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a review−Glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites

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Review

Glass fiber-reinforced polymercomposites – a review

TP Sathishkumar, S Satheeshkumar and J Naveen

Abstract

Glass fibers reinforced polymer composites have been prepared by various manufacturing technology and are widely

used for various applications. Initially, ancient Egyptians made containers by glass fibers drawn from heat softened glass.

Continues glass fibers were first manufactured in the 1930s for high-temperature electrical application. Nowadays, it has

been used in electronics, aviation and automobile application etc. Glass fibers are having excellent properties like high

strength, flexibility, stiffness and resistance to chemical harm. It may be in the form of roving’s, chopped strand, yarns,

fabrics and mats. Each type of glass fibers have unique properties and are used for various applications in the form of

polymer composites. The mechanical, tribological, thermal, water absorption and vibrational properties of various glass

fiber reinforced polymer composites were reported.

Keywords

Glass fiber, polymer composites, mechanical property, thermal behaviour, vibrational behaviour, water absorption

Introduction

Composite materials produce a combination propertiesof two or more materials that cannot be achieved byeither fiber or matrix when they are acting alone.1

Fiber-reinforced composites were successfully used formany decades for all engineering applications.2 Glassfiber-reinforced polymeric (GFRP) composites wasmost commonly used in the manufacture of compositematerials. The matrix comprised organic, polyester,thermostable, vinylester, phenolic and epoxy resins.Polyester resins are classified into bisphenolic andortho or isophtalic.3 The mechanical behaviour of afiber-reinforced composite basically depends on thefiber strength and modulus, the chemical stability,matrix strength and the interface bonding between thefiber/matrix to enable stress transfer.4 Suitable compos-itions and orientation of fibers made desired propertiesand functional characteristics of GFRP composites wasequal to steel, had higher stiffness than aluminum andthe specific gravity was one-quarter of the steel.5 Thevarious GF reinforcements like long longitudinal,woven mat, chopped fiber (distinct) and chopped matin the composites have been produced to enhance themechanical and tribological properties of the compos-ites. The properties of composites depend on the fibers

laid or laminated in the matrix during the compositespreparation.6 High cost of polymers was a limitingfactor in their use for commercial applications. Dueto that the use of fillers improved the properties ofcomposites and ulitimately reduced the cost of the prep-aration and product.7 Composite materials have widerange of industrial applications and laminated GF-reinforced composite materials are used in marineindustry and piping industries because of good envir-onmental resistance, better damage tolerance forimpact loading, high specific strength and stiffness.8

Polymeric composites were mainly utilized in aircraftindustries such as rudder, elevator, fuselage, landinggear doors, that is due to light weight, reduction ofhigher fatigue resistance in the fasteners and numberof components.9 Polyester matrix-based compositeshave been widely used in marine applications; in

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kongu Engineering College,

Erode, Tamilnadu, India

Corresponding author:

TP Sathishkumar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kongu

Engineering College, Erode, Tamilnadu, India.

Email: [email protected]

Journal of Reinforced Plastics

and Composites

2014, Vol. 33(13) 1258–1275

! The Author(s) 2014

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marine field the water absorption was an importantparameter in degradation of polymer composites.The different mechanisms were used to identify thedegradation of material such as initiation, propaga-tion, branching and termination.10 Epoxy resins havebeen widely used for above applications that havehigh chemical/corrosion resistance properties, lowshrinkage on curing. The capability to be processedunder various conditions and the high level of cross-linking epoxy resin networks led to brittle material.11

Energy dissipation of composite was important whenthey were subjected to vibration environment. Severalfactors influenced the energy dissipation of FRP com-posites such as fiber volume, fiber orientation, matrixmaterial, temperature, moisture and others like thick-ness of lamina and thickness of the composites.12 Allpolymeric composites have been temperature-depen-dent mechanical properties. The dynamic stability ofpolymer matrix composites like the storage modulusand damping factors were essential to investigatingunder cold and higher temperature.13 Four differenttechniques were used for determining the dampingbased on time domain and frequency domain meth-ods. The time domain method was considered in loga-rithmic decrement analysis and Hilbert transformanalysis. The moving block analysis and half powerbandwidth method were considered in the frequencymethod.14 In tribological applications, the compositeswere subjected to different conditions such as sliding,rubbing, rolling against other materials or againstthemselves. Load, sliding distance, duration of sliding,sliding speed and sliding conditions were consideredfor calculating the effect of tribological performance.2

Optimum wear rate and coefficient of friction wasfound for GFRP matrix with addition of fillers.15

The composite materials have been used for manytribological applications such as bearing, gears,wheels and bushes.16 The Figure 1 describes the meth-odology of the GFRP matrix composites preparationand characterization, and its application.

Classification of GF

The major classification of GFs and the physical prop-erties are shown on Figure 2. Also, the chemical com-positions of GFs in wt% are shown in Table 1. Thephysical and mechanical properties of GF are shownin Table 2.

Preparation of GFRP matrix composites

The GFRP composites were prepared by adopting vari-ous manufacturing techniques as discussed below. Thepreparations of random and woven mat GFs are shownin Figures 3 and 4.

Silicone rubber mould

Aramide et al.1 prepared the woven-mat GF-reinforced unsaturated polyester composite using sili-cone rubber mould. The mould was cleaned anddried. The mould surface was coated with releasingagent of hard wax for easy removal of composites.Initially, unsaturated polyester resin containing curingadditives was applied in the mould surface by usingbrush. The GF was placed on the resin and fullywetted. A steel roller was used to make full wetting offiber in resin. A final sealing layer of resin was pouredon the fiber. Over the period of time, the laminatedcomposite was fully hardened and it was removedfrom the mould. The hand file was used to time theedges of the cured composites plate for obtaining thefinal size. The different fiber contents (5% to 30%) wereused to prepare the composites plates.

Hand lay-up method followed by compressionmoulding

Erden et al.4 prepared the woven roving mat E-GF/unmodified and modified polyester matrix composites

Vibration behaviours of glass fiber reinforced polymer

matrix composites

Mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer

matrix composites

Preparation of glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix

composites

Environmental properties of glass fiber reinforced

polymer matrix composites

Thermal properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer

Tribological behaviours of glass fiber reinforced

polymer matrix composites

Application of glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix

composites

Figure 1. Flowchart of the GFRP matrix composites

preparation and characterization.

Sathishkumar et al. 1259



using hand lay-up technique followed by compressionmoulding at a pressure of 120 bars at room temperaturefor 120min with 37% fiber volume fraction (Vf) and3.5mm thickness of laminates.

Hot press technique

Atas et al.18 prepared the woven mat GF-reinforced epoxy composites using hot press technique.Non-orthogonal woven fabric prepared with dimen-sion of 305mm� 305mm, an orthogonal fabric was

transformed into non-orthogonal fabric by using shear-ing process with various weaving angles between filland warp. The weight ratio epoxy resin to hardenerwas 10:3. The composite panels were cured at 60�Cfor 2 h and 93�C for 4 h, during the curing process0.35MPa pressure was employed on the laminatedcomposites.

Aktas et al.19 prepared unidirectional GF-reinforcedepoxy laminates using hot press method. The 65%weight fraction of laminates fabricated in two differentstacking sequences like [0�/90�/0�/90�] and [0�/90�/

Classification glass fiber and physical properties

Classification Physical properties

A glass

C glass

Higher durability, strength and electric resistivity

D glass

E glass

AR glass

R glass

S glass

S-2 glass

Higher Corrosion resistance

Low dielectric constant

Higher strength and electrical resistivity

Alkali resistance

High strength, modulus and stability

Higher strength and acid corrosion resistance

Highest tensile strength

Figure 2. Classification and physical properties of various glass fibers.

