CHAPTER -2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 EFFECT OF ORGANIC INPUTS ON PHYSICAL

PARAMETERS

Ali, M. N et.al. (2011) observed that the effect of panchagavya and sanjibani, on

the yield of green gram, Vigna radiata, chilli (Capsicum frutescens) and mustard

(Brassica campestris). The plant height, primary branch, secondary branch/plant, fruit

length, number of seed/fruit yield/plant. The experimental observation recorded the

sanjibani and panchagavya treated crops were higher than the control.

Amol D. Adhao (2013) observed that the plant was protected by panchagavya

which may minimized the use of Chemical Fertilizer and may prevent the

biomagnification hazards. Panchagavya is a natural product it helps in plant protection

against soil born pathogens. Panchagavya were able to control the growth of Fusarium

Oxysporum.

Anuja et.al. (2011) have conducted experiment on foliar application of organic

nutrients and inorganic fertilizers on NPK uptake effects on post harvest soil available

nutrients and yield performance. The Foliar organic nutrients viz., vermiwash (1:3 and

1:5) panchagavya (3 - 4%), humic acid (0.1 and 0.2%), water spray (control) and

fertilizers (basal) 100% and 75% recommended dose of fertilizers. On the result basis, it

can be concluded that the panchagavya 4 per cent+100 per cent NPK application has

been increasing the yield of palak var. OOTY-1. Spary of four Vermiwash (1:3) +

Vermicompost (2 t/ha) were reduce the effect of pod borer in soybean. Significantly

highest seed yield wasregistered in Vermicompost 3t/ha + 4 sprays of Vermiwash (1:5)

and four sprays of Vermiwash + Vermicompost 1 t/ha (1:1) as compared to control

(10.5 t/ha).

Anuja et.al. (2011a) recorded that the application of FYM @ 25 t/ha and

vermicompost @ 5 t/ha along with panchagavya 3 per cent foliar spray improved the

number of female flowers and fruit set percentage of bitter gourd cv. LONG GREEN.

The application of FYM@ 25 t per ha+ Azospirillium + phophobacteria +panchagavya

3% as foliar spray has improved the fresh herb yield as well as essential oil content of

sweet basil.

Astaraei and Ivani (2008) reported that the increase internodes growth,

photosynthetic activity, improved physiology of plant and ultimately increase in the

quality and yield of plant.

Ayyobi et.al.( 2013) noted that the application of vermiwash had the tallest

plants, number of pods per plant, longest pods and number of lateral branches as

compare to control .

Banu J.et.al.(2006) observed that different dilution of vermiwash were tested

against these nematodes under in vitro conditions. It was found that Juvenile hatching

of M. incognita was greatly inhibited by vermiwash. In concentrated vermiwash mortality

and inhibition in hatching of nematode were maximum.The four nematodes, M.

incognita and H. multicinctus were found to be highly susceptible to vermiwash,

followed by R. similis and P. coffeae.

Beaulah (2001) noted that the spraying of panchagavya facilitate instant uptake

of nutrients which led to increased growth thereby influencing the total dry matter

production. It was reported in Morgina. The superior yield produced by panchagavya

when used due to the synergistic effect of panchagvya when used as foliar spray to the

crop. 50% flowering in annual moringa by spraying panchagavya in advance the days to

flowering.

Beaulah et. al.(2002b) reported that the organic manure applied with

panchagavya as spray the quality parameters viz. protein, crude fiber, ascorbic acid and

carotene content in annual moringa were also higher.

Birendra et. al (2007) recorded that the significant increases in the yield by 3%

panchagvya spray.

Boomiraj et. al. (2004) noted panchagvya was effective against leafhopper

(Ambrasca biguttula biguttula) and white fly (Bemisia tabaci) in okra.

Bucker field et al. (1999) observed that the radish yield increased by 7.3% by

weekly applications of vermiwash.

C. Abhilash and R. H. Patil(2008) reported that the impact of organic inputs and

biorationals on the enemies in soybean ecosystem. After three days of spraying of

vermiwash the significantly higher number of predators among the biorationals. The

vermiwash were superior compared to other combinations with the highest number of

predators by involving biorationals.

Chadha Sanjay et.al.(2011) observed that the panchgavya the presence of large

no. of nutrients and large population of essential microbes including Azotobacter sp.,

phosphate solubilizers and Actinomycetes sp. Panchgavya enhance the productivity of

onion (6.3%), knol-khol (31.8%), and seed yield of pea (33.1%) compare to control. It

also suppress the growth of plant pathogen. In stalk rot of cauliflower panchgavya was

most effective in controlling (88.9 percent).

Channabasanagowda (2008) noted that various growth attributes of wheat

(Triticum astivum) viz., leaf area index, plant height, dry matter accumulation, days to

50% tasseling and silking and days to physiological maturity recorded at periodical

interval were significantly influenced due to various nitrogen management. Besides, it

increases the biological, chemical and physical properties of the soil.

Cook et.al. (1980) observed that the diluted vermiwash along with vermicompost

shows significant yield of spinach and onion. By vermiwash application with

vermicompost that increased the availability of more exchangeable nutrients in the soil.

Dadhwal K.S et.al. (2011) observed that the review study resulted that in organic

farming the 14.6% reduction in crop productivity and 21.5% higher net profit to farmers

as compared to conventional farming.Overall improvement in soil quality and increse

soil health and sustainability of crop production.

Dalal, et. al. ( 2014) observed that the effect on quality and growth yield of

chilli( Capsicum annuam L.) and brinjal ( Solanum melongena L.) of organic and

chemical fertilizers, finally the growth was improved and resulted in a final higher shoot

length, total production yield and branches than in chemical fertilizer treatments.

Deasi S.S. (2003) recorded that the vermicompost and vermiwash (a liquid

manure) effect in several ways for crop nourishment, soil fertility enhancement and

pests resistance processes.

De Britto and Girija, (2006) recorded the number of leaves of green gram and

black gram were increased due to panchagavya treatment

Devan et.al. (2013) noted that the role of vermiwash, as foliar spray on growth

of plant and its impact in comparison with the plant growth regulators on the exo-

morphological characters of Abelmoschus esculentus were investigated. The results of

the study showed that vermiwash exhibited growth such as plant height, length and

diameter of the internode, number of leaves, root length, leaf surface area, wet and dry

weight of the root and shoot of Abelmoschus esculentus. Among the various foliar

treatments used in the study, 15% vermiwash showed growth enhancing effects

followed by, Gibberelic acid (100 g/ml) and Naphthalene acetic acid (100 g/ml).

