/consultation should be provided.2.1 Project HighlightsM/s K.L. Concast Pvt. Ltd., is to be located at survey nos. 127,129,143,144, 146/1A,1B, 146/2A1, 146/2A2, 146/2B, 147/1 of New Gummidipoondi in Gummudipoondi Taluk of Thiruvallur District. This site is adjacent to the well-developed SIPCOT industrial complex in Gummidipoondi. Which is about 40Kms Northwest of the Chennai City. The area is marked by hectic industrial activity with thousands of large, medium and small-scale industries. The SIPCOT complex houses 214 industrial units and 50 SIDCO sheds in an area of 1430 ha. Most of these industries are large scale and small-scale manufacturing units.K.L. Concast Pvt Ltd., had acquired 32.24 Acres of land for its proposed project. The land is located in a unclassified area by DTCP (to be converted to industrial area).Highlights of the K.L. Concast plant are as follows:Table 2.1 Project Highlights

S.No Parameters Cumulative Value

1. Production Capacity (M.S. Products) 1,50,000 Tonnes/Year

2. Total Land Area 33.42 Acres i. Built-up Area 2.6 Acres ii. Green belt development 10.0 Acresiii. Roads / Bridges 5.0 acresiv. Other amenities 2.0 Acresv. Future Expansion 13.82Acres

3. Total Employees 2004. Total Water Consumption 50.0 cu.m/day

i. Domestic Water Consumption 10.0 cu.m/dii. Process Water 25.0 cu.m/diii. Green Belt Development 15.0

5. Energy requirement 12 MW6. Total fixed Assets 30.00 Crores7. Total pollution control cost Rs.0.40 Crores

2.2 Type & Quantity of Raw Materials used

The main raw material for production of M.S. products is sponge iron/M.S. scrap/Ferro Alloys. The quantity of consumption of various raw materials is as shown below.

Sl.No. Description QuantityTonnes/Annum

1. Sponge Iron 60,000

2. Melting Scrap 1,00,000

3. Ferro Alloys 1000

4. Coal 4000

MANUFACTURING FLOW CHART

SCRAP YARD

SPONG IRON/SCRAP

SLAG TO INDUCTION FURNACE TO APCD

TO LAND FILL/SOLD OUTMOLTEN METAL TO

LADDLE

POURING TO CONCASTMACHINES

SHAPED AS BILLETS/ BLOOM Rejected material to yard

COOLING

BILLETS CHARGINGTO HEATING FURNACE

TO ROLLING MILL TO WET SCRUBBER /CHIMNEY

2-4REQUIRED SIZES/SHAPES

FINAL PRODUCT ON COOLING

END CUTTING

DESPATCH

2.3 Manufacturing Process2.3.1 Melting Unit

Steel billets are manufactured by melting of sponge iron/steel scraps in Electric Induction Furnace and formed into billets in a continuous casting machine.The steel scraps of required grades are procured from indigenous and imported sources and brought by the unit. The scraps are sorted into different grades to control the composition of final production. Any visible foreign matters like plastic, non-metal etc, are removed from the scrap.Required quantities of steel scraps are charged into the electric furnace with the help of Magnetic cranes. Depending on the billets quality, proportions of steel scraps and small quantities of Ferro Manganese and Ferro Silicon are maintained. There are two set of furnaces with four crucible in the Unit. At any time only one crucible of each furnace will be in operation. The furnaces are Medium Frequency Induction Furnaces essentially consist of a power source, a coil, refractory lining, and housing for coil in the lining and crucible. The feed is melted in the furnace by induction heating. Any slag formed on the top surface of the Molten Metal is periodically removed out.The top portion of the furnace is provided with M.S. Rectangular Hood with ducting and connected to an Induced Draft Fan out side the building to remove any small quantities of gases produced while melting process. The gases with dust particles and fresh air are passed through a Cyclone dust Collector / Bag Filter and wet scrubber, where major portion of dust particles will be collected. It is periodically removed and used as landfill or to building contractors for further usage or disposed in to the TSDF. The clean air from the collector is connected to a Stack of about 30.0meter from ground level. The horizontal duct line and bottom portion of stack are provided with 2 or 3 port hole to collect any dust particles settled there.When the melting process is over, the furnace is tilted and the molten metal tapped in ladle. The ladle is already pre-heated to required time of about one hour in a pre-heating furnace. The molten metal in the ladle is taken to the continuous Casting Machine. The molten metal is poured into the machine to make Billets. The billets coming out from the machine is cut to required length and the same is ready for dispatch after natural cooling.Any scrap arising while cutting is recycled into the subsequent batches of melting. A closed loop recirculating cooling water system cools the induction furnace and continuous casting machines.2.3.2 Rolling Mill UnitThe selected / processed raw material is charged to the mechanically operated reheating furnace.The material is then charged and passed through the rolling stand through all or any of the three segments based on the raw material and desired finished goods specifications.The shape and thickness of the finished goods areM.S. ChannelsM.S. AnglesM.S. Shapes, Section and Grider, etc.The materials are then shifted to finishing section where they are twisted and straightened to give them the desired tensile strength. The finished materials is then cut and bundled in size and stored ready for dispatch.The quality control is an essential activity in developing the product and continuing the leadership in the market.

Quantity control is basically divided into 3 categoriesTesting of Raw MaterialTesting of Rolled MaterialTesting of Final Product.

Testing of Raw material requires the checking of chemical composition and physical dimensions, only tested raw materials will be allowed to be charged into Reheating Furnace.Testing of products involves verification of physical dimension of the product.Testing of Final products involves verification of physical dimensions, twisting as per the specifications of TRF, tensile and strength.2.4 Energy Management

The total energy requirement of 12 MW will be met from the TNEB sources.

Sl.No. Source Proposed1. TNEB 12 MW2. D.G. Set 500KVA

KLCPL has proposed to install a D.G. Sets of 500 KVA to be used during instances of TNEB grid failure.2.5 Raw Water Requirement

The raw water requirement is basically for cooling purpose, and hence the daily water requirement will only be to make-up the losses in the cooling towerDescription Quantity, KLDInduction furnace coil cooling 10Concast Machine cooling 4Re-Rolling Mill 6Total cooling water make up 15Domestic purpose 15Total water requirement 50

2.6 Waste and Waste Management2.6.1 Air EnvironmentThe major sources of air pollution from the proposed operation are

• Electric Induction Furnace• Reheating Furnace• 500 KVA D.G. Set

The sources & process of pollution, the pollutants and their respective control measures

proposed are as follows

Sl.No. Source of Pollution Process of Pollution

Pollutants ControlMeasures

1. Electric Induction furnace

Melting of Scrap

SPM CycloneSeparator/BagFilter/Wet scrubber-Stack

2. Reheating Furnace Producer gas - Wet scrubber/stack

3. D.G. Set (500 KVA) Fuel burning ie. HSD

SO2,NOX,SPM Stack

Details of the equipments proposed for control of pollution from various sources are as follows.Electric Induction Furnace

• I.D. Fan of 50 HP capacity.• Swivel Type Hood connected to 600mm φ Duct.• 1.0 m φ X 1.6 m height Cyclone separator.• 2.0 m X 2.0 m X 4.0 m Jet pulse Bag filter with 50 Nos. of spun bound plated

polyester bags• 1.5 HP Recycling pump.• 600 mm φ stack of 30 m height.

Re-Heating Furnace• I.D. Fan of 30 HP capacity.• 450 mm φ stack of 10 m height.

Fugitive Emissions

To control fugitive emissions from process units in the plant, the following measures are proposed.

• Proper maintenance and tarring of roads inside the factory.• Preventive maintenance of valves and other equipments.• Implementation of recommendations on Green belt on all sides within the project

boundary, and community plantation around the unit with help of local area development authorities, will help in attenuating the fugitive emissions of pollutants from the unit.

Green belt zones will also be created within the plant premises.

• Ambient air quality and stack/fugitive emissions proposed to be monitored regularly.

• In plant training will be provided to the plant personnel on operation and maintenance of dust collectors, techniques of dust emission measurements, particle size analysis etc.

• Effective operation and maintenance of pollution control system is proposed to contain the emissions/keeps them within the CPCB limits.

• A good house keeping consisting of simple, obvious task of cleaning up spills, removing accumulations around processing equipment and in general keeping things neat and clean will form a part of normal operation and maintenance procedure

Suggested control measures for arresting fugitive dust emissions along with the envisaged pollution control equipment are adequate and will help to have a healthy and cleaner environment inside the plant thereby improve the productivity and the efficiency of the workers as well as that of plant machinery.

Stack Characteristics

Stack No 1 2 3Material of Construction M.S M.S M.SStack attached to Induction

Furnace-IRe-HeatingFurnace

D.G. Set500 KVA

Stack height Above the ground level, in m

30.0 15.0 9.0

Stack top Round or Circular Circular Circular CircularInside dimensions of the stack at top, mm

600 450 150

Gas quantity-m3/hr 20000 8000 1500Flue gas temperature, 0C 90 90 300Exit velocity of the gas, m/s 19.65 12 30.86

Emission Concentration, mg/m3

Wastewater Management

The only source of wastewater wills the cooling water blowdown apart from the domestic sewage.

Description of effluent generated Qty (KLD)Cooling water blow down 5.0Sewage & Canteen 12.0Total 17.00

The cooling water blow down is used directly after taking it through cooling ponds for green belt development or taken to the sewage treatment plant.

The domestic sewage will be treated through the proposed sewage treatment plant and will be used for gardening purpose with in the premises of the plant.