Table 1. Chemical compositions of glass fibers in wt%.

Type (SiO2) (Al2O3) Tio2 B2o3 (CaO) (MgO) Na2O K2o Fe2o3 Ref.

E-glass 55.0 14.0 0.2 7.0 22.0 1.0 0.5 0.3 – 17

C-glass 64.6 4.1 – 5.0 13.4 3.3 9.6 0.5 –

S-glass 65.0 25.0 – – – 10.0 – – –

A-glass 67.5 3.5 – 1.5 6.5 4.5 13.5 3.0 –

D-glass 74.0 – – 22.5 – – 1.5 2.0 –

R-glass 60.0 24.0 – – 9.0 6.0 0.5 0.1 –

EGR-glass 61.0 13.0 – – 22.0 3.0 – 0.5 –

Basalt 52.0 17.2 1.0 – 8.6 5.2 5.0 1.0 5.0

1260 Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 33(13)



+45�/�45�], CY225 epoxy resin and HY225 hardenerwere mixed, the mixture and 509 g/m2 of GF compos-ition cured into hot press technique under constantpressure of 15MPa and temperature 120�C for 2 h,the fabricated composite plate thickness was 3mm.

Mixing and moulding

Gupta et al.7 prepared the discontinuous E-GF-rein-forced epoxy composites with addition of filler-likeflyash. The diameter of GF was 10 mm and cut into2.54 cm length for composite preparation. The ratioof epoxy resin and hardener mixed is around 100:10.The two different concentrations of flyash filler wereselected as 2.5 and 5% vol%, along with calcium car-bonate fillers added during the mixing of resin andhardner. Small size and spherical shape of the flyashparticles facilitate their good mixing and wetting offiber and matrix. The mould was prepared with

dimension of 154� 78� 12mm. The fiber and matrixwere transferred to the mould and that was allowed tocure at room temperature for 24 h.

Kajorncheappunngam et al.20 socked 30 cm squarelamina of E-glass fabric in the epoxy resin and wascured in between the two Teflon-coated layer of0.32 cm thickness. The roller was used to remove theexcess resin and leave for 3 days curing. The curedcomposites was post-cured 3 h at atmospheric on60�C in an oven. The resulting composite was of1.5mm thickness with 47% weight fraction.

Compression moulding

Hameed et al.11 prepared the chopped stand mat E-GF-reinforced modified epoxy composite using com-pression moulding technique with various fiber Vfs(10% to 60%). Fiber mats were cut in to size andheated in an air oven at 150�C to make it moisturefree. The hardner was mixed in epoxy resin. Pre-weighted fiber mat and resin were used to get 3mmthickness of composite. The laminates was compressedin mould and cured at 180�C for 3 h. The cured com-posite was post cured at 200�C for 2 h and then cooledslowly to room temperature for obtained finalcomposites.

Hand lay-up method followed by hydraulic press

Suresha et al.21 prepared woven mat GF-reinforcedepoxy composite using hand lay-up method. Theepoxy resin was mixed with the hardener in theweight ratio of 100:12. The resin and fibers weremixed to make 3mm thickness of sample with applica-tion of hydraulic press of 0.5MPa. The specimen wasallowed to cure for a day at room temperature. Afterde-molding, the post curing was done at 120�C for 2 husing an electrical oven. The prepared laminate size was250mm� 250mm� 3mm.

Table 2. Physical and mechanical properties of glass fiber.

Fiber

Density

(g/cm3)

Tensile

strength

GPa

Young’s

modulus

(GPa) Elongation (%)

Coefficient of

thermal expansion

(10�7/�C)

Poison’s

ratio

Refractive

index Ref.

E-glass 2.58 3.445 72.3 4.8 54 0.2 1.558 17

C-glass 2.52 3.310 68.9 4.8 63 – 1.533

S2-glass 2.46 4.890 86.9 5.7 16 0.22 1.521

A-glass 2.44 3.310 68.9 4.8 73 – 1.538

D-glass 2.11–2.14 2.415 51.7 4.6 25 – 1.465

R-glass 2.54 4.135 85.5 4.8 33 – 1.546

EGR-glass 2.72 3.445 80.3 4.8 59 – 1.579

AR glass 2.70 3.241 73.1 4.4 65 – 1.562

Figure 3. Preparation of glass fiber woven mat.




Dry hand lay-up method

Suresha et al.22 prepared the woven fabric GF-reinforced vinyl ester composites using dry handlay-up technique and the individual fiber diameterwas 8–12 mm. The resin was mixed into Methyl ethylketone peroxide (MEKP) as catalyst, cobalt naphtha-nate as accelerator and, N-dimethyl aniline as promoterused, vinyl ester resin, cobalt naphthanate and MEKPwere mixed the weight ratio of 1: 0.015: 0.015. Twodifferent fillers are mixed into resin such as 50 mm ofgraphite and 25 mm size of silicon carbide (SiC), Thewoven mat stacking one above other and the mixureof resin spreaded over the fabrics by dry hand lay-upmoulding, and the whole die assembly compressed atconstant pressure 0.5MPa of by using hydraulic press.The prepared slabs size was 250mm� 250mm� 3mm.

H-type press

Mohan et al.23 prepared oil cake-filled woven fabricGF-reinforced epoxy composites with the individualfiber diameter 18 mm. The magnetic stirrer was usedto mix the epoxy resin and hardner with the weightratio of 100:38. Above the prepared mat the resin mix-ture was applied using roller and brush and the lamin-ate was cured under the pressure of 0.0965MPafor 24 h by using h-type press, after the moulding pro-cess the post curing was conducted at 100�C for 3 h.The prepared laminated size was 300mm� 300mm� 9 2.6mm.

Mechanical properties of GFRP matrixcomposites

Aramide et al.1 investigated the mechanical propertiesof woven-mat GF-reinforced unsaturated polyester

composite with different fiber Vfs like 5, 10, 15, 20, 25and 30%. The tensile strength, Young’s modulus andelastic strain increased with increase of the GF Vf.Impact strength decreased with increase of the GF Vf

of 25%. The maximum tensile and flexural propertieswere found at 30% Vf of GF as shown in Table 3. Themaximum strain was found at 25% Vf.

Erden et al.4 investigated the mechanical behaviourof woven roving E-GF-reinforced unsaturated polyes-ter composites with matrix modification technique.The oligomeric siloxane was added to polyester resinin different levels like 1, 2, and 3 Wt% respectively.Incorporation of oligomeric siloxane into the polyesterresin increased the mechanical properties such as inter-laminar shear, flexural and tensile strength, modulus ofelasticity and vibration values. Glass/polyester with3wt% of oligomeric siloxane composite was foundto be better mechanical properties compare to othercombinations. The tensile strength increased from341.5 to 395.8MPa while the. Flexural Strengthincreased from 346.1MPa to 399.4MPa, InterlaminarShear strength increased from 25.5 to 44.7MPa, nat-ural frequency increased from 6.10 to 7.87Hz as shownin Table 3.

Al-alkawi et al.24 investigated the fatigue behaviourof woven strand mats E-GF-reinforced polyester com-posites under variable temperature conditions such as40�C, 50�C and 60�C. The S-N curve reported that thetensile and fatigue strength decreased with increasingtemperature up to 60�C at 33% fiber Vf. The percentagereduction factor for fatigue strength was higher thanthe percentage reduction factor for tensile strength forall temperature level.