Maximum root length( 18.100 cm) and plant biomass (44.47 g) was recorded in

vermivash 15% as compare to contro

Dosani et.al. (2006) observed the effect of fertilizers, city compost and sewage

sludge with and without vermiwash on the dry matter, growth parameters and flower

yield, nutrient uptake by plants and soil properties after the harvest of China aster

during rabi cum hot weather season. It is noted significant increase in plant height due

to foliar application vermiwash produced significant increase in flower yield by 25

percent over the treatments without vermiwash.

Edwards et al. (2007) reported that after application of vermicompost teas

(vermiwash liquid) the control of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and

drastic decrese of aphid (M. persicae) and spotted spider mites (Tetranychus spp.) in

tomato plants They are serious pests of several crops.

Elumalai et al. (2013) noted that the important role of vermiwash in the plant

growth and development; root growth, contribute to initiation of rooting, promotion

growth rate plant development, and improvement in crop production increasing the soil

increase in nutrient and organic matter. Vermiwash has excellent growth promoting

effects and its impact on the plant growth is very good .

G.S. Rekha et.al (2013) observed that the vermicompost and vermiwash affect

the growth and productivity of Black gram (Vignamungo). The soil quality was significant

improvement with vermiwash 15% and vermiwash 10%. The yield and growth of black

gram was significantly higher in pots treated with vermicompost 50%.

Gamaley et al. (2006) observed that the foliar spray of municipal solid wastes

vermiwash causes persistence of water droplet on the leaves surface which promotes

the leaf succulence, increase photosynthetic activity, internodes growth, improved plant

physiology and ultimately increase the quality and yield of plant.

Geetha et. al. (2013) noted in the treated plantsof Vitis vinifera, the height

increased by 4%. Leaf number, leaf length, breadth, and area were increased by 23.9,

15.6, 96, 25 percentages respectively by panchagavya. The treatment also showed

significant positive effect on nutritional status of leaves.

George (2006) observed that the significantly maximum dry chilli yield was

produced by 2.5 t/ha application of vermicompost along with vermiwash : water 1:1

spray.

George et al. (2007) observed that the effect of vermiwash spray on significantly

maximum dry chilli yield. Who noted that the weekly applications of vermiwash

increased 7.3 % chili yield.

Giraddi et al. (2003) observed significantly lower leaf curl of chilli applied with

vermiwash (soil drench 30 DAT), foliar spray 60 and 75 DAT and higher yields vis-à-vis

untreated crop. However, it was inferior to other organics like vermicompost, neem cake

application to soil. By the application of vermiwash (soil drench 30 days after

transplanting, and foliar sprays at 60 and 75 days after transplanting) significantly lower

pest population as compared to untreated crop in chilli.

Gopal et. al. (2010) reported that the treatment receiving three spays of

vermiwash significantly produced higher seed (5306 kg/ha) and stover (7253 kg/ha)

yield over on vermiwash spray. The improvement in grain and stover yield might be due

to significant increase in yield components like length of ear, girth of ear and grains per

ear which ultimately resulted into higher productivity.

Gopakkali Pradeep and Sharanappa (2014) noted that the effect of different

sources of organic manures on growth, yield, quality, economics and soil quality of chilli

(Capsicum annuum L.). 3 sprays of 3% panchagavya and vermiwash. The 3 sprays of

panchagavya (3%) + enriched biodigested liquid manure (EBDLM) at 125 kg N

equivalent (eq.)/ha noted more plant height (87.0 cm), leaf-area index (2.00), leaf-area

duration (51.9 days), branches/plant (32.9), dry fruit yield (0.90 t/ha), total dry-matter

production/plant (105.7 g), fruits/plant (39.0), fruit length (14.4 cm).

Gorakh Nath et.al. (2010) noted that the vermiwash effect on the flowering,

growth and productivity of lobia (Vigna unguiculata), radish (Raphnus sativus) and okra

(Abelmoschus esculantus). It was noted that significantly decreased flowering period

and increased the productivity and growth by treatment of vermiwash.

Gorakh Nath et.al. (2012) observed that the productivity and growth of maize

(Zea mays), paddy (Oryza sativa), and millet (Penisetum typhoides) crops. The paddy

crops growth was (102.6±2.3cm) after 75 days. The combination horse dung with gram

bran i.e. 10mg/m2 concentration has significant growth (85.2±4.3cm) 50days. The

10mg/m2 of vermiwash of straw with buffalo dung shows significant growth

(89.2±2.7cm) and 30mg/m2 concentration.

Gour Khushbu et.al. (2012) recordrd that the ten treatments, viz., Ethephon

(50,100 and 150 ppm), NAA (10, 20 and 30 ppm), vermi-wash (1, 2 and 3 lier/ha) and

water spray. The maximum number of nodules/plant and their dry weight at 60 DAS,

straw, seed and yield were found more in foliar spray of and NAA @ 20 ppmand NAA

@ 30 ppm being at par with Ethephon @ 150 ppm which were significantly higher over

vermiwash (1,2 and 3 liter/ha).

Gutirrez et. al.(2008) observed that the vermicompost lechate (vermiwash)

spray improved the quality parameter of tomato besides suppressing the Phytopthora

disease.

Hannah et al.(2005) observed that the panchagavya spray produced with tastier

banana fruits at, Tamil Nadu. They sprayed banyan soil with panchagavya solution @

3 per cent which resulted in improvement in quality of fruits viz.,total soluble sugars,

total sugars and reduced the negative quality characters like acidity and ascorbic acid.

Hemant et.al. (2013) reported that vermiwash sprayed on the tomato plants, nit

showed a significant growth of plants, such as, shoot length, number of leaves.

K. Sivasubramanian et. al. (2004) reported that the observations on yield and

growth parameters were taken. The results shows that vermiwash spray enhanced the

yield parameters (number of days to flowering, flower weight and number of flowers per

plant) and growth parameters (plant height, number of laterals, number of leaves and

leaf area). From the results it could be seen that vermiwash increase the production of

ornamentals like marigold.

Kanchan et. al. (2014) noted that the vermiwash of buffalo dung and municipal

solid wastes with garlic extract and extract of leaf of custard apple (Annona squamosa)

caused significant growth of 28.96 and 28.24cm, respectively. The maximum production

of brinjal (6.86 Kg/m2) was observed in the combination of buffalo dung and municipal

solid wastes with neem oil with respect to all the combinations of vermiwash with bio-

pesticides. Growth of brinjal in control group was 8.58, 11.15 and 17.49 cm. at 30, 40

and 50 days after plantation, respectively. The foliar spray of vermiwash of different

animal dung and municipal solid wastes with bio-pesticide caused significant increase in

plant growth.

Kanimozhi (2003) noted that the plant height, number of leaves per plant, plant

spread, number of laterals, fresh and dry weight, production of dry matter, leaf area

index, leaf area were increased due to 4% panchagavya in Coleus forskohii.