DETAILS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

BAR SCREEN

COLLECTION TANK

AERATION TANK

SECONDARY SETTLING TANK Sludge drying

bed

TREATED WATER STORAGE TANK

ONLINE CHLORINATION

PRESSURE SAND FILTER

ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER

TREATED WATER USED FOR GARDENING

DESIGN DATA

The Sewage Treatment Plant is based on the following Parameters

1. Nature of Wastewater : Sewage & Sullage

2. No. of Workers : 200

Water consumption per head : 45 lit/head/day

Total water consumption per day : 200 x 45 lit

:9,000 Lit. + 5,000 from Cooling tower

Designed Treatment system : 20,000 lit

3. Suggested Treatment System : Activated Sludge Process followed by filtration system.

SUGGESTED TREATMENT SYSTEM

The treatment system consists of • Primary Treatment followed by• Activated Sludge Process (Diffused Aeration)• Tertiary Treatment as FiltrationThe Primary Treatment Consists of• Screen chamber• Collection cum Equalization tank.The Secondary Treatment consists of• Aeration Tank • Clarification tank. (Secondary Settling tank) Treated Effluent collection tank.• Sludge Drying Bed.The Tertiary Treatment Consists of• Pressure Sand Filter• Activated Carbon Filter• Online chlorination system

AVERAGE RAW SEWAGE EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS

Sl..no Parameter Value 1. PH 6.5 - 7.5 2. Total Suspended Solids 00 - 300 mg/l 3. Oil & Grease 10 - 20 mg/l 4. Chemical Oxygen 600 - 700 mg/l

Demand 5. Bio-Chemical Oxygen 250 - 300 mg/l

Demand

DESCRIPTION OF THE TREATMENT SYSTEM

A) PRIMARY TREATMENT

The sewage effluent from the factory shall be collected in the septic tank and the same will be pumped to the collection cum Equalization tank after proper screening. Where proper agitation to be given for homogeneous mixing of the effluent by coarse bubble aeration. From the Collection tank the homogenized effluent shall be pumped in to the Aeration tank for biological treatment (aerobic treatment).

SECONDARY TREATMENT (BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT)

Fine bubble air diffusers are provided in the aeration tank. The air will be supplied through the Positive Displacement Air blower of 3.0 HP capacity to be installed in this tank to provide oxygen in the form of Air into the system. MLSS (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids) level in the Aeration tank will be maintained in the range of 3000 mg/l (depending on the concentration of organics) and a Sludge age of 15-20 days will be maintained by regulation the return sludge ratio as well as controlled sludge wasting. The outlet flow from the Aeration tank would be passed to a hopper bottom type secondary setting tank for separation of Bio-mass and the settled Bio-sludge would be re-circulated to the Aeration tank to maintain the MLSS level in the desired range. The excess sludge shall be wasted in to the sludge drying bed for de-watering purpose.

The filtrate from the sludge drying beds shall be collected back in to the collection tank for further treatment. Dried sludge from the sludge drying bed shall be disposed off as manure in side the factory’s premises.

TERTIARY TREATMENTThe final outlet from the secondary settling tank shall be collected in to the Clear water collection tank. From where the treated effluent pumped through the Pressure Sand Filter for removal of fine suspended particles followed by Activated Carbon Filter for removal of odour, organic matters present in the effluent.

The final outlet from the carbon filter will meet the PCB discharge standards and used for gardening purpose.

EXPECTED TREATED EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS

Sl..no Parameter Expected Pollution Control value Board Norms

1. pH 6.5 - 7.5 5.5 - 9.0 2. Total Suspended Solids < 10 mg/l < 100 mg/l 3. Oil & Grease NIL < 5 mg/l 4. Chemical Oxygen < 100 mg/l < 250 mg/l

Demand 5. Bio-Chemical Oxygen < 10 mg/l < 20 mg/l

Demand

2.6.2 Solid WastesThe Solid waste generated will be basically from melting operations. The solid waste generated in the melting operation is slag, which is inert and is mostly sold to the local contractors or used for filling low lying areas in the region.

The quantity of solid waste that would be generated is as follows

S.No. Description Quantity generated (T/D)

Mode of Disposal

1. Slag 10 Sold to local contractors or used for filling low lying areas.

2. Sludge from STP 0.01 Used as manure for gardening purpose within the premises of the unit.

2.7 Construction Schedule

The construction of proposed unit will take 6 months from the go ahead date.2.8 Work Force

The total work force proposed to be employed upon operation of the plant will be around 200.

2.9 Medical Surveillance

Medical Surveillance in any plant is carried out to ensure that the work environment in the plant does not pose any threat to the health of the employees. Constant medical check-ups also help in indirectly evaluating the efficiency of the pollution control equipment’s installed while keeping a constant watch on the health of the workers.

In the proposed plant of KLCPL, medical check-ups will be conducted at the time of induction of a candidate and periodical medical examination will be carried our as per the Factories Act annually and further, health record of each employee will be maintained.3.1 IntroductionIn order to assess the impact of the proposed steel mill of KLCPL, it was necessary to collect baseline data. Baseline data would reveal the status of the environment prior to the start of any activity of the proposed project. The possible effects due to the proposed project is then estimated and superimposed on baseline data already collected to provide environmental impact. For example, the near effect of the project on the assessment of air quality impacts is a prerequisite for delineating EMP for gaseous discharges. The data required to assess air quality impacts in and around neighborhood is achieved by designing such a network, which encompasses micrometeorological conditions, quantity and quality of emissions, locations, duration, resources/monitoring technology and operational criteria. All these aspects should be considered while planning an optimal scheme for air quality monitoring.

HYDRO CHEMTECH team surveyed the area surrounding the KLCPL plant site at New Gummidipoondi Village in Jan-Feb 2008. During this field visit the physical appearance of the area, the structures, activities, etc. were surveyed and sampling locations for background environmental quality monitoring were decided. Besides primary data, secondary data were collected from the District Census Handbook and from the National Informatics Center (NIC), Directorate of Industries, and other central and state government offices. This chapter describes the existing environmental scenario at and surrounding the KLCPL plant site based on primary and secondary data.

The KLCPL plant sire is located between 13 23’12. 71”N Latitude and 80 06’38. 97”E Longitude. Elevation is about 18.2 m above MSL. The plant area and its surrounding is flat, dry, and surrounded by industries.3.2 Location HighlightsFollowing were the factors considered while choosing the present siteA. Archaeological and Cultural MonumentsThere are no archaeological /cultural monuments within 10Kms of the plant site.B. Biological ResourcesThere were no endangered flora and fauna within 10kms radius of the plant site.C. DefenceThere exist no defence installations within 10kms radius of the plant site.D. Employment Generation

The major occupation in and around the vicinity of the plant site is rain fed agriculture. This activity being unpredictable, the local populace will be benefited by gainful employment, on plant being implemented.E. HighwayThe nearest highway connecting Sathyavedu Road-NH-5 is 1800 Mts. away. The proposed unit will not harm the traffic and unwanted settlement in the vicinity of highway.F. Geography

The proposed plant is located in the industrial belt and hence the local climatic and geographical conditions will be conducive for the unit.

G. Human Settlement

The nearest major human settlement is Gummidipoondi, whose periphery is 4 km away from the proposed unit.H. Industrial BackwardnessTamil Nadu government has recognized the location as industrially back ward. The proposed unit will help development of industries in and around this area.I. TransportationThe proposed project will not affect transportationJ. Socio-EconomicsThe proposed project with its employment opportunity will impart a major thrust to the local economy.K. Land Use and AvailabilityThe proposed project is located in the industrial belt. The present land use from Un-classified zone to be converted as Industrial zone by DTCP.L. MeteorologyBoth micro and macro meteorology were found to be conducive for the proposed project.M. Quantum of Water and WasteThe total water requirement will be 50 Cu.m per day, the entire water requirement will be sourced from bore well within the site. The wastewater generated will be basically cooling water blow down and domestic waste. The cooling water blowdown will be used for green belt, and the domestic sewage from septic tank will be treated in the sewage treatment plant and used for green belt within the premises of the unit.Q. TopographyThe topography is plain and will not lead to disaster by accumulation of air pollutants.3.3 MeteorologyThe climate of the project area is humid and tropical. It is characterized by a hot and dry summer from April-June, a monsoon or rainy season from October-December, winter season from January-March.

The nearest existing meteorological station maintained by Indian Meteorological department (IMD) is situated at Nungambakkam in Chennai about 45 Kms from the project site, and hence deemed representative of the study area. The station was found to be well manned, and equipped with Thermometer, Barometer, Rain-gauge and Wind Monitor. Available past records for 8-years (2000-2007) were obtained from this IMD station regarding such as meteorological features and summarized.The data collected from IMD for various meteorological parameters such as Temperature, Rainfall, and Relative Humidity, wind Speed and wind direction are presented in Table. 3.3.1 The minimum and maximum daily temperatures averaged for each month of 1999 to 2007 are presented in Table 3.1. May is the hottest month with maximum temperature ranging between 38.70C and 42.10C. January is the coolest month with minimum temperature varying between 15.80C and 19.60C.3.3.2 Relative HumidityDuring the month of May-June in the years 2000-2008 at Nungambakkam, the mean relative humidity varied between 56% and 77% at 0830 hours and between 55% and 74% at 17.30 hours.3.3.3 Wind DirectionThe Predominant wind direction observed was from West at 0830 Hrs & from South-East at 1730 Hrs. The windrose as obtained from IMD for the said period is shown in Table.3.3.4 Wind Speed