Awan et al.5 investigated the tensile properties ofGF-reinforced unsaturated polyester composite withvarious cross sections of fibers at various ply of 1-ply,2-ply and 3-ply sheets. The higher weight percentage of

Figure 4. Woven and random glass fiber mat.




Tab

le3.

Mech

anic

alpro

pert

ies

of

glas

sfib

er-

rein

forc

ed

poly

meri

c(G

FRP)

com

posi

tes.

Typ

eof

glas

s

fiber

Resi

nC

uri

ng

agent

Vf

Test

ing

Stan

dar

d

Tensi

le

Stre

ngt

h

(MPa)

Tensi

le

modulu

s

(MPa)

Elo

nga

tion

atbre

ak(%

)

Flexura

l

stre

ngt

h

(MPa)

Flexura

l

modulu

s

(MPa)

Impac

t

stre

ngt

h

Inte

rlam

inar

shear

stre

ngt

h

(MPa)

Ref.

Wove

nm

atPoly

est

er

MEK

P/C

obal

t

nap

hth

alene

0.2

5A

STM

D412

(T)

1.6

01

80.5

20.0

––

41.8

50

(J)

–1

Wove

nm

atPoly

est

er

with

(3%

olig

om

eri

c

silo

xan

e

0.3

7A

STM

D-3

039

(T),

AST

MD

790

(F),

AST

MD

2344

(S)

395.8

18000

3.9

399.4

18800

–44.7

4

Wove

nm

atPoly

est

er

0.3

3A

STM

D638-9

7(T

),249

6240

––

––

–24

Wove

nm

atPoly

est

er

–2810

E6

(T)

189.0

––

––

––

5

Chopped

stra

nd

Poly

amid

e66

(PA

66)/

poly

-

phenyl

ene

sul-

phid

e(P

PS)

ble

nd

0.3

0G

B/T

16,4

21–1996

(T),

GB

/T16,4

19–1996

(F),

GB

/T16,4

20

–1996

(I)

–124

–159

–98.2

(kJ/m

2)

–25

Wove

nm

at

[0�/9

0�]

Isophth

alic

/neo-

penty

lgl

ycol

poly

est

er

0.4

2PS2

5C

-0118

(T)

200

––

––

10(J

)–

26

Wove

nm

at(N

on-

sym

metr

ic)

Poly

est

er

–362

F(B

S,1997)

(T)

220

7000

0.0

55

––

––

8

Wove

nPoly

ure

than

es

0.4

9A

STM

D3039

(T),

AST

MD

790M

(F),

AST

MD

2344

(S)

278

18654

–444

27075

–27

27

Chopped

stra

nd

mat

Poly

est

er

0.6

0A

STM

D638

(T)

250

325

0.0

22

––

––

9

Wove

nm

atPoly

est

er

(aci

d

resi

stan

tre

sin)

–A

STM

D2344

(S)

––

––

––

30

28

Chopped

stra

nd

mat

Poly

est

er

resi

n0.0

15

AST

ME

399

(T)

–3000

–16.5

––

–29

Chopped

stra

nd

+ve

rti-

calro

ving

Poly

est

er

–A

STM

D3039

(T),

AST

MD

5379

(I)

103.4

719

––

––

37.9

26

(J)

–6

Vir

gin

fiber

Poly

est

er

AST

MD

256

(T),

AST

MD

2240

(I)

64.4

7200

1.8

––

645.1

(J/m

)–

30

Gla

ssPoly

est

er

(3w

t%

Na-

MM

T)

0.4

0A

STM

-D

638

(T),

AST

M-

D790

(F),

AST

M-

D256

(I)

130.0

3–

–206.1

5–

153.5

0(K

J/m

2)

–31

Chopped

stra

nd

Epoxy

(5.1

Vf

flyas

h)

Har

dener

3.9

8A

STM

stan

dar

d–

––

––

0.0

17.6

(J/m

m2)

–7

Wove

n(b

iaxia

l

stitch

)

epoxy

0.5

7A

STM

D2355

(S)

––

––

––

18.2

32

(continued)




GF in composites gives stronger reinforcement. Thenumber of layers, thickness and the cross sectionalarea was different for each specimen. Maximum tensilestrength observed in three ply reinforcement (Table 3).Higher Vf of fibers increased the strength and stiffnessof the composite.

Chen et al.25 investigated the mechanical propertiesof polyamide66 (pellets)/polyphenylene sulfide blendmatrix with different GF volume contents such as5%, 10%, 20% and 30% respectively. The maximumtensile strength was found at 30% Vf of fiber and flex-ural strength was found at 25% Vf. The maximumimpact strength was found at 0% Vf of fiber com-pare to fiber incorporated composites. But the max-imum impact strength was found at 20% Vf offiber that was lower the above. In wear testing, theminimum frication coefficient (0.35) was found at20% Vf of fiber and wear volume was lower at 30%Vf of fiber.

Yuanjian et al.26 investigated the low-velocityimpact and tension–tension fatigue properties of GF-reinforced polyester composites with two fiber geome-tries like [�45�] at 42% Wf of fiber and [0�/90�] at 47%Wf of fiber. The result showed that the residual tensilestrength and stiffness decreased with increasing impactenergy from 0 to 25 J at 5 J increments. The maximumproperties were sustained up to 10 J test and the aboveproperties were highly reduced due to increasing thetesting energy from 10 to 20 J. The impact damagewas similar for the two geometries. Low-impactenergy of GF-reinforced composites cause of matrixdamage. The tension-tension fatigue failure test wasperformed at various impact damage energies of 1.4 J,5 J and 10 J respectively. In the S-N curve the fatiguelifetimes was slowly decreased and higher at 1.4 J withhigher stress at [0�/90�] and at [�45�]4, the fatigue life-times was suddenly dropped and found lower stressvalue compared to doped [0�/90�].

Faizal et al.8 investigated the tensile behaviour ofplane woven E-GF-reinforced polyester compositewith different curing pressure like 35.8 kg/m2, 70.1 kg/m2, 104 kg/m2 and 138.2 kg/m2. Different lay-up likesymmetrical and non-symmetrical was used to preparethe composites. The stress-strain curve showed that thetensile modulus was decreased with increasing curingpressure for both symmetrical and non-symmetricallay-up. The symmetrical lay-up was less on the stiffnessof composites. The ductility increased with increasingcuring pressure for non-symmetrical arrangement andsymmetrical arrangement decreased.

Husic et al.27 investigated the mechanical propertiesof untreated E-glass-reinforced polyurethane compos-ites with two polyurethanes like soypolyol and petro-chemical polyol Jeffol resin. The result showed that thesoypolyol based composite was lower flexural, tensileT

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and inter laminar shear strength compare to petro-chemical polyol Jeffol-based composite. This was dueto lower cross linking density and the presence of theside dangling chains in the matrix. The interlaminarshear strength was similar for both for two resincomposites.

Atas et al.18 investigated the Impact response ofwoven mat GF-reinforced epoxy composites withorthogonal fabric and non-orthogonal fabric of a weav-ing angle of 20�, 30�, 45�, 60� 75� and 90� respectivelyfrom vertical direction (warp direction). The energyabsorption increased with decrease of weaving anglebetween interlacing yarns. Woven composites withsmaller weaving angle of 20� and 30� between interla-cing yarns, have lower peak force, larger contact dur-ation, larger deflection and higher absorbed energythan larger weaving angle of 60�, 75� and 90�. The [0/20�] woven composite was absorbed higher comparedto [0/90�] woven composite.