Kanu Murmu et. al. (2013) reported that in sweet corn with significantly dry

matter was higher as compared to the treatments with sub-optimal dose of nutrients

(Vermicompost 50 + Crpo Residue and Vermicompost 50 + Vermiwash + Bio Fertilizer)

in both the years.

Karuppaiah et.al. (2008) conducted trial with treatment organic manures of FYM

(25t ha-1), inorganic fertilizers of NPK (60:50:40) in combination with Vermiwash (1:5)

dilution, panchagavya (3%) and humicacid (0.2%). The results revealed that the

treatment 25 t ha-1 of FYM with recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers (60:50:40) by

foliar application of vermiwash (1:5 ) was found best with a total yield of 19.21 t ha-

1 and a cost benefit ratio of 3:76 which was at par with the treatment combination

Krishnapriya et.al. (2011) observed that to improve the yield and biochemical

contents of rice by panchagavya application. Panchagavya applied through irrigation on

the 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th day. Height of the plant, Shoot length, number of grains,

grains protein, number of spikelet, and carbohydrates were studied. The results showed

that in all the parameters studied panchagavya had a positive over the control.

Kumar Prabhat, et.al. (2010) recorded that the Vermicompost, VAM and

chemical fertilizer were applied at the time of planting, while vermiwash was sprayed

twice, at 3 leaf stage and at 6 leaf stage (spike emergence stage) in Gladiolus

(Gladiolus hybrida) cv.The vegetative bud emergence was found to be earliest (13.66

days) in VAM + VC and VAM + VC + VW treatments.The plant height was maximum

(55.92 cm) in T9 (VAM+VC + VW) after 45 days. Amongst the all treatments, T9 (VAM +

VC + VW) was found significantly effective in number of leaves and corm characters.

Kumar Prabhat et. al. (2012) observed that the effect of different bio-fertilizers i.e

VAM, vermicompost and vermiwash on the evaluation of vegetative, floral and corm

yield characters of gladiolus. Vermiwash was sprayed twice, at 3-leaves stage and 6-

leaves stage Vermicompost, Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) and chemical

fertilizers were applied at the time of planting. The plant height and number of leaves

increases (56.29 cm and 6.14 days at 45 days after bud emergence), spike length and

rachis (90.68 cm and 47.07 cm), number of florets (15.08), vase life (10.02 day) number

of corm per m2 (28.66), weight of corms (50.68 g). Although, fresh and dry weight of

spike (75.82 g and 23.21g) and diameter of corms (5.95 cm) were recorded with

application of VAM along with vermicompost.

Kumaravelu et al. (2009) studied on using panchagavya (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6%) in

Petriplate culture, under pre-soaked condition, the greengram seedlings showed

significant growth increase at 4% panchagavya treatment, whereas under panchagavya

irrigation, growth was promoted at 2%. panchagavya promoted epicotyl elongation

almost in all the treatments. Panchagavya of 6% irrigation generally inhibited the plant

height, fresh and dry mass of the seedlings. In pot study, 3% panchagavya spray at 10

DAS significantly increased the growth of greengram plants. The lateral roots, number

of nodules, fresh and dry mass of the plants increased significantly at 3 and 4%

treatment.

Kumawat (2009) observed that foliar application of panchagavya increased N

content from 1.5 to 3.5 fold in groundnut.

L. Vimalendran and K. Wahab, (2013) reported that panchagavya spray @ 3% at

15, 25, 35 and 45 DAS with 100% RDF recorded the highest fresh babycorn yield (7439

and 7476 kg/ha) followed by 3 sprays of 3% panchagavya along with 100%

recommended dose of fertilizers (7226 kg/ha and 7262 kg/ha) in 2008 and 2009

respectively.

Lalitha et.al. (2000) observed that the significantly higher in vermiwash (1:5 v/v in

water) in spinach yield. The significantly higher in vermiwash (1:10 v/v in water) in

onion yield. Organic manure like vermiwash and vermicompost, when added to soil,

augment crop yield and growth.

Lende.S.R. et. al. (2007). Noted that the significantly increased the leaf

chlorophyll and nitrogen contents, seed protein and oil contents, and yield-contributing

parameters of soyabean by application of 200 ppm Vermiwash.Foliar spraying of 200,

150 and 100 ppm Cow Dung wash and 50 and 100 ppm Vermiwash, also increased

the aforementioned parameters over the control.

Louduraj et al.,(2005) similarly noted that the panchagavya @ 3 per cent spray 4

times for bhendi ( Abelmoschus esculentus) augmented the yield level in poultry

manure (10.27 t/ha) treated plot which was comparable to inorganic supplementation

(10.39t/ha) with pesticide spray.

M.M.Manyuchi (2013) recorded that on the Zea Mays plants the vermicompost

and vermiwash were applied. The plant height, number of leaves and cob web weight,

30cm plant height incresease. The production increased by more than 2 in Zea Mays

leaves. Furthermore, 120g cob weight increased in the Zea Mays.

M.R.Rajan and P. Murugesan (2012) recorded that the vermiwash at 50, 75 and

100 % and mix 3:2:1 ratio of clay soil, red soil and sand and filled in mud pots and

sowing of Vigna ungiculata and Oryza sativa. The 75 and 100% of vermiwash sprayed

affect the growth parameters in Vigna ungiculata and Oryza sativa. At different

concentration of vermiwash there was increased vigor index in Oryza sativa.

Maheswari et al. (2004) studied that the vermiwash : water at 1 : 5 ratio were

applied and the highest ascorbic acid content (175.23mg/100 g) was observed. The the

quality of chilli was affect byspray of foliar organic fertilizers.

Mahto et.al. (2005) conducted pot culture experiment during winter season at,

Dholi, Bihar (India), to investigate the effect of vermiproducts, viz.,vermiwash, and

vermicompost on Ophiomyia phaseoli incidence, besides growth and productivity in

vegetable peas cv. Azad. Either of the two vermiproducts was used alone or in

combination with diammonium phosphate (DAP). Vermicompost was prepared from

cow dung based organic source with the employment of compost worm (Eisenia fetida)

and live biomass of this worm was used to obtain vermiwash. The nodulation in

vegetable peas was significantly influenced by manurial treatment with vermicompost,

when applied alone or in combination with DAP. The Stem fly incidence in pea plants

treated with vermiwash (5 or 10%) was found to be relatively low (13.7-14.4%) as

compared to the untreated control (16.9%). Combined uses of vermicompost +

vermiwash (5 or 10%) gave better performance with lower pest infestation by 24.26%

over control. Manuring with vermicompost or in combination with foliar spray of

vermiwash (5 or 10%) recorded higher number of pods/plant (12.7-15.8) as compared

to untreated control (7.9 pods/plant). Among the treatments, soil application of

vermicompost (25 q/ha equivalence) and DAP (100 kg/ha equivalence)+foliar spray of

vermiwash (10%) at 30 days after sowing gave the best performance by reducing the

pest infestation to the extent of 24.26%, positively influenced nodulation and plant

growth, and increased number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, and green

seeds/plant fresh yield by approximately 40, 50 and 70%, respectively over control.