The predominant wind speed was observed to be in the range of 1-5 km/h, followed by 5-10 km/h. Calm conditions persisted for about 12% of time.3.3.4 RainfallSouthwest Monsoon (June to September) and Northeast Monsoon (October and December) dominate the major part of the year. Short winter (Jan &Feb) and hot summer (March to May) follow monsoons.The premonsoon rainfall during 2007 was recorded at 400 mm. The annual rainfall for the period was 1200mm.3.3.5 Cloud Cover Generally light clouds are observed during winter mornings. During pre-monsoon and the post-monsoon evenings the skies are either clear or lightly clouded. But in post-monsoon mornings as well as monsoon mornings, heavy clouds are commonly observed. Whereas in the evening time the skies are light to moderately clouded through out the year.3.4 MicrometeorologyClimatological and meteorological factors play an important role in the dispersion and dilution of pollutions into the atmosphere and their impact on air environment. As a part of this EIA study, micrometeorological and microclimatic parameters were recorded by installing a meteorological station at the plant site.The summarized datats are presented in Table.3.4.1 TemperatureThe maximum temperature recorded during the study period of Jan-Feb 2008 was 34.50C, whereas the minimum temperature for the same period was 240C. The average maximum temperature recorded during the study period was 29.40C. The average minimum temperature recorded during the study period was 22.30C.3.4.2 Relative HumidityThe Relative Humidity during the study period of Jan-Feb 2008 varied between 86%(Max.) to 66%(Min.).3.4.3 RainfallNo rainfall was recorded during the study period.3.4.4 Wind SpeedThe maximum wind speed recorded during the study period was 16 Km/hr, and the minimum was zero. The average maximum wind speed during the study period was 0.45 Km/hr. Calm conditions persisted for 16%of the time.3.4.5 Wind DirectionThe predominant wind direction recorded during the study period was from East North East. The results in study period is shown in Table3.5 Air Environment3.5.1 Ambient Air Quality MonitoringThe principal objective of the ambient air quality monitoring (AAQM) was to assess the existing levels of air pollution as well as the regional background concentration surrounding KLCPL plant site.Ambient air quality monitoring was carried our for one season covering 8-locations, one in the plant site and 7 in different directions outside the plant site, the location of sampling station is shown in Fig.The parameters selected for analyzing ambient air quality (AAQ) status were Sulphur-di-oxide (SO2), Nitrogen oxides (NOX), Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Dust Fall Rate (DFR), Carbon monoxide (CO), and Hydrocarbons (HC).This report covers the above pollutants concentration monitored for one season i.e., during Jan-Feb 2008.

High volume samplers were used for air sampling for suspended particulate matter (DPM), Sulphur-di-oxide (SO2), and oxides of Nitrogen (NOX). The samples were collected at each location every 24-hours, twice a week, for a week in a month for gaseous pollutants and analysed in the field laboratory as per norms indicated by Central Pollution Control Board.3.5.2 Data PresentationThe data analysis for the pollutants is presented in Tables.3.5.2.1 Sulphur-Di-Oxide(SO2)The concentration of SO2 in ambient air during the present study was found to vary between 12 and 24 µg/N.cum. The 98th percentile value of SO2 recorded during the study period varied between 18-24 µg/Ncum and the 50th percentile value varied between 15-18µg/Ncum.3.5.2.2 Oxides Of Nitrogen (NOX)The concentration of NOX in Ambient air during the present study varied between 11 and 38 µg/N.Cum. The 98th percentile value of NOX recorded during the study period varied between 25-38µg/Ncum and the 50th percentile value varied between 15-24µg/Ncum.3.5.2.3 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)The concentration of SPM in ambient air during the present study in all locations varied between 34 and 162 µg/N.Cum. The 98th percentile value of SPM recorded during the study period varied between 102-162µg/Ncum and the 50th percentile value varied between 71-111µg/Ncum.3.5.2.4 Carbon Monoxide(CO)CO during the present study was below the detectable limit.3.5.2.5 Hydrocarbon (HC)In all the stations the HC Concentration was found to be below the detectable limit during the preset study.3.5.2.6 Dust FallThe rate of dust fall recorded during the present study period was 2.50 MT/km2/Month.3.6 Noise Environment3.6.1 IntroductionNoise, which is defined as unwanted sound, may annoy people by interfering with their speech communication either at work or at leisure. Under certain conditions it may affect their behavior as well. Chronic exposure to high noise levels may lead to hearing loss (temporary or permanent) depending on sound intensity, frequency and sound duration. The noise risks in industries and neighborhood are to be identified through systematic noise level surveys.The environmental impact of noise generated in unit depends on the environment setting of the project, population distribution around the plant and on the noise sources within. The occupational impact, needs consideration of other additional factors such as location of the receiver vis-à-vis noise sources, duration of exposure etc.3.7 Water Environment3.7.1 Reconnaissance SurveyThe assessment of water quality in the area of 10 Kms radius around KLCPL plant site was undertaken during Jan-Feb 2008.The major sources of drinking water in these villages are open wells, many of which are fitted with power pumps. Water is pumped from the wells to over-head tanks for supply by gravity to villages through public stand posts at specified timings. The ground water comprises mainly of open wells. The details of water quality sampling stations are shown in Fig.3.5.3.7.2 Water QualitySelected physico-chemical parameters have been used for describing the baseline status of water environment and assessing the possible impacts, although there is nor major water consumption or discharge of wastewater.

Generation of baseline data for water quality covers sources of ground water and surfaces water. Water quality was monitored once during the season at 8 locations to assess the baseline status. Bacterial examination was carried out to identify faecal contamination of water sources.Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) from the samples analysed varied between 300 mg/l to 500 mg/l. The hardness of the corresponding samples varied between 30 mg/l to 230 mg/l. Heavy metals in all the samples were found to be below detectable limit except for few metals, which were also below detectable limits.Total coliform was present in all the samples confirming feacal contamination. The test carried out for Pesticides and phenolic compounds proved the water in and surrounding the plant silte to be nontoxic in nature. The water quality in the study area is shown in Table.3.8 Soil Quality3.8.1 Reconnaissance SurveyA comprehensive reconnaissance survey was carried-out to assess the vegetative pattern of the study area with emphasis on areas in the immediate vicinity and within 10 Km radius of the plant site. Soil samples were analysed for physical characteristics, chemical characeristic and fertility status.The quality of ground water is good anmd can be used for irrigation. Depending upon the nature of drainage system, soil condition and the availability of ground water the agriucultural crops ae raised.3.8.2 Soil Quality around the Site and Neighborhood Area.A total of 8-samples was collected in and around the plant site and analyzed in Jan-Feb 2008.To assess the baseline soil quality characteristics in the neighborhood, samples were collected using augers at depths upto 30,60 and 100 cms. Location of the sampling stations are marked in Fig 3.6, which covers green belt development and other areas at a radial distance of 4-10 kms.The soil samples were analysed for pH, electric conductivity, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, available magnesium, natural moisture content, grain size distribution (gravel, sand, clay/silt) textural class, bulk density, plastic limit, liquid limit etc. The undisturbed sample at 60 cm depth was analysed for field capacity, wilting coefficient, and available water storage capacity. The results are given in Table 3.12.

The soil is sandy in depths with traces of silt and clay. The soil is weakly acidic with no traces of the alkalinity. The fertility value of the soil is very low with low organic matter and NPK content. The soil had adequate quantities of the micronutrients Bo, Mn, Cu and Zn. The soil was non-saline with low concentrations of NaCl and Na2CO3. This soil would require good quality irrigation water to develop green belt.3.9 Land EnvironmentThe terrain in the 10 km radius of the KLCPL plant site is flat. Thee is no Vegetation within the boundary of the unit.3.9.1 Land-UseThe datas were collected from the 2001 Census Records at NIC in Chennai. The total land-use is pictorially presented in Fig 3.7. It is cleat from the figure that the area is dominated by irrigated land (over 52,000 ha., amounting to 45% of the total area). This is followed by area not amenable to cultivation, amounting to a total of 29,000 ha. (25% of the total area). A large fraction (18%) is un irrigated. Forest land covers only 5% of the land. The area not amenable to cultivation (25%) includes barren land, water bodies, as well as area that falls under non-agricultual uses such as housing, roads, industries, etc.3.9.2 Land cover/Land use Study : Remote sensing

Industries have, since the start of industrial revolution, bee plagued with pollution problems of all types. The outputs of industry also contribute a lot to country’s economic development. Thus it is necessary to analyze and evaluate the impact of industry and other anthropogenic activities on natural environment. There is a conflict between environmental policy and industrialization and to resolve it Environmental Impact Assessment is prime facie that provides potential range of alternatives to achieve the desired goals. Therefore effective management of ecological and economic balance has become imperative in situations of parallel activities. Towards this, it is necessary to have an efficient and precise regulatory mechanism, which could monitor and assess the industrial impacts, magnitude and kind of dynamic changes brought about as a result of industrial activities and develop sustainable environmental management plan.In order to incorporate environmental considerations into decision-making process, it necessary to develop a complete undertaking of the possible and probable consequences, impact both positive and negative of proposed projects or activities. There are number of techniques available for environmental monitoring, however, space platform monitoring is found to be most reliable, accurate and fast techniques as compared with other conventional techniques. Remote Sensing by virtue of computer compatibility provides most update information on ground in much fast manners with a very high accuracy. Further the revisit capability of satellite after a certain time made it possible for continuous monitoring of environment. Remote sensing helps in data collection in various fields such as agriculture, forest cover, land use & land cover, geomorphology, geology etc. For the user of remote sensing, to display the classification results is not enough,e.g. to detect the land use change will not solve the purpose, but one has to find our the cause of change or to analyze or evaluate the impact of change on adjoining environment. Thus analysis of spatial as well as non-spatial data required a common spatial framework. Which can be achieved through the use of GIS. Hence remote sensing and GIS have become most advantageous tools for any type of environmental monitoring and management for decision-making.Remote Sensing and GIS TechniquesRemote Sensing is the process of identification and delineation of various earths object from a distance without directly coming physically into contact with them. Remote sensing is largely concerned with the measurement of Electro-magnetic energy from the sun, which is reflected, scattered or emitted by the objects on the surface of the earth. Different objects on the surface of the earth reflect different amount of energy in different wavelengths of the Electro-magnetic depends on spatial and radiometric resolution of the seasons, spectral ranges of different wavelength bands, repetitively, etc.Thus, satellite remote sensing with its capability of repetitive coverage, multispectral imaging, synoptic view and low coast can play an important role in impact assessment of mining activity, evolution of reclamation activities and changes in landscape in the active mining areas. It has become a versatile tool to monitor and assess land degradation, forest low, hydrology, etc in the context of mining. Spatial data generated on vegetation, land cover, soils, geomorphology, geology and hydrogeology using remote sensing data can be effectively used in conjunction with ground information in GIS domain for different reclamation activities such as stabilization of sensitive slopes, affore station activities on barren and degraded forest land, siltation effect monitoring, ground water monitoring etc. in more scientific way. Because GIS has capacity to capture store, manipulate and analyze various types of spatial and non-spatial information into a single spatial framework, which is very important for further analysis. Material Used

Satellite Data : IRS IC LISS – III Could free data has been for vegetation and Landcover analysis.