Leonard et al.9 investigated the fracture behaviour ofchopped strand mat GF-reinforced polyester (CGRP)matrix composites with different Vf of fibers like 12%,24%, 36%, 48% and 60%. The stress–strain curvereported that 60% Vf of GF composite obtained max-imum improvement of tensile strength of 325MPa,Young’s modulus of 13.9GPa, fracture toughness of20-fold and critical energy release rate of 1200-fold.

Putic et al.28 investigated the interlaminar shearstrength of the random/woven GF mat-reinforced poly-ester matrix composite with three-layer and eight com-binations of the composition patterns. The glass fabricwith various densities, various polyester resins likebisphenolic resin, water-resistant resin and acid-resis-tant resin were used to analyse the strength. Outerlayers were short GF and inner layers were wovenmat fiber and thickness of outer layers 1mm, middlelayer 0.5–0.8mm. The P6 [Glass mat (240 g/m2)/wovenmat (0/90�) (800 g/m2)/Glass mat (240 g/m2)] patternmodel bisphenolic resin-based composites had higherinterlaminar shear strength compared to other patterns.

Avci et al.29 used three-point bending tests andinvestigated the Mode I fracture behaviour of choppedstrand GF-reinforced particle-filled polymer compos-ites with varying notch-to-depth ratios (a/b ratios0.38, 0.50, 0.55, 0.60 and 0.76). The two different Vf

of GF like 1% and 1.5% with various Vf of polyesterresins like 13.00%, 14.75%, 16.50%, 18.00% and19.50% were used for the experiments. In 0% Vf ofGF the maximum flexural modulus was found at16.50% Vf of polyester, in 1% Vf of GF was found at18.00% and in 1.5% Vf of GF was found at 19.50% Vf.A similar trend was found in flexural strength.

The stress intensity factor (KIC) was found by usingthree methods like (1) Initial notch-depth method, (2)Compliance method and (3) J-integral method. In

initial notch-depth method and compliance method,the GF content increased the KIC values for all polymercontent. The lower KIC values were found at 0% grassfiber content. The maximum J-integral energy wasfound at the 0.6 notch-to-depth ratio.

Alam et al.6 investigated the effect of orientation ofchopped strand and roving GFRP composites with dif-ferent fiber orientation such as 0�, 45� and 90�. Fiberorientation was not affected by the density and hard-ness of composites. At 90� fiber orientation the maxi-mum tensile strength was obtained. The short fiber wasfound to be reducing the impact strength.

Shyr et al.37 investigated the impact resistance anddamage characteristics of E-GF-reinforced polyestercomposite with various thicknesses of the laminatesand three different glass fabrics were multiaxial warp-knit blanket (MWK), woven fabric (W) and non-wovenmat (N). Impact tests were conducted using a guideddrop-weight test rig. The composites were preparedwith various layers with various Vfs of fiber like 24(sample code of N-13a, b and c), 28(sample code ofN-7a, b and c), 40 (sample code of R-800-13a, b andc), 40 (sample code of R800-7a, b and c), 37 (samplecode of M-800-13a, b and c), 40 (sample code of M-800-13a, b and c), 45 (sample code of MWK-800-13a, band c) and 46 (sample code of MWK-800-13a, b and c).In code, 7 and 13 were the no of layers in the compos-ites with a, b and c the 8, 16 and 24 nominal impactenergies (NIE), respectively. The test was conducted atvarious velocity of drop weight. The maximumHertzian failure force of the laminates was found forMWK-13 laminate in 16 NIE. The maximum Hertzianfailure energy of the laminates at various NIE wasfound for M-80013 in 24 NIE. The major damageenergy at maximum impact load was found forMWK-13 laminate in 16 NIE. The maximum subjectedenergy and final absorbed energies of the impenetratedlaminates at various NIE were found for MWK-13laminate at 24 NIE.

Araujo et al.30 investigated the mechanical proper-ties GF/virgin GF wastes-reinforced polyester matrixcomposites with various fiber weight content of fiberlike 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60%, respectively. The polyes-ter/virgin GF-reinforced composite showed higher ten-sile strength and modulus at 40% Wf. The maximumimpact strength and hardness were found at 40 and40% Wf.

Hossain et al.38 investigated the flexural and com-pression properties of woven E-GF-reinforced polyes-ter matrix composites with addition of various weightpercentages of carbon nano filler (CNF). The test wasperformed on the conventional and 0.1, 02, 03 and0.4wt% CNF-filled composites. The stress versusstrain curve showed that 0.2wt% of CNF-filled com-posite obtained maximum mechanical properties. This




was due to excellent dispersion, maximum enhance-ment in compressive strength, modulus and better inter-facial interaction between fiber and matrix.

Khelifa et al.39 investigated the fatigue behaviour ofE-GF-reinforced unsaturated polyester composite withdifferent orientation of fiber (0�, � 45�, 0�/90�).Experimental and theoretical results reported that theunidirectional [0�] and cross-ply [0/90�] compositelaminates had more static bending strength comparedto other laminated composites.

Baucom et al.40 investigated the low-velocity impactdamage of woven E-glass-reinforced vinyl-ester com-posites with various laminates like 2D plain-wovenlaminate, a 3D orthogonally woven monolith and abiaxial reinforced warp-knit. Drop-weight apparatusresult showed that the 3D composites was more resist-ant to penetration and dissipated more total energy(140 J) compared to other systems.

Iba et al.41 investigated the mechanical properties ofunidirectional continuous GF-reinforced epoxy com-posites with three fiber diameters like 18, 37, 50 mm,respectively, and fiber Vf from 0.25 to 0.45. Thestress–strain curve reported that the longitudinalYoung’s modulus and tensile strength of the compositeincreased with increasing the fiber Vf and the meanstrength increased with decreasing the fiber diameter.The maximum strength and modulus was higher for thefiber diameter of 18 mm at 0.45 Vf.

Ya’acob et al.42 investigated the mechanical proper-ties of E-GF-reinforced polypropylene composites pre-pared using injection moulding and compressionmoulding processes. Results show that the tensilestrength decreased with the increasing of GF content.The tensile modulus increased with increasing the fibercontent and the maximum values were obtained at12-mm fiber length composites compared to 3 and6mm fiber-length composites.

Mohbe et al.31 investigated the mechanical beha-viour of glass fiber reinforced polyester compositeswith constant volume fraction of glass and Na-MMT(sodium montmorillonite). Mechanical properties wereimproved with increase in the Na-MMT quantity incomposites; 3% weight of Na-MMT was foundto have maximum tensile strength (130.03MPa),impact strength (153.50 kJ/m2) and flexural strength(205.152MPa).

Gupta et al.7 investigated the compressive andimpact behaviour of discontinuous E-GF-reinforced epoxy composites with addition of fillerssuch as fly ash and calcium carbonate. Fly ash particlesled to reduced compressive and impact strength of thecomposites compared to the calcium carbonate filler inthe composites. The aspect ratio of the fiber increasedthe compressive strength and decreased the impactstrength.

Pardo et al.43 investigated the tensile dynamic behav-iour of a quasi-unidirectional E-glass/polyester com-posite. This composite was not a pure unidirectionalmaterial; it was composed of 5% Vf of weft fibers.The weft fibers Vf of 5% observed greater Young’smodulus and improved the failure stress (40MPa).

Yang et al.32 investigated the compression, bendingand shear behaviour of woven mat E-GF-reinforcedepoxy composites with different fabrics like unstitchedplain weave, biaxial non-crimp and uniaxial stitchedplain weave fabrics. From the experiments they haveconcluded that the Z-directional stitching fibersincreased the delamination resistance, reduced theimpact damage and as well as lowered the bendingstrength of the composites. The compressive strengthof the non-crimp laminate was 15% higher thanwoven fabric composite.