Meghvansi et. al. (2012) observed that the vermiwash @20% shows good

response on Naga chilli (Capsicum assamicum). This significantly improved the yield

and vegetative attributes of the test crops, largest increase in weight among all the

treatments in okra. The foliar spray of 20% vermiwash observed increase in chlorophyll

content by11.93% and increase in shoot height by 27.47% as compared with control

in Naga chilli. Vermiwash spray @20% the yield attributes of the Naga chilli(Capsicum

assamicum) 43.47% increase in average fruit weight and 23.07 % increase in seeds

number per fruit in comparison with control.

Mishra (2002) observed that the Maha panchagavya slurry @10% with soil

drenched with successfully control the wilt of tomato.

Mohanalakshmi and Vadivel (2008) revealed that ashwagandha plant sprayed

with panchagavya (3%) produced higher number of leaves (670) per plant.

Mujeera Fathima and Malathy Sekar (2014) observed that by the application of

10% vermiwash the germination percentage and seedling growth was maximum

treatment in both the experimental plants but response to Gibberellic acid and 20%

Vermiwash slightly varied between the two plants.

Munji et.al (2010) observed that a study to find out the effect of organics and

fermented organics on yield, available soil N, P, K and microbial counts in sesame crop.

The experiment has five main plot treatments and three sub plot treatments

combinationscomprising of organics (viz., compost, vermicompost, GLM) and fermented

organics (viz., beejamrut, jeevamrut, panchagavya).Yield were significantly higher in

RDF + FYM+Azospirillum + Trichoderma with IPM(296.5kg/ha) over other treatments.

Available soil N,P, K and microbial counts (viz., bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) were

significantly higher in treatments supplemented with organic manures in combination of

either FYM (1/3) + vermicompost (1/3) + green manuring (1/3) equivalent to

recomanded dose of nitrogen + FYM + organic pest management and FYM (1/3) +

vermicompost (1/3) + green manuring (1/3) equivalent to recomanded dose of nitrogen

+organic pest management over RDF alone with chemical plant protection. Among the

microbial population decreased trend of bacterial and fungal population was noticed

from 30 to 50 DAS, however, actinomycetes population was increased. Similarly yield,

available soil N, P, K and microbial counts were significantly higher with two sprays of

panchagavya at 30 DAS and flowering stage and one spray of panchagavya at 30 DAS

over no spray of panchagavya . These enhanced available soil N, P, K and microbial

counts helped in enhancing the sesame crop yield.

Murali et. al. (2010) noted that 36% fresh biomass of cow pea increases with

the application of coconut leaf vermiwash at 1:10 dilution. 22-33% in fruit yield in okra

and 5-10 % in maize increase in cob yield were noted at 1:5 dilution of coconut leaf

vermiwash.

Muscolo et al. (1999) noted the effect of vermiwash treated soil in which Spinach

and Onion were grown, found significantly higher as compared to control group.

Natrajan (2002). Among the treatments, the higher LAI was observed

significantly at vegetative stage in 3% panchagavya sprayed plants, due to the present

of growth regulatory substances such as GA, IAA in Panchagavya, since it produced

bigger leaves an envisaged. The highest LAI was observed in 3% panchagavya spray.

Nekar et al. (2009) recorded that the impact of foliar application of liquid organic

manures on productivity and growth of groundnut. Application of panchagavya and cow

urine recorded significantly superior dry matter production,plant height, pod yield, test

weight, and net returns compared to control.

Olfati et al. (2012) observed that the beneficial nutrient presents in organic

fertilizers affect the soil structure and help in maintain the quality and yield. These are

less costly than synthetic fertilizers.

P. Srimathi et. al. (2013) observed seed fortification with Jatropha curcas and

Pongamia pinnata using the panchagavya @ 1%,2%,3%,4% and 5% concentration

with three soaking time reveled that panchagavya @ 2 and 5% with 16 and 18 h were

best on control. other concentrations in terms of germination and seedling vigour for

Jatropha curcas and Pongamia pinnata respectively.

P. Venkataramana (2009) The significantly higher result was found in treatment

200 ppm Vermiwash followed by treatment 200 ppm cow dung wash , 150 and 100

ppm vermiwash and 150 and 100 ppm cow dung wash in a descending order. The

leaf yield (72600 kg/ha/yr) height/plant (199.50 cm), number of branches/plant(13.00),

length of shoot/plant (189 cm), weight of leaves/plant (1.200 kg), number of leaves/plant

(155), leaf moisture content (73%) and leaf moisture retention capacity (85%).

Palekar (2006) was observed higher yield, growth and quality of crops in the use

of beejamrit, jivamrit and panchagavya. These organic inputs were prepared from cow

urine, curd, ghee, dung, milk, jaggary and legume flour. They contain essential amino

acids, essential micro nutrients, macro nutrients, many vitamins, growth promoting

harmones like GA IAA and beneficial microorganisms.

Pathania et.al. (2011) conducted experiment to evaluated the efficiency of foliar

application of different liquid fertilizer in knol-khol (Brassica aleracea) in Mid Hill of

Himachal Pradesh. And used For the study eight sources of local liquid fertilizer viz.,

biosol, jivamrit, beejamrit, panchgavya, matka khad,compost tea, vermiwash,

vermivash+ gomutra along with control were applied at 30,60 and 90 DAT. The range

varied from 40-93.33 % (percentage plant survival), 13.1-15.41(no. of leaves), 89.42-

153g (average knot weight) and 59.61-211.67 q/ha (marketable yield). The highest plant

mortality was observed in jeevamrit. The plant survival percentage was more in

vermiwash.

Pathak and Ram (2002) also reported that panchagavya possess almost all the

major nutrients, micronutrients and growth hormones enhances the metabolic activity of

plants and supports better seed invigoration.

Patil et al. (2012) observed that the panchagavya @3% by foliar application on

15, 25, 40 and 50 DAS with no inorganic. This was the low cost effective technology for

production and grain yield in Chick pea.

Pawar et. al. (2013) was conducted an experiment with four replications and

RBD consisting of organic levels alone and in combination with the different organic

inputs used The observation shows that by the applying of Vermicompost 2.5 t/ha +

Jeevamrit + Farmyard manure 5 t/ha 2 times (30 and 45 DAS) to kharif sweet corn

recorded significantly higher values for sweet corn cob and green fodder yield. Microbial

count of bacteria, fungi and virus was significantly increased with same treatment was

found to be at par with application of Vermicompost 2.5 t/ha + Farmyard manure 5 t/ha

proved beneficial in recording maximum net monetary returns and B:C ratio.