Satellite Sensor Path / Row Resolution Date of PassIRS-IC LISS-III 101/67 23 m January 25 1996

Ancillary DataSOI Topo sheet NO.58 L1 & 58 L2 on 1:50,000 scale is used as Ancillary Data.Hardware and SoftwareUNIX based ERDAS / Imagine (Ver.8.2); Digital Image Processing Software from ERDAS, INC., USA configured around Apollo 9000 workstation offering large range of image enhancement and image classification capabilities, has been employed in the analysis of remotely sensed data. A number of peripheral devices viz., color film recorder, scanner, plotter, printer etc., have also been interfaced with the system. The system offers an integrated platform to carry out complex tasks necessary for digital image processing.MethodologyThe spatial resolution and the spectral bands in which the sensor collects the data are two important parameters for any land use survey. Appropriate remote sensing data producing were processed to investigate land use pattern through computer assisted digital image processing techniques. IRS-1C Linear Imaging Self-Scanner (LISS_III) sensor provided multi-spectral data collected in four spectral bands of visible, near IR and short wave infrared region. The spectral resolution and watch in case of visible (2 bands) and near IR (1-band) are between 21.2 to 23.5 m and 127 –147 km respectively. They are between 63.6-70.5m and 133-148 km for the data collected in short wave IR region. The data is sensed in four spectral bands viz. Band 2 (0.52-00.59m), Band 3 (0.62 – 0.68m),band 4 (0.77-0.86m) and Band 5(1.55-1.70m) with 8-bit radiometric resolution. The spatial, spectral and radiometric resolution of the RS data are the three primary governing factors in the correct estimation of various land use and land cover classes through digital analysis and classification of data.The vegetation and land cover analysis of the study area using satellite data involved two major steps viz. preprocessing and thematic data extraction.Preprocessing constituted digital mosaicing of independent satellite coverage’s of the area, geometric correction for compatibility to SOI top base and development of infrastructure overlays. The various steps are:Loading of Satellite Data:The data is loaded from CD_ROM to hard disk and by studying the sampled image; the subscene with the study area coverage is extracted.Standard FCC Generation:The standatd False Color Composite (FCC) has been generated by assigning blue, green and red colors to visible green, visible red and near Ir band respectively. The FCC for 10 km radial distance keeping the proposed plant site of the center has been presented in Fig 3.8. In order to use total gray level range and to optimize the contrast, the actual gray levels are stretched linearly between levels 0 to 255.Rectification and Registration:Due to geometric distortions present in raw satellite data, it cannot be directly used for the preparation of final thematic maps. The sources of this distortion ranges from variations in altitude, attitude and velocity of the sensor platforms. The raw data has to be corrected for these distortions so that corrected data will have geometric integrity.The systematic distortions such as earth curvature are easily corrected by applying formulas derived by modeling the sources of distortions, mathematically. The random distortions are

corrected using well-distributed ground control point occurring in raw satellite data. To achieve better plannimetric accuracy, the RS scene such as railroad intersections, corners of water reservoir bunds,etc., are identified on the image as well as on the reference map. The coordinate of GCP’s on the map and image are obtained through mouse. Third order model was constructed and finally registration of image was carried our with nearest neighborhood resampling taking map as reference and one to one map registration achieved.Thematic Data Extraction:The geoetrically corrected satellite data in conjunction with digital topographic overlays nd ground truth information was used for generating thematic information. This comprises of following steps:Biomass Estimation:The leaves and canopy structure strongly reflects and efficiently absorbs the incidentally energy in neat IR and Red portion of EMR respectively. Hence the information in the reflected IR band and red band of satellite data is helpful in getting information abour the Biomass of the area. Thus Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI) for identifying vegetation in the area as the band ratios of different band images suppress the features common in the two bands and enhance the features which are different between the two. NDVI is generated using formula:NDVI = (NIR-VISR) / (NIR + VISR)NIR = Near Infra RedVISR = Visible Red.The output was satisfactory with good separability of the major classes. The grey levels were sliced to classify the area and color look up table (LUT) was formed to differentiate the classes on NDVI output.3.10 Biological EnvironmentTerrestrial FloraThe entire study area was divided into two sectors with an interval of 5 km between the sectors. The vegetation analysis was carried out in 9 transact points/sampling stations, including the KLCPL Plant site.The flora species found in each of the study areas were identified and listed according to their families, both in dicotyledons as well as monocotyledons divisions of the plant kingdom. About 71 plant species belonging to trees, shrubs and herbs were identified. These are listed below.1. Abutilon indicum 33. Bombax malabaricum2. Acacia arabica 34. Borassus flabellifier3. Acacia nilotica 35. bougainvillea spectabilis4. Acalypha indica 36. Caesalpinea pulcherima5. Agave sisalana 37. Calotopis gigantean6. Achyranthes aspera 38. Cassia tora7. Aloe vera 39. Cleome viscosa8. Amaranthus viridus 40. Cocos nucifera9. Arachis hypogea 41. Colacasia esculenta10. Arthocarpus heterophyllus 42. Crotans parsiflorus11. Azadirachta indica 43. Cynodon dactylon12. Bambusa arundinacea 44. Debreesia longifolia13. Bambusa bambus 45. Eucalyptus14. Ficus benghalensis 46. Phyllanthus niruri15. Ficus religiosa 47. Phyllanthus fraternus16. Indigofera colutea 48. Pithcobium dulci17. Ipomoeas aquatica 49. Prosopis julliflora18. Jasmine spp 50. Saccharum spontaneum19. Lantana camera 51. Sesamum orientale

20. Leucas aspera 52. Sida rhombifolia21. Mangifera indica 53. Spernacok hirpida-Pubiaceae22. Manihot esculenta 54. Spinifex sqarrosus23. Melia azadirachta 55. Tamarindus indica24. Mimosa pudica 56. Tapioca spp.25. Morinda coreia 57. Tectona grandis26. Moringa tinctoria 58. Tephrosia purpurea27. Ocimum sanctum 59. Thespesia populnea28. Ocimum canum 60. Tribulus terrestris29. Opuntia dilinil 61. Tridax procumbens30. Oriza sativa 62. TyndRILIa verticillata31. Pennisetum americanum 63. Vicoa Indica – Asteraceae32. Phyllanthus amarus 64. Zizipus jujuba

The major cultivated crops observed in the study area (first 5 kms) were Eleusine sp, Sesamum orientule, Arachis hypogea, Tapioca sp and Mangifera indica. The other important species included Spinifex sp, Azadirachta indica, Phoenix sylvestris, Morinda coreia, Ipomea aquatica, leucas aspera, Lantana camara, Acacia sp, etc which represents non-cultivated ornamental distribution of plant species. The stationwise distribution of plants is given in the following sections.Site T0/5: The KLCPL plant site.The KLCPL plant site is located in New Gummidipoondi Village. The site was observed to be devoid of trees, except thorny shrubs. Eleven species were recorded by the quadrant method. The IVI values showed that Spinifed spp were dominant with IVI values of 112.5 and 100.5. Phoenix sylvestris and Azadirachta indica were alos observed in the area. Commonly found medicinal plants such Ocimium canum and Tridax procumbens were present with values of 24.5 and 33 respectively. Prosopis juliflora was abundant in few quadrants. The entire above tree species was young and the ground was fully covered by grass. Table 3.13 shows the list of species identified at this site.Site T1/5: Pappankuppam VillageThe dominant species found at this site were Morinda corela (IVI value 71.2). Prosopis juliflora (IVI value 104.8), Ipomea aquatica (IVI value 83.4) AND Borassus flabe;;ifer (IVI value 82.1). The cultivated species included Sesamum orientale, Mangifera indica and Ricinus communis. Plantations of Tectona grandis and Eucalyptus spp were commonly found at this site. Site TII/5: Athupakkam VillageMorinda coriea and Ipomea aquatica were the dominant species at this site with an IVI value of 91.5 and 96.1 respectively. The cultivated species included Oriza sativa, Sesamum orientale, Arachis hypogea etc. Thirty-seven plant species were recorded at this site. The trees found at this site included Ficus spp, Tamarindus indica, Phoenix sylvestris, Borassus flabellifer and Cocos nucifera, Tectona grandis and Eucalyptus plantations were also observed here. Site TIII/5 : Gummidipoondi-New TankThis site is located on the highway east of the level crossing. Twenty-one plant species were recorded at this site. The domainating species were Lantana camara, Prosopis julifora, Calotropis gigantean, Ipomea aquatica, and Achyranthus aspera. The common tree species were Azadirachta indica, Ficus spp, Borassus flabellifer and Acacia spp. Medicinal plants like Phyllanthus fraternus and Tridax procumbens were also commonly noticed here. Site TIV/5 : Sirupulal Pettai Village The lentic water body of this site had an abundant growth of aquatic macrophytes such as Nelumbo nucifera, Saccharum spontaneum, and other common reeds. Calotropis gigantea were commonly found along the sides of the tank. The dominant plant species included Leucas aspera and Lantana Camara.

Flora in 5-20 Km Radius of KLCPL Plant Site.