Hameed et al.44 investigated the dynamic mechanicalbehaviour of E-GF-reinforced poly (styrene-co-acrylo-nitrile)-modified epoxy matrix composites with the dif-ferent Vfs of fibers ranging from 10% to 60%. Underthree-point bending mode the viscoelastic propertieswere measured at the frequency of 1 Hz and sampleswere heated up to 250�C at the heating rate of 1�C/min.While increasing the temperature the storage modulusdecreases. Storage modulus versus temperature curvereported that the 50 vol% fiber content of compositeshad the maximum storage modulus (15.606GPa). Lossmodulus versus temperature plot indicated that the lossmodulus increased up to 50 vol% fiber content. Furtherincrease in the fiber content decreases the loss modulus.

Aktas et al.19 investigated the impact response uni-directional E-GF-reinforced epoxy matrix compositewith two different stacking sequences such as [0/90/0/90] and [0/90/+45/�45]. Damage process and damagemodes of laminates were investigated under varyingimpact energies ranging from 5 J to 80 J. The penetra-tion threshold for stacking sequence [0/90/+45/�45]was smaller than [0/90/0/90] and the mismatch coeffi-cient for [0/90/0/90] laminates were higher than [0/90/+45/�45] laminates.

Aktas et al.45 investigated compression after impact(CAI) behaviour of unidirectionalE-GF-reinforced epoxy matrix composite subjected tolow-velocity impact energy for various temperaturessuch as 40�C, 60�C, 80�C and 100�C. Two stackingsequences [0�/90�/0�/90�] and [0�/90�/45�/�45�] weretested to investigate the vertical and horizontal orien-tation effects on CAI strength and CAI damage mech-anism. CAI strength decreases with increase intemperature and impact energy. The maximum reduc-tion in CAI strength was found between undamagedspecimen and impacted specimen at 100�C and 70 Jfor each stacking sequences and each impact damageorientation. The CAI strength of horizontal impact




damage was lower than vertical impact damage for allimpact test temperatures and all energy levels.

Aktas et al.46 investigated the impact and post-impact behaviour of E-glass/epoxy eight plies lami-nated composites with different knitted fabrics such asPlain, Milano and Rib. Different impact energy levelswere ranging from 5 J to 25 J. The experimental resultshowed that the Rib knitted structure had maximummechanical properties for irregular fiber architecture,Milano knitted structure showed maximum perform-ance in transverse direction and as well as better mech-anical properties than Plain knitted structure.

Patnaik et al.33 investigated the mechanical behav-iour of randomly oriented E-GF-reinforced epoxy com-posites with particulate filled like Al2O3, SiC and pinebark dust and the different composition of specimenwere prepared such as GF (50wt%) +epoxy(50wt%), GF (50wt%) +epoxy (40wt%) +alumina(10wt%), GF (50wt%) +epoxy (40wt%) +pinebark dust (10wt%), GF (50wt%)+epoxy(40wt%)+SiC (10wt%). The test result showed thatthe GF+epoxy had maximum tensile strength(249.6MPa) and flexural strength (368MPa) thanother compositions, GF+epoxy+pine bark dustcombination having the maximum interlaminar shearstrength (23.46MPa), GF+epoxy+SiC combinationhaving higher impact strength (1.840 J) and higherhardness (42 Hv).

Karakuzu et al.47 investigated the impact behaviourof unidirectional E-glass/epoxy composite plates withthe stacking sequence of plates selected as [0�/30�/60�/90�]. Four different impact energies were 10 J, 20 J,30 J and 40 J and four impact masses were selectedlike 5 kg, 10 kg, 15 kg and 20 kg. Absorbed energyversus impact energy curve reported that the energyabsorption capability of the specimen subjected toequal mass was lower than the specimen subjected toequal velocity for the same impact energy.Delamination area versus impactor mass curvereported that the delamination area in the samplewas subjected to a lower impact mass with higher vel-ocity was lower than the delamination area in thesample was subjected to higher impact mass withlower velocity for same impact energy.

Icten et al.48 investigated the low temperature effecton impact response of quasi-isotropic unidirectional E-GF-reinforced epoxy matrix composites with stackingsequence [0�/90�/45�/�45�] tested at varied impactenergies ranging from 5 J to 70 J and the test were per-formed at different temperatures such as 20�C, �20�Cand �60�C. The experimental result showed that thedamage tolerance and impact response of the compositewas same for all temperatures up to the impact energyof 20 J and after 20 J of impact energy, the temperatureaffects the impact characteristics.

Liu et al.34 investigated interlaminar shear strengthof woven E-GF-reinforced/epoxy composites withunmodified and modified matrix modification tech-nique. Initial epoxy matrix was diglycidyl ether ofbisphenol-F/diethyl toluene diamine system and modi-fied matrix was multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNT) and reactive aliphatic diluent namedn-butyl glycidyl ether system. The three point bendingtest result showed that the modified epoxy/GF compos-ite inter-laminar shear strength was higher than theunmodified epoxy/GF composite; 0.5wt% MWCNTsand 10 phr butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) adding epoxy/GF composite was 25.4% increased the inter laminarshear strength (41.46MPa) than unmodifiedcomposites.

Belingardi et al.49 investigated the low-velocityimpact tests of woven and unidirectional GF-reinforcedepoxy matrix composite with three different stackingsequences [0�/90�], [0�/+60�/�60�] and [0�/+45�/�45�]. Different impact velocities were (0.70, 0.99,1.14, 1.72, 1.85, 1.98, 2.10, 2.22 and 2.42m/s) and dif-ferent deformation rate (25, 50, 100, 150, 175, 200, 225,250 and 300mm). The experimental result showed thatthe maximum saturation energy (53.08 J) was found at[0�/90�] unidirectional composites compared with theother stacking sequences.

Mohamed Nasr et al.50 investigated the fatiguebehaviour of woven roving GF-reinforced polyestermatrix composites with the fiber Vf ranging from55% to 65% and two different fiber orientations like[�45�] and [0�, 90�]. The torsional fatigue test was per-formed on thin wall tubular specimens at differentnegative stress ratios (R) such as �1, �0.75, �0.5,�0.25 and 0. The experimental result shows that thestrength degradation rate depends on the stress ratioand the static strength of the material and the [�45�]lay-up specimen had maximum failure rate.

Mohammad Torabizadeh35 investigated the tensile,compressive, in-plane shear behaviour of unidirectionalGF-reinforced epoxy matrix composites under staticand low temperature (25�C, �20�C, �60�C) conditions.The tensile test result showed that the stress–straincurve decreases with increase in temperature.The maximum tensile strength (784.94MPa), young’smodulus (28.65MPa), compression strength(186.22MPa) and shear strength (1.33� 10�8MPa)was found at �60�C.

Ahmed El-Assal et al.51 investigated the fatiguebehaviour of unidirectional GF-reinforced orthophtha-lic polyestermatrix composites under torsional and com-bined bending loads at room temperature and thetests were conducted on constant deflection fatiguemachine with the frequency of 25 Hz. Different fiberVfs are used such as 15.8, 31.8 and 44.7%. The experi-mental result showed that the number of stress cycles and




stress amplitude increased with the increase of fiber Vf

and the composite specimen torsional fatigue strengthwas lower compared to bending fatigue strength.