R. Meenatchi et. al. (2010) noted that the significantly highest seed yield was

noted in vermicompost @ 3 t/ha + four sprays of vermiwash (1:5) (30.00 q/ha) and

vermicompost @ 1 t/ha + four sprays of vermiwash (1:1) (25.83 q/ha) and the

application of vermicompost (2 t/ha + four vermiwash (1:3)split sprays were effective in

reducing the pod borer and defoliators.

Radhakrishnan (2009) noted that the primarily attributed to better growth of

plants in terms of accumulation of dry matter and height of plant per plant due to

vermiwash spray which led to adequate supply of photosynthates as well as to direct

supply of major and micronutrients to developing grains.

Rajendran et al. (2006) observed that the application of vermicompost @ 5 t per

ha with foliar spray of 3% panchagavya at 10 DAS to enhance the yield and quality of

grain Amaranthus cv. CO3.

Ramanathan (2006) observed that panchagavya applied @ 3 per cent spray at

0, 30, 50 days after sowing increase in rice grain yield (5430.00 kg/ha) over control

(4990.00 kg/ha) along with different organic manures.

Rameshguru et. al. (2011) noted that the mossambicus shows a growth of

140±10.58 mg by receiving CFF (Control Fish Feed) diet in 21 days. 460.67±06.03 mg

in fish receiving FFV (Fish Feed with 100% Vermiwash) 100 diet, which was maximum

growth. Thus the roile of vermiwash was important in enhancing the growth.

Ramasamy, (2000) observed that in soyabean, the root length was higher in the

panchagavya and FYM soil treatment. The root length was more in these inputs due to

presence of nutrients and they added in the soil and create very good environment for

plant growth and improve the physical condition of soil.

Ramesh et al. (2005)observed that the process of converting cow dung into

compost, is much better than directly spreading the dung d on the fields, it is value

added product and show the better results in the form of more healthy foods, better

yields, and feeds can be perceived quickly .

Ranijasmin et al. (2003) noted that the yield and seed number per fruit were

significantly influenced by various levels of Vermiwash, but not the fruit size. The

maximum number of seeds per fruit was obtained in fluid NPK + Vermiwash 50 per cent

applied plots. In this experiment received 50 per cent Vermiwash and full dose of NPK

noted highest fruit yield of 18.35 t/ha.

Ravichandran G et. al. (2011) recorded that the organically grown potato by

spraying of 3% panchagavya solution at 15 days interval and before storage same

solution apply, to be advantageous as it reduced the weight loss, reduced the sprout

growth and delayed the sprouting leading to improved storability of seed potatoes.

Minimal sprout weight was observed in panchagavya spray at 15 days.

Reddy and Padmadya(1996) noted that the carbendazim in increase the vigour

of the plant and fruit yield and reducing the plant disease index of tomato.

Rodriguez et. al. (2000) also found that the vermiwash inactivate the soil-borne

pathogens and pests. They found that only half of the plants of tomatoes sprayed with

vermiwash were infected with Phytopthora infestans (that cause ‘late-blight’ disease) as

those of control ones. (Zaller, 2006)

S. Sanjutha et.al. (2008) noted that the study with three replication with

Randomized Block Design (RBD) and 12 treatments. The application of NPK @

75:75:50 kg/ha + FYM @ 15 t/ha + panchagavya @ 3 % foliar spray recorded the

highest nutrient uptake, growth parameters, yield and andrographolide content followed

by panchagavya @ 3% + FYM @ 15 t/ha+ foliar spray recorded best yield.

Sanjay et. al. (2012) observed that the vermiwash application gave 65,10, 26

and 70 % higher yield in knoll-khol(153.23q/ha), onion(184.1 q/ha), french bean(14.5

q/ha seed yield) respectively over control.

Sadar et al.(2011) observed that the maximum seed germination in Soybean

Glycine max (L) was 83 % was recorded in 4% panchagavya treatment followed by 2 %

panchagavya treatment 50 %, 6 % panchagavya treatment 46 % and 8 % panchagavya

treatment 33%.

Sangeetha et. al.(2010) observed that the 26 to 39% more lateral roots seedlings

produced than the control. Te soil with seaweed panchagavya at low concentrations

(1:100; panchagavya: soil) in this the seedlings grown in maximum lateral root

production.

Santosh et. al. (2013) noted that the use of vermiwash imparted a rise of 11.21%

grain and 10.28% stover yield of corn (Zea mays L.) over control.

Selvaraj (2003) noted that the effect of panchagavya foliar spray on

germination and growth on spinch (Tetragonia tetragonoides) at 10th ,20th , 30th ,40th

and 50th days after planting alone increases 18 % higher yield as compare to the

conventional method. The highest pod yield of French bean crop Ooty2 was noted by

panchagavya and vermicompost combination, which was 36% higher than the

conventional method. Minimum number of cutworms also noted, which showed in

higher yield in cabbage by panchagavya spray with Agnihotra (fumigation in the field).

Foliar spray of Agnihotra ash @ 200 g dissolved in 1 litre cow’s urine and 10 litres water

5 times at 10 days interval had increased the yield of cabbage (38.8%) and reduced the

leaf spot incidence.

Sapre, J. K. and Varma, R. K.(2006) recorded that the various preparation of cow

urine, viz. Devversa, Panchagavya, Gotech, Goratana, are available in the market for

the management of insect pests and diseases. The cow urine and buttermilk. Suppress

the effect of three pathogen to secrete macerating, pectinesterase and carboxymethyl

cellulase enzymes.

Saravana Pandian et al. (005) noted that the any form of organics added into

the soil it has been found to improve the soil health, water retention capacity, buffering

capacity, water holding , chelation, release of micronutrients, good soil ecology for

plants and microbiological process etc.

Sharma et.al (2011) recorded that the two year experiment were conducted at

Kullu to observe the effect of organic input viz matka khad vermicompost, and jivamrit

as (liquid input) on gobhi sarson(Brassic napus L.) with different treatment

combinations. The observation shows that the maximum crop yield of 12.6 q/ha was

found in treatment combination in vermicompost @20t/ha +matka khad(2%) + jivamrit

(2%) as compared to control.

Sheony et. al. (2000) noted that the mahapanchagavya was found activate soil

and to protect plant disease.

Shivsubramanian and Ganeshkumar (2004) noted that the vermiwash

supplemented medium showed high Cowpea plant growth as compared to without

supplementation. The productivity and growth of Marigold was affected by vermiwash.

Shivsubramanian et. al. (2004) observed the effect of vermiwash on the growth

and productivity of Marigold.

Shlrene et. al. (2012) observed the germination percentage in mung bean(Vigna

radiata) seeds was 80% higher at 72 hours are highest in 10% vermiwash as compare

to control was obtained.