The cultivated plant species of this region included Sesamum, Tapioca, Raphanus, and Jasminum spp. The other trees, shrubs, and herbs observed in this region included Lantanacamara,Ipomea aquatica, Bambusa spp, Borassus flabellifer, Leucas aspera, Cynodon spp, Morinda corela,etc. The detailed observed at each site in this region are given below.Site TV/10 : Kanlur VillageAt Kanlur, 22 plant species were recorded. The IVI values indicate tha Ipomea aquatica (IVI value 92) and Lantana camara (IVI value 83.3) were the predominant species at this site. The other species were Morinda corela, Spinifex spp, Zizipus jujuba, Calotropis gigantea, Phoenix sylvestris, etc. The cultivated species were Pennisetum americanum and Tapioca spp.

Site TVII/10 : Natham VillageAt this site 22 species were recorded. Mimosa pudica was present in large numbers. The dominant plant species included ipomea aquatica, Lantana camara, Cynodon spp, Croton parsiflorus, Leucas aspera, Spinifex spp, and Prosopis juliflora. Site TVIII/10 : KuruvattacheriThe dominant plant species at this site included Phoenix sylvestris, Ipomea aquatica, Propopis juliflora, Leucas aspera, and Calotropis gigantea. In all 24 species were recorded.

Raunkiaer’s Frequency Class Analysis, the plant species were classified into classes A, B, C, D, and E on the basis of their frequency of occurrence at the respective sites. The number of species falling in these five categories against the total number of species is presented in Table 3.22. The percentage distribution of these species is given in Table 3.23. Higher percentage values were obtained in classes B, C, and D.

The ecological status of the vegetation was assested using the Raunkiaer’s normal frequency diagrams. These results indicate that at all 9 sites the distribution of flora species was heterogeneous.Economic Importance of Plants

• Borassus flabellifer was found at many sites. It is valuable for its use in handicrafts and for making brushes. Its fruit has a very good market value.

• The fibres of Agaves and reeds can be used for making ropes and bags.• Ricinus communis can be used for the extraction of castor oil from its seeds.• The various species of Acacia have their own timber value.

Vegetation Analysis

The analysis of the results of vegetation in the entire 10 Km radius of the KLCPL plant site indicated that there was an anundance of plant community in the entire area and its distribution was heterogeneous.The vegetation pattern in 5Km radius was different from that found in the 5-10 Km region. The presence of dry deciduous floral species in the region indicated that the study aea had low soil fertility. The availability of water was good, but because of the sandy loam texture of the soil, the water holding capacity of the soil is low. This was conspicuous due to the presence of Spinifex spp and other thorny shrubs. These results were well supported by the IVI values and the Raunkiaer’s frequency tables.

Terrestrial Fauna

Rare and endangered species of terrestrial fauna were not observed at and surrounding the KLCPL plant site. The common species, which were observed, are given in this section.

The distribution of terrestrial fauna was found to be uniform in many of the villages. The dominant groups were scorpions, spiders, field rats, mabuya, calotes,etc. The following is the list of terrestrial fauna observed in the region.1. Bees 2. Ants 3. Beetles 4. Butterfly 5. Centipedes 6. Crickets 7. Damsel fly 8. Dragon fly 9. Files 10. Grasshopper 11. Lizard 12. Mabuya13. Mantis14. Millipedes15. Rabbits16. Rats17. Scorpion18. SnakesAquatic Flora-FaunaA. PlanktonThe term plankton refers to unattached organisms that are dispersed individually or in colonies in water. Phytoplanktons are lower group of the plant kingdom and zooplankton is lower order animals. The presence or absence of plankton is very specific for a particulate environmental condition. Plankton is therefore considered to be excellent indicators of environmental quality.As mentioned earlier, lentic water bodies were found at seven of the nine locations selected for flora-fauna studies in an area of 10 km radius of the KLCPL Plant site.A total of 17 species of plankton were identified from the concentrated water samples. The numbers of individual species were calculated using Sedewick Rafter Cell and the total number of species was calculated. The species diversity was computed as per SWI methods. The site-wise details are furnished belowThese results indicate that all lentic water bodies were moderately polluted.

Code Quadrant Location SWI Quality of water.

D1/1 T1/5 Papankuppam 2.7 Moderately pollutedD1/2 TII/5 Gummidipoondi 2.85 Moderately pollutedD1/3 TIII/5 Athupakkam 2.25 Moderately pollutedD1/4 TIV/5 Sirupulal pettai 2.67 Moderately pollutedD1/6 TV/5 Kanlur 2.10 Moderately pollutedD1/7 TVII/5 Kuruvattacheri 2.24 Moderately pollutedb. Other Aquatic Species

The other organisms observed in the lentic water systems are listed below.

Oscillatoria , Zygenem, Oedogonuim,Nostoc,Anaebaena,Spirogyra,Duckweed,Salvinia,HydraInsect Larvae,Egg Cases of Lymnea and Planorbis,Tilapia,Water snake,Nepa Rantra,GeriusCybister,Planorbis,Streptocephalus,Ophiocephalus,Tubiflex,Chiranomous Larvae,Dragon Fly numphs and larvae,Mosquito larvae and pupae,Back swimmer,LymneaAvi FaunaThe ecological balance and inter-relationships can be well understood by studying the Avi fauna. A good distribution of birds was observed in the study area. A total of 33 bird species were identified at 9 field monitoring stations.The occurance of birds at various locations largely depends on the site characteristics. A study of birds surrounding the SA&PPL plant site revealed that there was a very good relationship between the birds and their habitat along with their characteristic vegetation. A good ecological balance could be noticed among the various species of birds found in the study area. The list of birds observed in the study area is listed below.Babbler-common Kite-common pariahBarbet CB Copper smith Kite – brahminiBee eater – Small green King fisher – white breastedBulbul – Red vented KoelCormorant – little Myna – brahminiCrow – house Myna – IndianCrow – jungle Owlet – commonDover – spotted Palm swiftDrongo – black Parakeet – rose ringedEgret - little Partridge – greyEgret – Large Pond heronHoopoe Robin – IndianSand piper – common Roller – BluejayStilt – black winged Sparrow – houseSun bird Shrike – common woodSwallow - common Warbler – AshywrenTree pie3.11 Socio-Economic EnvironmentThe KLCPL plant site is located at Gummidipoondi village of Tiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu.Demographic FeaturesThe area within the first 10 km radius of the site falls mostly in Gummidipoondi Taluk. The village-wise description of demographic features is given in Table 3.25. The populated of the area according to eh 2001 census was 3,72,057, out of which 1,87,777 (50.5%) were males and 1,84,291 (49.5%)were females. Among the total population,31% belonged to the scheduled castes (SC) and 3% belonged to the scheduled tribes (ST). Literacy rate was poor (about 41%).Amenities Data on existing amenities in the villages surrounding the KLCPL plant site are given Village wise in Table 3.26. These datas were collected from the 2001 census record of the NIC, Chennai and Hyderabad. Wherever data was not available from 2001 census, they were collected from 1991 census reports. It can be seen from Table 3.25 that Gummidipoondi has relatively better amenities. Gummidipoondi Taluk has good facilities for primary education, while facilities for higher education viz., Engineering College/Technical College is also available. The nearest medical college is located at Chennai, about 45 km from Gummidipoondi. Most of the villages in the Gummidipoondi Taluk surrounding the KLCPL plant site have primary medical facilities (community health center).

Gummidipoondi Taluk has potable drinking water, mostly from dug wells. Tube wells, hand pumps, tap water, and tank water are the other sources of drinking water. Some groundwater samples at and surrounding KLCPL plant site were found to be contaminated with fecal matter, as indicated by relatively higher levels of coliform organisms.The communication system of the region is moderately good. Kuchca as well as Pucca roads connect all Taluks. Bus is the main mode of public transport, other than rail transport. Good post and telegraph services are available in Gummidipoondi. Power supply is available in all villages of Gummidipoondi Taulk for all purposes.Recreational facilities such as cinema halls, stadia, community halls, auditoria, and public libraries do nor exist in this Taluk. These facilities however, are available in nearby towns and cities.Occuptional PatternThe occupational pattern in villages surrounding the KLCPL plant site is shown in Fig 3.9, which shows the percentage distribution of the population based on the categories of workers. A majority (55%) of the population in the villages surrounding the plant site belongs to the non-workers category, 2% is marginal workers, and the remaining 43% are main workers.The occupational pattern of main workers is depicted in Fig.3.9. About 55% of the main workers are engaged in agricultural labour (Category II), and about 23% are cultivators (Category I). Thus more than three fourths of the populations in the region is engaged in agriculture, which is the main occupation in the area. Each of the other categories of main workers represents less than 5.5% of the total main workers’ population.IndustriesProposed KLCPL plant site is located opposite 63.75 MW Power Plant of M/s. TCP Ltd and near to the SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Gummidipoondi. The SIPCOT complex houses 214 industrial units and 50 SIDCO sheds in an area of 1430 ha. Most of these industries are small-scale engineering units.Places of Historical and Cultural ImportanceThe area around KLCPL plant site has few monuments of historical and cultural importance.4.1 IntroductionPrediction is the process of determining the nature and extent of the environment changes that will result from a proposed activity.Prediction is a crucial element in the procedure of EIA. The predicated values for environmental variables from the objectives basis for the assessment of the environmental feasibility of the proposed activity, for the judgment of alternatives and for the evaluation of the effectiveness of mitigating measures.4.2 Identification of ImpactsThe identification of impacts started with the collection and analysis of the basic data on the project, and on the environment as far as it is likely to be affected.4.2.1 Environmental CharacteristicsThe collections & analysis of environmental data served to obtain the description of the baseline conditions, which formed the basis for understanding the system that is dealt with in the present case. Apart from present conditions, attention was also paid to the development of area under consideration without the project, since this may change the conditions dramatically. The reference for the prediction of impacts of the proposed project will be this future situation resulting from autonomous development.4.2.2 Sources of ImpactsThe data on the project was collected, and form these were derived the ultimate sources of impact. As this forms the vital source of impact prediction, a careful consideration of the project activities and component activities were undertaken.