Mohan et al.23 investigated the mechanical proper-ties of jatropha oil cake-filled woven mat E-GF-reinforced epoxy composites. The experimental testconducted at longitudinal direction of composite speci-men and the surface fracture exposed that the similarbreakage of fibers and matrix, which represent goodadhesion between fibers and matrix. The experimentalresult showed that 6wt% of jatropha oil cake fillersfilled composite specimen was found maximum tensilestrength (311MPa) and tensile modulus (18.61GPa)but the surface hardness was slightly lower than unfilledcomposites.

Zaretsky et al.52 investigated the dynamic responseof woven GFs-reinforced epoxy composite subjected toimpact loading through fiber direction and the impactvelocities ranging from 60 to 280m/s. The free surfacevelocity versus time curve shows that the impactstrength increased with increase of the shock wave vel-ocity, the unloading wave speed was higher than com-pression wave speed and the wave speed decreased withdecrease of the pressure.

Godara et al.36 investigated the tensile behaviour ofGF-reinforced epoxy composite with the differentwoven fibers orientations like [0�], [�45�] and [90�].The 35wt% of short borosilicate GFs-reinforced withmultilayered cross woven composite with epoxy matrix.The stress versus stain curve reported that the tensilestrength was strongly depend on the fiber alignment tothe external load, [0�/90�] laminate composites had themaximum failure strength (355MPa), low ductility andlow strain failure (1.65%) than [�45�].

Karakuzu et al.53 investigated the mechanical behav-iour of woven mat GF-reinforced vinyl ester matrixcomposites with circular hole and 63% fiber Vf, thedifferent distance from free edge of plate (E) to diam-eter of hole (D) ratios are 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. During theexperiment the load is applied to longitudinal directionof specimen, the tension mode experimental resultshowed that the young’s modulus was found20,769MPa. The shear modulus (G12) was foundusing following Equation (1),

Shear modulus ðG12Þ ¼1

4Ex� 1

E1� 1

E2� 2�12

E1

ð1Þ

where, E1¼E2 is the youngs modulus of the compos-ites, from the above equation, the shear modulus wasfound for 4133MPa and n12¼ poison’s ratio, the shearstrength (S) was obtained following Equation (2),

Shear strength ðSÞ ¼�max

ti�cð2Þ

where, r, ti and c were density, dimensions of specimen,from the above equation, the shear strength were foundfor 75MPa.

Dandekar et al.54 investigated the compressionand release response behaviour of a woven mat S2GF-reinforced polyester composites under shock load-ing applied up to 20GPa. The stress and particle vel-ocity properties were described the shock response, theplate reverberation and shock and re-shock experimen-tal result showed that the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL)of composites ranging from 1.3GPa to 3.7GPa.

LeBlanc et al.55 investigated the compressivestrength behaviour of woven mat S-2 GF-reinforcedEpoxy/Vinyl ester composites with four different arealweights like 93, 98, 100 and 190 oz/yd2 and the com-posite specimen subjected to shock loading on experi-mentally, two different pressure applied on compressivespecimen such as 2.58 and 4.79MPa. Compressivestrength versus pressure curve in weft direction resultshowed 100 and 98 oz composites was obtained max-imum strength but the warp direction 93, 98 and 190 ozcomposites are maximum strength and nearly equalunder each pressure level.

Vibration characteristics of GFRP

matrix composites

Erden et al.4 investigated vibrational properties ofglass/polyester composites via matrix modificationtechnique. To achieve this, unsaturated polyester wasmodified by incorporation of oligomeric siloxane in theconcentration range of 1–3wt%. Modified matrix com-posites reinforced with woven roving glass fabric werecompared with untreated glass/polyester in termsof mechanical and interlaminar properties by conduct-ing tensile, flexure and short-beam shear tests.Furthermore, vibrational properties of the compositeswere investigated while incorporating oligomeric silox-ane. From the experiment it was found that the naturalfrequencies of the composites were found to increasewith increasing siloxane concentration.

Sridhar et al.12 investigated the damping behaviourof woven fabric GFRP composites under saline watertreatment with various fiber volumes like 20, 25, 30, 35and 40 and various time period using the logarithmicdecrement method. The damping factor value ofuntreated specimen damping and stiffness increasedwith increase in fiber volume percentage. Maximumdecrease in the damping values was observed for 40%fiber volume specimen.

Yuvaraja et al.56 investigated the vibration charac-teristics of a flexible GFRP composite with shapememory alloy (SMA) and piezoelectric actuators. Infirst case, the smart beam consists of a GFRP beammodelled in cantilevered configuration with externally




attached SMAs. In second case, the smart beam con-sists of a GFRP beam with surface-bonded lead zirco-nate titanate (PZT) patches. To study the behaviour ofthe smart beam a mathematical model is developed.Using ANSYS the vibration suppression of smartbeam was investigated. The experimental work is car-ried out for both cases in order to evaluate the vibrationcontrol of flexible beam for first mode, also to find theeffectiveness of the proposed actuators. As a result ofthe vibrational characteristic, GFRP beam is moreeffective when SMA is used as an actuator. SMA actu-ator was more efficient than the PZT actuator becausevery less voltage is required for actuation of SMA.

Bledzki et al.57 investigated the elastic constants ofunidirectional E-glass-reinforced epoxy matrix compos-ite by the vibration testing of plates with two differentfibers–surface treatments. The first type was treated byepoxy dispersion with aminosilane to promote fiber/matrix adhesion and the second type was sized withpolyethylene to prevent fiber/matrix adhesion. Elasticproperties were good for epoxy dispersion with amino-silane composite and poor for polyethylene composites.

Mishra58 investigated the vibration analysis of uni-directional GF-reinforced resol/vac-eha composites(with varying Vf of GFs). Resol solution was blendedwith vinyl acetate-2-ethylhexyl acrylate (vac-eha) resinin an aqueous medium. The role of fiber/matrix inter-actions in GFs-reinforced composites were investigatedto predict the stiffness and damping properties.Damping properties decreased after blending Vac-ehacopolymer content with resol, while increasing the GFcontent in composite plate increases the damping prop-erties. Due to incorporation of GFs in the matrix, thetensile, stiffness and damping properties were increased.

Colakoglu et al.13 investigated the damping andvibration analysis of polyethylene fiber compositeunder various temperatures ranging from 10�C to60�C. A damping monitoring method was used toexperimentally measure the frequency response andthe frequency was obtained numerically using a finiteelement program. The damping properties, in terms ofthe damping factor, were determined by the half-powerbandwidth technique. The experimental result showedthat the natural frequency and elastic modulusdecreased with increase in temperature.

Naghipour et al.14 investigated the vibration dampingof glued laminated beams reinforcedwith various lay upsof E-GF-reinforced epoxy matrix composites by usingdifferent methods such as, Hilbert transform, logarith-mic decrement,moving block and half band powermeth-ods. Half band power method improves the accuracywhen considering the vibration damping of compositematerials possessing relatively high level of damping.Furthermore, their experimental results indicated thatthe addition of GRP-reinforcement in the bottom

surface of cantilever beams could significantly improvetheir stiffness and strength characteristics.

Environmental behaviours of GFRPmatrix composites

Araujo et al.30 investigated the water absorption behav-iour of fiber glass wastes-reinforced polyester compos-ites with different fiber wastes like 20, 30 and 40%. Thetest specimen immersed in distilled water at differenttime interval up to 600 h and time versus water absorp-tion curve was plotted. It resulted that the water sorp-tion decreased with increase of fiber content incomposite and the minimum water absorption wasfound for polyester/fiberglass wastes (40%) composite.

Abdullah et al.59 investigated the effects ofweathering condition on mechanical properties ofGF-reinforced thermoset plastic composites. The mech-anical properties were decreased with various weather-ing conditions such as humidity, temperature andultraviolet radiation and pollutant.