Shwetha and Babalad (2008) conducted an experiment to know the effect of

management of nutrient through organics in soybean wheat cropping system at n a

medium deep black clay loam soil. They reported that in plant height, accumulation of

dry matter, number of branches, leaf area index (LAI) and seed yield. With the

application of organic manures in combination with fermented organics viz. beejamrit,

jivamrit, panchagavya over organics alone application, the yield parameters like number

of pods/plant was significantly higher.

Siddappa, et.al. (2011) reported the foliar spray of vermiwash produced vigorous

growth with significantly higher fresh leaf yield (13.07 t/ha) compared to control (11.13

t/ha). Among nutritional treatments, RDF + FYM (10.00 kg/plant) with vermiwash foliar

spray at 50 per cent dilution recorded higher fresh leaf yield (17.74 t/ha) followed by

FYM + RDF without vermiwash (15.79 t/ha) and FYM along with vermiwash (15.65 t/ha)

compared to control (6.32 t/ha) in curry leaf var. Suvasini.

Singh et.al. (2001) recorded that the addition of four organic amendments could

give better soil quality and the optimum yield (4.05 t/ha) of organic basmati rice .

Singh.et. al.(2011) noted that the Shady soil of wild old Banyan tree with

natural habitat of enormous birds and animals. Where they release the excreta and

soil is undisturbed .This soil contains huge amount of microbes i.e. fungus, bacteria,

actinomycetes molds, protozoa, algae. All these microorganisms liberate no. of

minerals, production of antibiotic substrate, synthesis Plant Growth Promoter,

cellulolytic decomposer and other pathogenic management causes and drives

congenial environment to soil. Application of 20kg/acre shady soil incubated with

vermicompost for three days. After this the incubated soil applied as a fertilizer on

barsim (Trifolium alexandrinum) and other fodder crops .After 35 days the growth of

biomass of fodder is excellent. Biomass and dry matter is found 1.5 times then

conventional practices.

Sireesha (2013) noted that the panchagavya possess the properties of fertilizers

and bio pesticides. To providing resistance to diseases and pests panchagavya has

played a significant role, resulting in increased overall yields.

Somasundaram (2003) observed that the plant growth attributes of sunflower-

maize and green gram was increased by foliar application of panchagavya, and

increased the grain yield(5433 kg/ha) as well as as compare to control with grain yield

(5002 kg/ha) and straw yield ( 6781 kg/ha).

Somasundaram et.al.,(2003a) reported that the foliar spray of panchagavya @

3% at15, 25,40 and 50 days after sowing with no fertilizer was the cost effective

technology in terms of grain yield of green gram. The heighest grain yield of green gram

17.87q/ha was noted.

Somasundaram and Singaram (2006) reported that panchagavya spray was

foundeffective on many crops than the foliar spray of recommended nutrients and

growthregulators. The superiority of the panchagavya in different crops was noticed

with respect tothe improvement in growth, yield components and yield of crops over no

panchagavya sprayfrom their studies conducted at Coimbatore.

Srimathi et. al. (2013) observed that the panchagavya at one, two, three, four

and five per cent concentrations with the three different soaking durations revealed that

panchagavya at 2 and 5% with the soaking duration of 16 and 8 h were superior than

the control and other concentrations in terms of germination and seedling vigour for

Jatropha curcas and Pongamia pinnata respectively.

Subhasini Sridhar et.al.(2001) noted that by spraying panchagavya in the

chillies produced new growth and dark green leaves within 10 days.

Subler, (1995) reported the significant productivity of onion (Allium sepa),

spinach, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and (Spinacia oleracea L.) obtained by the

use of foliar application of vermiwash, indicate the better and higher yield growth of

plants by slow release of nutrients auxine and Gibberellins increase the bio availability

phosphorus and more exchangeable nutrients organic inputs.

Sudhakar et al. (2011) repoted that two time foliar application of Vermiwash

(7%)on mulberry during crop duration (30 and 40 days after pruning) along with soil

application of 50 per cent recommended N and P + supplemented with 20 kg Seriazo

and 25 kg Seriphos biofertilizer + 10t FYM + 5t vermicompost/ha/year, respectively has

recorded significantly increased leaf yield (10,877.9 kg/ha) compared to no foliar spray

of Vermiwash treatment (9969.7 kg). However, the leaf yield did not significantly differ

compared to the RDF of NPK @ 350:140:140 kg and 20 t FYM/ha/year (10666.70

kg/ha/crop).

Suhane et al. (2008) reported that the controlled all incidences of pests and

diseases by vermiwash was significantly reduced the use of chemical insecticides and

pesticides on vegetable crops and the products.These were significantly different from

others with high market value.

Sumangala and Patil (2009) reported that paddy seeds treated with panchagavya

enhanced the seed germination by 91% and with higher vigor index(1036).

Sundararasu, K. and Jeyasankar, A. (2014) observed plant height was

significantly more at 90 days in plot II (50.8 cm) followed by plot I and control 50.1 cm

and 49.84 cm respectively. Similarly the highest no of leaves 65.7, 64.1 and no. of

flowers 37.4, 36.6 in plot I and plot II respectively at 90 days.

Sunil et. al.(2012) have conducted field experiment on organic seed production

of cumin (Cuminum cyaminum L.) was conducted under irrigated conditions at,

Jaisalmer, Rajasthan with panchgavya spray and plant leaf extracts of datura (Datura

metel), neem (Azadiracta indica) and tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) during rabi 2006-07

and 2007-08. Application of neem +panchgavya spray recorded 30%, 54% and 80%

higher plant dry matter compared to control at 55 & 80 DAS. The foliar application of

datura + panchgavya, neem + panchgavya, and tumba + panchgavya treatments

compared to control and application of panchgavya alone increased significantly in the

Seed, straw and biological yields. However, neem + panchgavya spray was recorded

58%,65% 72% and higher seed, biological yield and straw respectively, compared to

control.

Suresh et.al.(2000) observed that in black gram, during the flowering and pod

development stages, the demand for N was met by recommended foliar spray of

panchgavya and 2% DAP and hence the significantly increased seed yield was

observed.

Surindra Sutha (2010) noted that the vermiwash effect on seedling growth, seed

germination, and biochemistry of Trigonella foenum-graecum and Cyamopsis

tertagonoloba 100% vermiwash, 5% urea solution, 50% vermiwash and distilled water,

were used as treatments. 50% vermiwash shows maximum germination, But at 100%

vermiwash plant growth parameters (leaves/plant, root length, shoot length and

shoot/root ratio showed the maximum results. In 100% vermiwash the highest

chlorophyll in leaves was found. The foliar spray of 100% vermiwash showed the

maximum level of total protein, total soluble sugars.