All the phases of the project viz. planning, preparation, construction, operation and post operation phases were taken into account since each phase had its own component activities and hence specific sources of impact.Furthermore it was considered that environmental impacts not only did comprise of emissions, but also physical changes, such as changes in circulation patterns and residence times, changes in surface morphology, infiltration or extraction of water and physical disturbance of soil and bottom surface.The following table summarizes the potential sources of impact on the atmosphere, surface waters, soil and ground water, biota, landscape, noise and human health and welfare.SOURCE OF POLLUTION AND ITS IMPACTS ON VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Source Of PollutionCauses of Impact

AtmospherePlant operation & Fugitive emissions SPM

Ground WaterRaw water consumption for domestic & cooling Change in water

Management (extraction of fresh water and discharge of treated water)

Discharge of treated domestic waste water Water pollution & cooling water blow down.

NoiseIndustrial Sources & Road traffic Emission of sound into

environment.

LandscapeConstruction of building, roads, etc. physical disturbance of Change in soil & ground level the environment.Chemical, Physical & Mic.biological changes change in the quality ofIn the quality of air , water and soil environment.

Human health & welfare

Chemical, Physical & Mic.biological Change in environmental Changes in the quality of air, water soil etc. quality & physical

disturbance (visual nuisance, noise, nuisance food quality, air quality etc.

4.3 Prediction of Impacts4.3.1 Introduction

A preliminary assessment of predicted impacts was executed to identify the importance of all direct, indirect and higher-order potential effects. Only certain identified potential effects were analysed in detail.A detailed, quantitative prediction of impacts were confined to impacts

• Likely to conflict actual and potential use of the environment;• Likely to be controversial; and• Likely to establish precedent for further development.

4.3.2 Air EnvironmentThe following effects required prediction

• Emissions of substances into air;• Changes in concentration of substances in air; and• Effects of deposited substance on soils, water, material & vegetation.

Emission of substances into air was available from the data. The various sources of emission, their quantum, characteristics etc., are as presented in Table 4.2.Stack Characteristics

Stack No 1 2 3Material of Construction

M.S M.S M.S

Stack attached to Induction Furnace-I

Re-HeatingFurnace

D.G. Set500 KVA

Stack height Above the ground level, in m

30.0 15.0 9.0

Stack top Round or Circular

Circular Circular Circular

Inside dimensions of the stack at top, mm

600 450 150

Gas quantity-m3/hr 20000 8000 1500Flue gas temperature, 0C

90 90 300

Exit velocity of the gas, m/s

19.65 12 30.86

Emission concentration(mg/cu.m) SO2, NOx SPM

--------143

------------

452167

4.3.2.1 Model used for predictionIndustrial Sources Complex Short Term (ISCST3) model by USEPA was used for carrying using our the prediction of maximum concentrations, the direction and the distance of its occurrence from the project site.4.3.2.2The stack details used for prediction are as earlier given in Table 4.2. For meteorological data, the data recorded at the continuous weather monitoring station on wind speed, direction and temperature at one hourly intervals starting from Jan-Fab2008 has been used.The mixing heights considered for modeling is given in Table 4.3.

Mixing heights considered for computations:

TABLE : 4.3

Stability class Mixing height (in m)

A 1300 B & C 900 D 750 E & F 400

4.3.2.2 Results and DiscussionThe results obtained are tabulated in Table 4.4. The results show that the maximum 24 hr concentration occurs at a distance of 700 m in the Northern direction. As on date no sensitive receptors are located at the point of maximum concentration.Table : 4.4. Maximum predicted 24 Hours ground level Concentration.

Pollutant Max.Predicted Background Overall conc. Dis. Direc. Regulatory Con.mic./Ncum Con.mic./Ncum mic./Ncu.m M Standards

SPM 3.1 160.0 166.0 700 N 500

Prediction of Impact on Surface and Ground HydrologyChanged in hydraulics and hydrological conditions comprise changes in flow, in current velocity, and direction, in water level & volume, and overall changes in the water balance of an area.At KLCPL the major source of water requirement is only for cooling purpose. For this KLCPL has proposed a closed loop re-circulating system, and hence would need to only make-up losses on a daily basis. The daily make-up eater requirement will be 15.00 cu.m/day. This will thus result in minimum drawl of ground water, and hence will not have any impact compared to the draft available at Gummidipoondi.Changes in water quality are basically caused by discharge of substances like BOD, nutrients, heat (cooling water) & micro-organisms (sewage). Transport phenomena (e.g. dilution) and physical, chemical and biological processes further influence the resultant water quality.However, in the present case, i.e., KLCPL the source of wastewater generated are domestic wastewater and Cooling Water Blowdown. The cooling water blow down is directly used for green belt development, whereas domestic sewage is treated in Septic Tank to the limits as specified by TNPCB/CPCB. This wastewater from septic tank is dispersed in the under ground strata for green belt development. This will thus result in insignificant impact due to wastewater discharge.4.4 Prediction of Impact on soilOne of the activities with large potential effects on soil and groundwater is the disposal of waste on land and in landfill sites. When waste material is disposed off on land, rainwater and surface run-off may percolate through the material and carry contaminate into soil and groundwater. Change in soil surface and soil properties may have impacts on soil microorganisms, natural and cultivated plants and animals, the visual landscape and amenity and on buildings and other constructions.However, KLCPL will only generated slag as solid wastes which is inert and doesn’t leached, and the quantity will be about 10 T/day . This slag will be sold out to the Cement Manufacturers / Road making & filling low-lying areas. Hence the impact on the soil environment due to solid waste disposal is Nil.

The organic sludge generated in the “Sewage Treatment Plant” is used as manure for green belt development.4.5 Prediction of Impact on BiotaNot only the first order effects, the effect of physical disturbance on plants, animals and their habitats but also – or even more- the higher order effects requires prediction.

• Effects of environmental contamination on plants & animals;• Effects of removal or disturbance on population and on productivity and

composition of plant and animal communities.The loss of individuals from different species and of habitats as a result of the removal of plants, animals by occupation of land and all types of building activities can simply be predicted by surveying the existing populations or habitats in the affected area. Expert advice was sought on most purposes including predicting the effects of disturbance.It must be recognized that the biotic environment cannot always be adequately described using simply objective data (size, number of species), the decision-makers may need some indication of its value or importance. To describe the change in value before and after implementation of the proposed activity value indices required species.

• Rarity of the habitat or of individual species• Diversity• Extent• Degree of human intrusion• Threat• Research & education value• Presence of indicator species

In the present case, KLCPL proposed its unit in an un-classified area by DTCP (to be converted to industrial area) near to existing SIPCOT Industrial complex, and hence will not impede or disturb any existing biota. There is already a full-fledged 63.75 MV Thermal Power Plant opposite to its proposed site. More-over there is no endangered flora & fauna existing in the region. Further, the emissions generated by KLCPL consist of only dust, which are collected in a high efficiency bag filter and only clean air is let through the stack. 4.6 Prediction of Impact on NoiseDuring implementation, construction equipment including concrete mixers, generators, vibrators and vehicles will be the major noise sources. Most of the construction activities are expected to produce noise level of less than 90 d B (A) at one meter distance from the source. The noise generated from various sources will be intermittent and is expected to be of short duration.During operations, Blowers, Compressors, dust collectors and Rollers will be main noise sources. The noise level within the plant building at a distance of one mere from the source will be maintained at less than 90dB(A), and in most instances will be within the exposure levels of OSHA.The ambient noise levels at plant boundary will less than the permissible levels by development of green belt, which will result in absorbing 50% of the noise.4.7 Prediction of Impact on LandscapeLandscape can be seen as comprising a number of different aspects, which may affect an activity. These include visual aspects (the appearance and visibility of particular landscape features), cultural and historic aspects (the existence of man-made features of cultural and/or historic importance), physical composition (topography, location of rivers etc.) and landscape ecology (the complex of all living and inanimate items and attributes of the landscape and the interactions between them). In addition, amenity, mans perception of his surroundings may be affected directly or through changes in the different landscape aspects.

Following effects were considered of prediction

• Effects of physical disturbance or environmental pollution on landscape features and characteristics;

• Effects of changes in landscape features and characteristics upon visual aspects, cultural historic aspects and landscape ecology; and

• An effect of changes in landscape features, characteristics, or aspects mentioned before upon amenity.

Changes in landscape features (I.e. individual elements within the landscape, collections of elements within the landscape, collections of elements and characteristics) can be predicted by simply defining the area, which will be affected, and surveying the distribution of existing features within this area. The area in which will be affected and surveying the distribution of existing features within this area. The area in which direct effects occur is generally ascertained from the plans or designs of the proposed activity. Information of the removal or addition of landscaper features directly due to the activity is also generally available from these plans. However, outside the immediate boundary of a site important indirect effect may occur, in which case, a larger area is considered.The visual appearance of the environment is predicted using sketches & photographs.The visual, cultural or ecological quality of the landscape (in the present situation and in the situation after implementation of the proposed activity) is described using landscape value indices, such as

• Number or extent of specified features;• Rarity;• Diversity;• Intactness;• Age;• Naturalness, degree of human intrusion;• Rurality;• Buffering capacity of landscape ecological structures;• Historical-geographical information value; and• Scientific & educational meaning.

KLCPL has proposed its facility in an area exclusively earmarked to be as industrial area, and thus impact on the existing landscape will be negligible.4.8 Prediction of Impact on Human Health & WelfareRisks to human health arise in the first place from major accidents. KLCPL will be an activity, which does not envisage accident of a major nature, however any semblance of accident that could occur is restricted to its shop floor. Even in the shop floor KLCPL will have sufficient precautions inbuilt to prevent any accidents from occurring.Changes in air water soil and food quality, changes in sound levels, changes in microorganisms and vectors causing or carrying disease, and changes in human welfare will eventually have effect on human health. Although the literature on human health effects is very extensive and some dose-effect information is available from toxicological and epidemiological studies, no formal methods to predict these effects have yet been developed.The proposed unit of KLCPL will result to a large extent in positive impacts. The proposed unit of the KLCPL shall lead to positive impact on Community Structure, Employment and Economy. The proposed unit will only have negligible impact on physio-chemical and biological environment, which calls for Environment Management Plan.