Botelho et al.60 investigated the environmentalbehaviour of woven mat GF-reinforced poly ether-imide thermoplastic matrix composites. The testingwas conducted with varying temperature at relativehumidity of 90% for 60 days under sea water. Themoisture absorption behaviour was mostly dependenton temperature and relative humidity. The moistureabsorption curve reported that the weight gain wasinitially increased linearly with respect to time. Themaximum moisture absorption of 0.18% was foundafter 25 days.

Chhibber et al.61 investigated the environmental deg-radation of GFRP composite with different tempera-ture such as 45�C and 55�C. This testing wasconducted in normal water and sodium hydroxide(NaOH) bath after a time of 1 and 2 months. The per-centage weight gain increased with increase of bathtime and temperature, NaOH bath found largerweight gain compared with that of water bath.

Renaud et al.62 investigated the environmentalbehaviour of E-GF-reinforced isophtalic polyestercomposites with different GFs such as boro-silicateand boron-free at different environmental conditionssuch as strong acids, cement extract, salt water, tapwater and deionized water. The test was conducted at60�C for lifetime of 50 years; the boron-free E-GF com-posite increased the resistance of moisture absorptionin all environmental conditions.

Kajorncheappunngam et al.20 investigated the effectof aging environment on degradation of woven fabricE-glass-reinforced epoxy with four different liquidmedia such as distilled water, saturated salt solution,5-molar NaOH solution and 1-molar hydrochloric acidsolution. Water immersion had the lower damage than




acid or alkali soaking and lower immersion did notaffect the mechanical properties.

Agarwal et al.63 investigated the environmentaleffects of randomly oriented E-GF-reinforced polyes-ter composites with different environmental conditionssuch as brine, acid solution, ganga water, freezingconditions and kerosene oil. The test conducted atdifferent interval of time such as 64 h, 128 h and256 h. The percentage reduction in tensile strengthdecreased after every interval of time, the maximumpercentage reduction was found on NaOH solutionand minimum percentage reduction was found onfreezer condition.

Ellyin et al.64 investigated the moisture absorptionbehaviour of E-glass-reinforced fiber epoxy compositetubes. They were immersed in distilled water at twodifferent temperatures such as 20�C and 50�C. Thetest was conducted in distilled water for 4 months.The time versus moisture absorption curve reportedthat 0.23% weight gain was found at 20�C and 0.29%weight gain was found at 50�C.

Abbasi et al.65 investigated the environmentalbehaviour of GFRP composites with different combin-ations such as GF/isophthalic polyester, GF/vinyl esterand GF/urethane-modified vinyl ester. The test wasconducted at different temperatures from 20�C to120�C for 30 days, 120 days and 240 days undernormal water and alkaline environments. The GF com-posites strength and modulus were decreased in alkalienvironment at higher temperatures.

Visco et al.10 investigated the mechanical propertiesof GF-reinforced polyester composites before and afterimmersion in seawater. Two different types of polyesterresins, such as isophthalic and orthophthalic, and twodifferent types of laminates were used for compositespreparation. One laminate contained five layers ofreinforcement with isophthalic polyester resin andanother was obtained by laminating four layers ofreinforcement with orthophthalic resin and one exter-nal layer with isophthalic. The experimental resultshowed that flexural modulus, flexural strength andshear modulus decreased with increase in immersiontime. Isophthalic resin was better bonding with GFs,which was resisting the seawater absorption comparedto orthophthalic resin.

Thermal properties of GFRP matrixcomposites

Husic et al.27 investigated the thermal properties of E-glass-reinforced soy-based polyurethane compositeswith two different types of polyurethane such as soy-bean oil and petrochemical polyol Jeffol. Soy-basedpolyurethanes had better thermal stability than petro-chemical polyol Jeffol-based polyurathene.

Hameed et al.11 investigated the thermal behaviourof chopped strand E-GF-reinforced modified epoxycomposites with different Vf of fibers such as 10%,20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60%. The test was con-ducted in nitrogen atmosphere at the temperaturerange from 30�C to 900�C. The thermogravimetric ana-lysis (TGA) showed that 60% Vf of composites hadhigher thermal stability and its degradation tempera-ture was shifted from 357�C to 390�C.

Budai et al.66 investigated the thermal behaviour ofchopped strand mat E-GF-reinforced unsaturatedpolyester composite with different number of glassmat layers such as 4, 6 and 11 layers and differentGF such as viapal and aropol using TGA and heatdistortion temperature (HDT) analysis. The test wasconducted between 30�C and 700�C in purging nitrogenand between 30�C and 550�C in purging oxygen.Increasing GF content in composite delayed thethermo-oxidative decomposition.

Lopez et al.3 investigated the thermo-analysis ofE-GF waste polyester composite without filler. TheTGA/differential thermogravimetric (DTG) curveshowed that the degradation temperature shifted from209.8�C to 448.7�C and mass loss shifted from 1.8wt%to 4.4wt%.

Tribological behaviours of GFRP matrixcomposites

El-Tayeb et al.67 investigated the worn surfaces ofchopped GF-reinforced unsaturated polyester com-posites of parallel/anti-parallel (P/AP) chopped GForientations with various sliding velocities such as2.8, 3.52, 3.9m/s and various load of 30, 60, 90Nat ambient temperature. The experimental resultshowed that sliding in P-orientation had lower frictioncoefficient at lower load and higher speed comparedto AP-orientation. Sliding in AP-orientation hadlower friction coefficient at higher load, speed anddistance compared to P-orientation. AP-orientationexhibited less mass loss (16%) compared to theP-orientation.

El-Tayeb et al.16 investigated the multipass two-body abrasive wear behaviour of CGRP compositeswith various sliding velocities such as 0.157 and0.314m/s and the applied normal loads of rangingfrom 5N to 25N. The test was conducted with slidingagainst water-proof SiC abrasive paper under dry con-tact condition. Wear rate decreased with increasingload and decreasing rotational speed. AP-orientationenhanced the abrasive resistance of CGRP composite.They concluded that AP-orientation had lowest wearrate than other orientations and scanning electronmicroscope (SEM) result indicated AP-orientationhad no fiber damage.




Quintelier et al.68 investigated the friction and wearbehaviour of GF-reinforced polyester composites withloading range from 60 to 300N at a constant speed of10mm/s under dry conditions. The SEM observationsshowed that parallel orientation had lower friction thantransverse orientation.

Mathew et al.2 investigated the tribological proper-ties of E-GF-reinforced polyester composites with vari-ous directly oriented warp knit fibers such as biaxial,biaxial non-woven, tri-axial and quad-axial fabric withvarious thermoset resins like polyester, vinyl ester andepoxy resin. Biaxial non-woven-reinforced vinyl estercomposite had better performance than othercombinations.

Kishore et al.15 investigated the effects of velocityand load on the sliding wear behaviour of plain weavebi-directional E-glass fabric-reinforced epoxy compos-ites with different fillers such as oxide particle andrubber particle under the sliding velocity between 0.5and 1.5m/s at three different loads of 42, 140 and190N. Block on roller test result showed that theoxide particle-filled composite had better wear resist-ance compared to rubber particles at low load condi-tions. But during higher load condition, rubberparticles had better wear resistance than oxideparticles.

Yousif et al.69 investigated the friction and interfacetemperature behaviour of chopped strand mat GF-reinforced unsaturated polyester composites with vari-ous sliding velocities such as 2.8, 3.52 and 3.9m/s andvarious loads 30, 60 and 90N under dry contact slidingagainst smooth stainless steel. Parallel and anti-parallelchopped GF orientations were measured at ambienttemperature. The AP-orientation had more frictioncoefficients (0.5–0.6) and interface temperature (29� to50�C) compared to P-orientation.