Suthar (2010 a) has reported that in vermiwash hormoneous substances found.

He studied its effect on roots and shoots length in Cyamopsis tertagonoloba, seed

germination, and compared with urea solution (0.05%). Maximum germination was 90%

at 50% vermiwash as compared to 61.7% in urea solution, Maximum shoot and root

length was 12.42 and 8.65 and cm on 100% vermiwash as compared to7.73 and 5.87

on urea.

T.Saravanan and P.Panneerselvam (2014) recorded that the significantly higher

number of pods/plant (66.38), grain yield (2400 kg/ha) and 100-seed weight (20.91 g)

by foliar application of panchagavya @ 3% at flower initiation and 15 DAF. While, in

control treatment (water spray -C2) the lowest grain yield (1446 kg/ha), number of

pods/plant (43.91) and 100-seed weight (18.18 g) were recorded

Thangavel et al. (2003) observed that the increased the growth and yield of

paddy by vermiwash and vermicast extracts. The Maximum plant height (68.5 cm),

yield of straw (7.65 t/ha) and yield of grain (6.7 t/ha) and compared to control.through

FYM + biofertilier + panchgavya 3 per cent foliar spray recorded significantly highest

yield of chilli (10.34 q/ha) as compared to 7.58 q/ha in 100 per cent RDF applied plot.

Tiwari et.al. (1989) noted that by the vermiwash spray along with vermicompost

the yields of onion and spinach in response to diluted vermiwash along with

vermicompost was highly significant due to increased availability of more exchangeable

nutrients in the soil.

Veerabhadraih et. al.(2006) recorded that the eapplication of panchagavya two

time, increased the productivity by 49.63 per cent over control. Application of Angara

and Amrithpani to soil and panchagavya as foliar spray was also found to increase

sorghum grain and dry fodder yields

Venkataramana et al.(2009) have studied on foliar spray of Vermiwash @ 200

ppm twice on mulberry at 25 and 35 days after pruning significantly improved the leaf

yield (72600 kg/ha/yr) over unsprayed mulberry (45735 kg/ha/yr), besides significant

increase in plant height (199.50 cm), shoot length (189 cm), number of leaves per plant

(155) and number of branches per plant (13.00).

Vijayakumari et al. (2012) reported the panchagavya, micro herbal fertilizer and

humic acid are found to stimulate plant growth and yield of Soya Bean (Glycine max L.).

Veerabhadraih et al.(2006)Twice application of panchagavya increased the

productivity by 49.63 per cent over control. Application of angara and amrithpani to soil

and panchagavya as foliar spray was also found to increase sorghum grain and dry

fodder yields.

Velu (2002) noted that panchagavya sprayed at 15,25 and 40DAS significantly

influenced the increases grain yield of black gram.

Vidhyapriyadharshini, H. Anburani, A. (2008) observed that the growth and yield

of mullai (J. auriculatum). By the application of neemcake @ 5 t/ha combined with 125

per cent of RDF(150: 300: 300 g plant-1) and vermiwash application @ 1:5 dilution

increased the number of leaves per primary shoot and plant height.

Vivekanandan (1999a) recorded the paddy harvest by 10 days earlier by

spraying of panchagavya at 25 DAS and 40 DAS .

Vivekanandan (1999b) reported that the pod yield increases double besides

giving resistance to pest and diseases by spraying panchagavya. in annual moringa,

Waheeduzzama Mohd. et.al. (2007) noted that the root characters of Anthurium

andreanum Lind. cv. Meringue such as number of primary roots per plant (12.50),

number of aerial roots per plant (2.60 and root length (15.30 cm) were also be found to

be the best in panchagavya 4% +5% recommended dose of fertilizers The treatment

with same combination favourably influenced on the Anthurium andreanum Lind. cv.

Meringue, number of leaves/plant (6.20), plant height (32.40 cm), number of

suckers/plant (4.20) and days to first flowering (206.50), flower yield/plant (5.90).

Yadav et.al .(2005).noted that the Gomutra application increased productivity by

45.69% while twin application of panchgavya increased the productivity by 49.63% over

control. Application of Angara and Amritpani as soil treatment and panchgavya as foliar

spray was also found to be increasing sorghaum green and dry fodder productivity

Yakadri et. al. (2004) reported the highest grain yield of 725 kg/ha was produced

under panchagavya spray and it was on par with inorganic nutrition i.e. 675 kg/ ha

(RDF+2% DAP spray).

Zhang et.al.,(1996) observed that the compost tea(extract) and foliar spray of

crude compost mixes triggered systemic acquired resistance in plants to various

diseases.

2.2 EFFECT OF ORGANIC INPUTS ON CHEMICAL PARAMETERS

Ansari et.al.(2010) observed the initial value of samples showed the pH of soil

7.97, organic carbon 1%, available nitrogen 0.1%, mangnesium 5ppm, calcium 11ppm

and zinc 10.44 ppm. The maximum increase in pH was observed 8.88 in chemical

fertilizer. The maximum organic carbon increased 0.14% in vermiwash. The calcium

increases 5 ppm in vermiwash ans vermicompost is due to presence of Ca2+ ions in

vemiwash and vermicompost. The magnesium increases 1ppm in vemiwash and

vermicompost due to greater availability of Mg2+ ions.

Arancon et.al (2006) observed more value of nitrogen in vermiwash treated crop

because it could have provide a large source of nitrogen for mineralization. The

maximum nitrogen was 69 ppm in vermiwash and 55 ppm in control.

Bhasker et.al., (1992) observed that by the application of vermicompost increase

in potassium uptake due to enhancement of potassium availability by shifting the

equilibrium among the forms of potassium from relatively exchangeable potassium to

soluble potassium form in the soil.

Cochran et.al. (1980) observed that the columns were determined maximum 20:1

C/N ratios of leachate for straw alone on several times and maximum reached at 56,

indicating a potential for N immobilization. 55:1; 30:1 and 22:1 with surface-applied

wheat straw and no fertilizer for leachate C/N ratios from different depth of soil

columns, while the 30:1 C/N ratio from the 4-cm mixed straw treatment from highest

leachate.

Dalal, et. al. ( 2014) observed the improved chemical properties of the soil.

Macronutrients contents Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K), Phosphorous (P) and Carbon (C)

were increased by the application of organic manure.

Gary et. al. (2002) noted the mean annual stream NO3 concentration. In the

organic horizon of soils was significant predictor of the C:N ratio. Soil C:N between16-

21:1. The strong negative associations between soil C:N and nitrification rate have been

observed in the both hardwood and coniferous forests in the north eastern United

States.

Geochimica et.al. (1972) observed that the range of C/N ratios from 7·1 to 16·9;

C/organic N ratios varied from 9·4 to 18·5 in samples from three cores of the Argentine

Basin were analyzed for fixed ammonium, organic carbon, and amino acid-N and total-

and organic nitrogen.