5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANK.L. CONCAST PVT LTD., has proposed to take care of its surrounding environment by following proper technology to minimize resource depletion and pollution. KLCPL has not only proposed to install state of art technology but will also adopt good Environmental Management System in order to make optimum utilization of the facility. The highlight of various EMP measures are enumerated below:In order to mitigate the adverse impacts of the project, Environment Management plan (EMP) is delineated for each environmental protection measures during and after commissioning of the proposed project. The EMP is delineated to be dealt with in the following phases:

Construction Phase Operational Phase

5.2 Construction PhaseThe proposed project of KLCPL is located in an un-classified area opposite the existing 63.75 MW Thermal Power Plant of TCP Ltd and near the SIPCOT Industrial complex. The topography of the plant site is plain, and no cutting of trees is anticipated.Environmental Management During Construction PhaseThe proposed project does not involve any Grading Operations, and hence no dust will be generated. However, requisite measures are proposed to control any stray dust by sprinkling of water.AirThe roads in the plant premises will be black topped. However, sprinkling of water will control any trace of dust generated.Sanitation It is proposed to provide proper and sufficient sanitation facilities at the site during construction phase to maintain adequate hygienic conditions. These facilities are proposed to be connected to well designed, and maintained septic tanks to avoid any adverse impact.NoiseThe community impact due to noise during construction phase will be negligible, since the plant is located in an Industrial area devoid of any major settlements nearby. However, onsite workers exposed to excessive noise will be provided with noise protection devices like earplugs, earmuffs etc.Construction Equipment and WasteIt is proposed to maintain the vehicles properly to minimize exhaust emissions from the gasoline or diesel powered construction vehicles. It is also proposed to locate the vehicle maintenance area in such a manner as to prevent contamination of ground water by accidental spillage of oil etc. It is proposed to prohibit unauthorized dumping of oily waste etc, and to burn these oily waste in a controlled manner as composite waste.Storage of Hazardous MaterialThe following hazardous material are anticipated to be stored at the site during construction:

1. Petroleum spirit2. Diesel and Lubrication oil3. LPG and Other compressed gases4. Paint materials

It is proposed to store these materials as per prescribed international safety standards. Site SecurityA construction site may form a potentially hazardous environment. Hence to ensure that the workers are not exposed to these hazards, the site is proposed to be properly fenced.

Land EnvironmentKLCPL has proposed to provide fuel to the construction workers to prevent damage to the environment especially to nearby vegetation and trees.

5.3 Post Project operationsThe main sources of air, water, and noise pollution from the proposed project of KLCPL would be

A. Fugitive Dusti. Movement of Trucks carrying Raw Materials and also during transportation of

finished products.

B. Gaseous emission due to i. Melting of scrap in Electric Induction Furnace.ii. Use of D.G. Set during grid failure.

C. Noise emission due to i. Operations of Equipments ii. Operation of D.G. Sets

D. Waste water dischargesi. Domestic effluentsii. Cooling Water blow down

An effective EMP with advanced technologies to minimize environmental pollution, to effectively recover and reuse vital raw materials, to maintain a clean ambience form the crux of corporate policy adopted by KLCPL. The highlight of various EMP measures is enumerated below.In plant Control Measures

- Installation of Cyclone / Bag Filter, Scrubber for the flue gas from Electric Induction Furnace.

- Proper industrial ventilation followed by air pollution control equipment will abate air pollution.

- The highlight of the proposed plant is the use of producer gas in reheating furnace, which is most environment friendly.

- Proper maintenance of machine will abate noise generation- Total prevention of raw material wastage

II. Offsite Control Measures- Green belt development to mitigate air Pollution, and attenuate noise - Follow proper architectural principles to avoid visual pollution.- Proper maintenance of vehicles to control emissions from exhaust gas

Air EnvironmentThe ambient air quality monitoring and prediction of GLC for different averaging times depict that 24 hrs/avg, SPM remain within the permissible limits of CPCB. The proposed Unit will not contribute significantly to the existing levels of SPM. The following plan shall help in long-term mitigation planning of the region.Stack EmissionsIt has been established that any industry attracts stringent air pollution abatement system in order to achieve the stipulated standards. As discussed earlier proposed manufacturing facility of KLCPL in New Gummidipoondi will have adequate air pollution control equipments as detailed below, and more-over use of producer gas in the reheating furnace instead of oil will to a large extent abate any impact.

Following is the detailed list of pollution control instruments proposed to be installed

Sl.No. Source of Pollution Process of pollution Pollutant Control measures

1 Electric Furnace Melting of scrap SPM & RSPM Cyclone Separator/Bag Filler/Wet Scrubber/Stack

2 Re-heating furnace Produced gas ---- Wet scrubber Stack

3 D.G. set HSD SO2, NOx, StackSPM

Fugitive EmissionsTo control fugitive emissions from the proposed plant, the following measures are proposed.

• Proper maintenance and tarring of roads inside the factory.• Plugging all leakages and enclosing the storage and material handling areas to prevent

loose material from becoming air borne. Alternatively storage piles are proposed to be covered/enclosed by providing green curtain/green belt and chem. Jet spray system to prevent the lifting up of fine dust

• Preventive maintenance of valves and other equipments.• Covered conveyer belt system to prevent the material fines from becoming air borne.• Implementation of recommendations on Green belt on all sides within the project

boundary, and community plantation around the unit with help of local area development authorities, will help in attenuating the fugitive emissions of pollutants from the unit. Green belt zones will also be created within the plant premises.

• Ambient air quality and stack/fugitive emissions proposed to be monitored regularly.• Inplant training will be provided to the plant personnel on operation and maintenance of

dust collectors, techniques of dust emission measurements, particle size analysis etc.• Subsequent operation and maintenance of pollution control system is proposed to contain

the emissions/keeps them within the CPCB limits.• A good house keeping consisting of simple, obvious task of cleaning up spills, removing

accumulations around processing equipment and in general keeping things neat and clean will form a part of normal operation and maintenance procedure

Suggested control measures for arresting fugitive dust emissions along with the envisaged pollution control equipment are adequate and will help to have a healthy and cleaner environment inside the plant thereby improve the productivity and the efficiency of the workers as well as that of plant/machinery.

Noise EmissionsIn general following measures will be taken to control noise to level within the permissible limit at the boundary of plant.

i. Noise generating sources and their platforms would be maintained properly to minimize noise and vibration.

ii. Attempts would be made to restrict high noise operation viz., restarting after shutdown etc. during day time to reduce community annoyance.

iii. Control cabins of compressors and D.G. set area would be made sound-proof.iv. Automatic door closures would be provided for control cabins and plant laboratories.v. Walls & ceilings of the plant will be lined with sound absorbing material; where required.vi. The vent valves will be equipped with silencers/mufflers.vii. Ear muffs / plugs would be provided for personnel working near the noisy machines.viii. Noise barriers would be provided in the form of trees in green belt area.ix. Training would be imparted to plant personnel to generate awareness about damaging

effects of noise.In addition to proper maintenance of the equipment, construction of 3 meter high compound wall and development of thick green belt will absorb more than 50% of the noise generated and hence abate any impact on the community.Water EnvironmentThe raw water requirement for the operation of the proposed plant will be as follows.Apart from this about 10 cu.m/day water will be required for domestic purposes.The following Management plan is proposed:

Description Quantity, KLDInduction furnace coil cooling 10Concast Machine cooling 4Re-Rolling Mill 6Total cooling water make up 15Domestic purpose 15Total water requirement 50

The domestic wastewater, after treatment in Septic Tank sewage treatment plant to be provided and the treated water used for Green Belt Development.The cooling water system will be a closed loop recirculating system.The cooling water blow down will be used for green belt development.

Land Environmenti. The selected tree species would be planted in the area after considering attenuation

factors for air pollutants. These tree species of native origin would be planted in 3 staggering rows all round the plant site.

ii. Desirable beautification and land-scaping practices would be followed.iii. Efficient soil conservation, irrigation management, would be advocated in and around the

plant site.iv. Solids waste that will be generated in the plant operations of KLCPL is slag, which is

inert and does not leached but finds extensive use in slag cement, road making & filling low lying area.

Green Belt DevelopmentGreen belt around the proposed site would be grown in 3-rows along boundary and in a unit of this nature, width required will be 10 meters. Hence, a 10 m green belt will improve the aesthetic of the area considerably.

Since the prevailing wind direction is widely distributed, it is proposed to have green belt all around the site. It is also proposed to grow lawns and shrub on the spaces available between

the units to arrest fugitive emissions and attenuate noise. The locations inside the unit, which can be given a green cover for arresting fugitive emission are:

All along the boundary wallAround raw water storage tankBoth sides of approach roads

Local area development authorities would be approached for adopting tree plantation scheme in more than two rows on both sides of all major roads & approach roads within industrial complex and avenue tree plantation around the industrial units. All around and inside the boundary wall, tall trees with height more than 10 m would be planted. Climate and other factors essential for plant growth are suitable in this region.Choice of species for middle/Centre line will be made from following species.Pterospermum acerifoliumDalbegia sissooSyzygium cuminiTerminalia arjuneCasurina equistifoliaPolyalthia longifolia

Choice of species for edge or corner lines will be made from the following species:Cassia fistulaPongamia pinnatePlumeria albaFius elasticaEnga dulceAcacia auriculiformisCassis seameeLeucaene tencsephaleAcacia hipoticeHibiscus speciesSocio-Economic EnvironmentEnvironment Management Plan is prepared to mitigate the adverse impacts and to ensure that the maximum benefits are achieved without hampering the environment quality and also without deteriorating Quality of Life of the people in the area. The measures suggested for an effective EMP are:

Local people should be given opportunity for setting up auxiliary and ancillary industries. Subsidy or loans at lower interest rates.There should be provision of vocational training for the youth and womenInfrastructure facilities should be provided in the nearby village, which have these facilities in an inadequate proportionSome schemes for better water supply should be introducedMedical facilities in the area are very poor. As such health camps for general health, eye check up, family planning awareness etc. Should also be encouraged as an income avenue for the local peopleThe youths (from land losers families especially) should be trained in skilled jobs in the industries.Vocational training for the youth and women in general should be provided

It is expected that implementation of aforementioned measures would definitely help mitigating the adverse impacts as well as achieving the desire results.