Chand et al.70 investigated the three-body abrasivewear behaviour of short E-GF-reinforced polyestercomposites with and without filler at various slidingspeed, abrasive particle size and applied load.Increasing the weight fraction of fiber in compositedecreased the volume loss of composite. They have con-cluded that higher GF content had less wear loss.

Suresha et al.21 investigated the role of fillers in wearand friction behaviour of woven mat GF-reinforcedepoxy composites with varying load and sliding veloci-ties under dry sliding conditions. Two different inor-ganic fillers were added such as SiC particles (5wt%)and graphite (5wt%). The SEM observation reportedthat graphite-filled composites have lower coefficient offriction than unfilled SiC-filled composites and SiC-filled composite exhibited the maximum wearresistance.

Sampathkumaran et al.71 investigated the wearbehaviour of GF-reinforced epoxy composite under

dry sliding condition. The varying test parameterswere applied load (20–60N), velocity (2–4m/s) andsliding distance (0.5–6 km). Pin on disc experimentalresult showed that increasing the load and velocityincreased the weight loss. The debris rate was lowerfor smaller distance and higher for larger distance.

Yousif et al.72 investigated the wear and frictionbehaviour of chopped strand mat GF polyester com-posites with various loads (30N to 100N) under wetcontact condition using two different test techniquessuch as pin-on-disc and block-on-ring. This was con-ducted with two different fiber orientations like paralleland anti-parallel. From the experiment, they concludedthat presence of water content increased the roughnessvalue in both orientations. Moreover, anti-parallelorientation had more wear and frictional resistancethan parallel orientation.

Suresha et al.73 investigated the friction and wearbehaviour of E-GF (woven mat)-reinforced epoxycomposites with and without SiC particles. Theresult showed that (5wt%) SiC particles-filled com-posite had higher coefficient of friction and higherresistance to wear at sliding distance ranging from2000m to 4000m compared to without SiC-filledcomposites.

Pihtili et al.74 investigated the wear behaviour of E-CGRP composite with the sliding distances of235.5mm, 471mm, 706.5mm, 942mm, 1177.5mm,1413mm, 1648.5mm and 1884mm. When the slidingdistance exceeds 942 mm weight loss of the plain polye-ster was increased. The result showed that GF-rein-forced polyester matrix composite was more wearresistant than the plain polyester.

Mohan et al.23 investigated the sliding wearbehaviour of Jatropha oil cake-filled woven fabricE-GF-reinforced epoxy composites with differentloads (10 and 20N). The pin on disc setup resultshowed that the wear loss increased with increase ofsliding distance. Wear loss was observed at 2000m slid-ing distance at 10N applied load. The jatropha oilcake-filled glass epoxy composite had good wear resist-ance and high coefficient of friction at various slidingdistances.

Suresha et al.22 investigated the three-body abra-sive wear behaviour of woven E-GF-reinforcedvinyl ester composites with particulate-filled likeSiC and graphite fillers. The test was conducted at dif-ferent loads such as 22 and 32N under the sliding dis-tance ranging from 270 to 1080m. The experimentalresult showed that the graphite and silicon-filled com-posites had more abrasion resistance and lower specificwear rate (1.95� 10�11m3/(Nm)) than unfilledcomposites.

Patnaik et al.33 investigated the wear behaviour ofrandomly oriented E-GF-reinforced epoxy composites




with particulate-filled like Al2O3, SiC and pine barkdust. The different compositions of specimens were pre-pared using GF (50wt%)/Epoxy (50wt%), GF(50wt%)/Epoxy (40wt%)/Alumina (10wt%), GF(50wt%)/Epoxy (40wt%)/Pine bark dust (10wt%),GF (50wt%)/Epoxy (40wt%)/SiC (10wt%). Theexperimental tests were conducted at different loadslike 50 and 75N and the sliding distance rangingfrom 200m to 600m. They have concluded that GF(50wt%)/Epoxy (40wt%)/Pine bark dust (10wt%)composite had better wear resistance (0.000881–0.001365mm3/(N-m)) for all sliding distance.

Chauhan et al.75 investigated the friction and wearbehaviour of bi-directional woven fabric S-GF-reinforced vinyl ester composites with 65wt% of fiberand the resin mixed with different co-monomer such asmethyl acrylate and butyl acrylate. Three different com-positions of specimens were prepared such as GF+(vinyl ester+ styrene), GF+(vinyl ester+methylcrylate) and GF+(vinyl ester+butyl acrylate).The test were conducted at various sliding velocitieslike 1, 2, 3 and 4m/s and various loads like 10, 20, 30and 40N under dry sliding condition. GF+(vinylester+butyl acrylate) composite had higher specificwear rate and lower co-efficient of friction at lowersliding speed.

Application

. Electronics: GRP has been widely used for circuitboard manufacture (PCB’s), TVs, radios, computers,cell phones, electrical motor covers etc.

. Home and furniture: Roof sheets, bathtub furniture,windows, sun shade, show racks, book racks, teatables, spa tubs etc.

. Aviation and aerospace: GRP has been extensivelyused in aviation and aerospace though it is notwidely used for primary airframe construction, asthere are alternative materials which better suit theapplications. Typical GRP applications are enginecowlings, luggage racks, instrument enclosures,bulkheads, ducting, storage bins and antenna enclos-ures. It is also widely used in ground-handlingequipment.

. Boats and marine: Its properties are ideally suited toboat construction. Although there were problemswith water absorption, the modern resins aremore resilient and they are used to make thesimple type of boats. In fact, GRP is lowerweight materials compared to other materials likewood and metals.

. Medical: Because of its low porosity, non-stainingand hard wearing finish, GRP is widely suited tomedical applications. From instrument enclosures

to X-ray beds (where X-ray transparency is import-ant) are made up of GRP.

. Automobiles: GRP has been extensively used forautomobile parts like body panels, seat coverplates, door panels, bumpers and engine cover.

However, GRP has been widely used for replacingthe present metal and non-metal parts in the variousapplications and tooling costs are relatively low as com-pared with metal assemblies.

Conclusion

The mechanical, dynamics, tribological, thermal andwater absorption properties of GFRP compositeshave been discussed. The important application ofthese composites has highlighted.

. The various preparation technologies were used forpreparing the GRP composites with various envir-onmental conditions.

. Ultimate tensile strength and flexural strength of thefiber glass polyester composite increased withincrease in the fiber glass Vf of fiber weight fractions.

. The elastic strain of the composite increased with thefiber glass Vf up to 0.25, and then subsequentlydecreased with further increase in fiber glass Vf.

. The Young’s modulus of elasticity of the compositeincreased with the fiber glass Vf.

. The damping properties of GRP were improved byincreasing the GF content in composite and the nat-ural frequency was measured for all conditions.

. The water absorption was analyzed for variousenvironmental conditions with different timeperiod. The water absorption decreased the mechan-ical properties of the composites.

. The coefficient of friction at various sliding distancesand loading condition were analyzed with variousfiber orientations like random, woven mat, longitu-dinal, P/AP chopped GF. The lower wear was foundfor more fiber incorporated in the polymers.

For improving the composites properties, the fiberswere treated with various chemicals and matrix blendwith suitable chemical for making the GRP composites.This may improve the mechanical, thermal, tribologicalproperties of the GRP composites.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding

agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Conflict of interest

None declared.




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Documents

11. Glass Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composite- A Review -Original Copy