Most of the villages (as per 2001 census) are not approachable by pacca roads, this needs to be considered while planning social programmers.

Increased traffic due to increased production and delivery may lead to traffic congestion and accidents. A good vehicular flow plan needs to be worked out to

avoid such situations5.4 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE OF MITIGATION MEASURES

The mitigation measures suggested above would be implemented so as to reduce the impact on environment due to operations of the proposed unit. In order to facilitate easy implementation, mitigation measures are phased as per the priorityImplementation schedule

Sl.No. Recommendations Time Requirement(months)

01) Air Pollution Control measures Before commissioning of respective unit.02) Water Pollution Control Before commissioning of the plant.

measures

03) Noise control measures Along with the commissioning of the plant.04) Ecological preservation and Stage wise implementation. upgradation including green belt development.

Cost of Environmental Management PlanBelow is the break-up of amount proposed for environmental management.

Sl.No. Description Amount

01) Air pollution control devices for 35.00 lakhs (melting furnace and rolling mill)02) Sewage treatment plant 10.00 lakhs

03) Safety equipment for staffs 5.00 Lakhs

TOTAL 50.00 Lakhs

5.5 Post Project MonitoringNeed for MonitoringIt is imperative that the Project Authorities set up regular monitoring stations to assess the ambient levels in relevant areas of environment after the commissioning of the proposed plant.A post project monitoring programme is important as it provides useful information on the following aspects:

i. It helps to verify the predictions on environmental impacts presented in this study

ii. It helps to indicate warnings of the development of any alarming environmental situations, and thus, provides opportunities for adopting appropriate control measures.

The monitoring programme in different areas of environment, outlines in the next few sections, have been based on the findings of the impact assessment studies, described earlier.

MeteorologyMeteorology forms one of the important categories of environment in the area as it directly controls the levels of air quality parameters as well as affecting the water quality of surface water bodies. As such, a metrological observatory is proposed to be set up at a suitable location within the plant premises. The observatory would house equipments for monitoring of temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, atmospheric pressure as well as wind speed and wind direction. Equipments of continuous recording type, now available indigenously, would be preferred which would lessen manpower requirements. The monitoring would be carried out on daily basis.Ambient Air Quality

Monitoring of ambient air quality around the project site should be carried out on a regular

basis to ascertain the levels of harmful pollutants in the atmosphere, as air quality could

represent one of the worst affected environmental disciples due to the plant operations.

Monitoring should be undertaken at a frequency of twice a week with minimum 104 measures in a

year kaen 24-hourly at uniform intervals. The samples should be analysed for SPM,SO2, NOX ,

CO and RSPM (respirable suspended particulate matter)

Stack Emission

Stack emission should also be monitored, preferably at a frequency of once a fortnight,

particularly to ascertain that SPM and emissions are within the design levels. SO2 and NOX

should also be monitored in order to determine that emission level correlate with the

anticipated or design data. Sampling techniques appropriate for stack monitoring should be

employed with the monitoring being undertaken during all three shifts of operation at peak load.

Ground Water Quality and Water Tables

Water quality constitutes another important area in the post project-monitoring programme.

The water quality should be carefully monitored at a frequency of once a month and the samples

should be analysed for physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters. The samples should

also be tested for the presence of heavy metals and toxic constituents at a frequency of once in

three months.

Soils

Soil samples should be collected and analysed at all air monitoring station.

Terrestrial Ecology

Crop samples close to the air quality monitoring stations may be collected, once in three years,

during the pre monsoon and post monsoon seasons of the same year and examined for any injury

symptoms due to fallout of air pollutions.

Noise

Ambient noise levels should be monitored at 8 stations covering industrial, commercial,

residential and sensitive areas at a frequency of once every season, in order to compare the

existing noise level with the stipulated limits specified in the Gazette Notification of December

POST STUDY MONITORING PROGRAMME

Particulars No. & location Frequency of Important monitoringOf sample sampling Parameters

STACK MONIORINGStack Duct Once in 15 SPM,SO2, & NOx

days

AAQLocations specified 8 location twice a week SPM,RSPM,SO2,by TNPCBoard. Days. For 24 hrs NOX,CO,HC

period or PCB

Industrial/DomesticSurface water 1 No. Once in 3 Physical,Chemical &

A month Biochemical parameters

Water quality in the Study area

Ground water 7 stations Once in 3 Physical,Chemcial, BioMonths Chemical & Heavy metals

Noise LevelLocations within 8 stations Once in Ambient Sound levelplant premises month every month Leq values)

intervelSoil QualitySoils At the plant site Once in Physical, chemical,

And from close to every 3 Cat, ion exchange value the air quality months. Permeability, heavy

monitoring metals. stations.

5.6 Environmental Management CellA three member environmental cell will be responsible for all the issues of environment viz.,

Liasoning; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Training & Awareness; Maintenance of Pollution abatement equipments; Maintenance of green belt; Implementation of Environmental Management System; and Upgrading applicable environmental information with respect to manufacturing

facility.

The cell would be responsible for all the aforesaid tasks upon operation.

STORM WATER DISCHARGEStrom water can carry silt and other pollutants and contaminate surrounding environment if not managed properly. The site will have adequately designed storm water drains. Silt etc. will be captured before discharge outside the premises. Rain water harvesting will be carried out within the premises.The total amount of water that is received in the form of rainfall over an area is called the rainwater of that area. Out of this, the amount that can be effectively harvested is called the water harvesting potential. Consider a bui lding with a flat terrace area of 100 sq. m. The average annual rainfall in Chennai is approximately 300 mm Max. (12 inches) . In simple terms, this means that if the terrace floor is assumed to be impermeable, and al l the rain that falls in it is retained without evaporation.

Area of plot = 100 sq. m Height of rainfall = 0.3 (300 mm or 12 inches )Volume of rainfall = Area of plot x Height of rainfallOver the plot = 100 sq. m. x 0.3 m

= 30 cu. m. ( 30,000 litres )Assuming more than 50 % of the total rainfall is effectively harvested.Recharging groundwater aquifersVarious kinds of recharging structures are possible which can ensure that rainwater percolates in the ground instead of draining away from the surface. While some structures promote the percolation of water through soil strata at shallower depth (e.g., recharge trenches, permeable pavements), others conduct water to greater depth from where it joins the groundwater (e.g., recharge wells).At many locations, existing features l ike wells , pits and tanks can be modified to be used as recharge structures, el iminating the need to construct any structures afresh.

Good housekeeping in the above areas. Conducting routine inspections to ensure cleanliness Secondary containment in fuel/oil storage facilities Provision of silt traps and oil grease traps in storm water drains

Regular inspection and cleaning of storm drains.

6. RESULT & CONCLUSIOINSEnvironmental impact statement is delineated for the following five basic environmental components that are like to be affected or benefited due to the proposed project.

Air EnvironmentNoise EnvironmentWater EnvironmentLand & Biological EnvironmentSocio-economic environment.

AIR ENVIRONMENTStatus of the ambient air quality during construction is limited to dust emission of fugitive nature.Impact scenario of air component due to the emission from the proposed project is marginal. The predicted concentrations are well within the standards prescribed by CPCB. The small amounts of air pollutants emanating from the plant will be controlled by appropriate mitigation measures. Vegetation and human settlement in the vicinity of the project are not like to get affected. A comprehensive green belt to mitigate the impact of fugitive emissions and also

provide dense foliage through a variety of trees and shrubs. Net impact from the changed scenario of emissions (point & fugitive) due to the plant will be marginal and insignificant to cause any adverse impact on human health and vegetation in and around the area.WATER ENVIRONMENTAs already elucidated in the foregoing chapters the cooling water is a closed loop re-circulating system, and only make up water will need to be added on a daily basis. The cooling water blow down to be treated in sewage treatment plant and used for green belt along with domestic wastewater. NOISE ENVIRONMENTAs already elucidated in the foregoing chapters, noise levels of all equipments in the plant operation of KLCPL will be maintained to within the permissible limits. Moreover the noise level at the plant boundary upon the plant becoming operational will be < 75 dB(A), which is in line with the National Ambient Noise Quality Standards of CPCB. Hence the impact on the noise environment due to proposed unit of KLCPL will be negligible.LAND AND BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTThe proposed unit of KLCPL is located in a un classified area by DTCP (to be converted as Industrial Area) in New Gummidipoondi. The proposed unit upon becoming operational will result in more positive utilization of the land. The effluent air & water maintained to within permissible limits, and hence no impact is envisaged on the existing flora & fauna.Moreover, development of 10m-width green belt along the plant boundary will accrue rich bio-diversity to the existing flora and fauna, thus resulting in significant positive impact.SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAbout 200 persons will be appointed directly and many will be indirectly employed in the unit when the plant goes into operation. Indirect benefits will also accrue to a large extent around the project site. Support services in commerce, transport and ancillary workshops would further enhance employment potential.SUMMARY OF AIR QUALITY DATA

LOCATION CONCENTRATION mic.g/Ncu.m

SO2 NOx SPM HC CO

SA-1 10-16 9-11 29-98 ---- -----

SA-2 12-17 13-21 45-126 ---- -----

SA-3 11-16 14-24 39-107 ---- -----

SA-4 14-22 11-29 44-135 ---- -----

SA-5 14-21 12-31 55-154 ---- -----

SA-6 12-18 14-20 61-175 ---- -----

SA-7 14-22 15-33 53-127 ---- -----

SA-8 15-24 12-21 46-145 ---- -----