Gopakkali Pradeep and Sharanappa (2014) observed significantly higher

available nitrogen (377.9 kg/ha), soil organic carbon (0.63%), phosphorus (87.3 kg/ha),

potassium (206.7 kg/ha) by 3 sprays of 3% panchagavya and vermiwash. The 3 sprays

of panchagavya (3%) + enriched biodigested liquid manure (EBDLM) at 125 kg N

equivalent (eq.)/ha.

Govindan and Thirumurugan (2002) noticed that application of organic manures

markedly improved soil available nitrogen status. Among them application of

vermicompost equivalent to 100 per cent N, 75 per cent N and composted coirpith

equivalent to 75 percent RDN recorded higher soil available N status (110.3 kg /ha, 133

kg/ha and 101.0 kg/ ha, respectively after soybean harvesting) over 100 per cent

inorganic NPK (92.4 kg/ha) treatment.

Hangarge et al. (2004) reported that the application of liquid organic cowdung

urine slurry @ 2 l/m2 along with vermicompost @ 5 t /ha resulted in higher available N

(353.00 kg/ha), P2O5 (21.00 kg/ha) and K2O (284.00kg/ha) after harvest of chilli than

RDF (319.00, 18.00, 280.00 kg N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively.

Harishankar et.al.,(1976) the regulation of the stomata was favorably influenced

by the bio-active substances produced by the beneficial microorganisms present in

panchgavya, which also enhanced the uptake of nutrients of the black gram. Increased

N uptake increases the protein content in the plant body since, crude protein content is

the reflection of N content in grains.

K. Tejeswara Rao et. al. (2014) reported that the different treatments of different

sources of nitrogen viz., farm yard manure, vermicompost, panchagvya, neem leaf

manure, pig manure, poultry manure and fertilizer to supply recommended dose of

nitrogen on equalent nitrogen basis and one absolute control. Nitrogen was maximum

found with neem leaf manure, phosphorus was with poultry manure and potassium

was with vermicompost. All shows very good effect on maize and sunflower crops. use

of panchagavya was not shoe the noticeable effect on fertility of the soil

Karuppaiah et.al. (2008) reported that the treatments followed were zero tillage,

minimum (conservative) tillage and normal tillage with organic manures of FYM (251/

ha), inorganic fertilizers of NPK (60:50:40) in combination with Vermiwash (1:5) dilution,

Panchakavya (3%) and humicacid (0.2%). Normal cultural practices were also adopted

for check. The biometric observations viz., vine length, number of laterals per plant, leaf

area index, chlorophyll content, relative growth rate, photosynthetic rate, dry matter

production, number of male and female flowers per plant, fruit yield (t/ha) and post

harvest soil available nutrients NPK (kg/ha) were recorded for each treatment along with

economics of cultivation. The results revealed that the treatment combination of normal

tillage+25 t/ha of FYM with RDF (60:50:40 kg NPK/ha)+foliar application of vermiwash

(1:5 dilution) T10 was found to be the best with a total yield of 19.21 t/ha and a cost

benefit ratio of 3.76 which was at par with the treatment combination receiving

conservative (minimum) tillage+25 t/ha of FYM with RDF (60:50:40 kg NPK /ha)+foliar

application of Vermiwash (1:5 dilution) recorded a total yield of 19.061 ha-1 and more

benefit cost ratio of 4:14.

Kavitha R. and Subramanian, P. (2007) observed that the significantly highest N,

P, K and micronutrient contents were followed by enriched compost and the least was

observed in biogas slurry. Compost enriched with Azotobacter, Pseudomonas and rock

phosphate had N and P content of 1.75 % and 1.61 % respectively.

Kumawat et.al. (2013) noted in a field experiment on the high pH soils of arid zone

of India to test the efficacy of panchgavya solution as an organic means to ameliorate

sodic soil under irrigated condition. Soil application of panchgavya solution @ 3 lit

/m2 significantly decreased the soil pH from 9.0 to 8.3 during initial 5 days period

whereas it increased soil organic carbon content by 50% and availability of P, Fe, Cu,

Zn, and Mn in the rhizosphere by 17% over the control throughout the crop growth

stages. The same treatment raised pod yield, haulm yield and biological yield to the

tune of 85.3, 93.2 and 89.7% respectively, over the control. Similarly, foliar application

of panchgavya in combination with datura (Datura metel) leaf extract at 1:1 also

enhanced pod yield significantly over control.

Katkar et. al. (2006) observed that the due to greater multiplication of soil

microbes which converts organically bound Nitrogen to inorganic form. The available

Nitrogen might be increase which was easily available for plant

Lalitha et.al., (2000) recorded that the significance increase in the nitrogen

content of the soil, nitrogen of the soil increases due to the nitrogen fixing bacteria by

using vermiwash.

Manyuchi et. al (2013) observed that the vermiwash quantities applied over time

increases the organic matter of soil. In addition, increased iron content of soil has

tendencies to lower the manganese content.

Musaida Mercy Manyuchi et. al. (2013) reported that the effect on soil pH,

electrical conductivity and nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous content were analyzed

by the application of the vermicompost, vermiwash. Increasing the vermicompost

quantity decreased the soil parameters. Vermiwash quantity increased the soil pH,

electrical conductivity and potassium content but decrease nitrogen and phosphorous

But either the vermicompost or the vermiwash increases the increase in soil

parameter. The soil properties and micro-organisms present in the bio-fertilizers play a

critical role on the modification of the soil physicochemical propertie

Nileema et.al. (2011). observed that the with the application of liquid organic

manure + RDF followed by beejamrit + jivamrit+ panchagavya applied at 25th, 70th and

100th day after sowing. The plant nutrient concentration of (N,P, K) were 4.38% N,

0.43%P and 1.03% K was noted.

Pandey et al. (2006) observed that the soil organic carbon, available N, P2O5 and

K2O as compared to control recorded significantly higher by application of green

manures. Due to plant residues, external application of organic manures and increased

yield of roots shows higher content of organic carbon in soil

Pasricha and Sarkar (2002) noted that the highest available Sulphur was

recorded (14.68 mg/kg) which was significantly more than other treatments along with

inorganic fertilizers followed by (13.45 mg/kg), (13.21 mg/kg), (12.24), and (12.20

mg/kg). However, significantly lowest available S was recorded in treatment with FYM +

vermiwash spray (11.89 mg/kg) after harvest of the crop.

Poongothi and Mathan (2000) noted that when organic manures decomposed

microbial and release of organic acids might have favored the availability of

micronutrients in soil and their uptake by chilli crop. The 50% micronutrients uptake

were higher through organics. narrowing C:N ratio the faster decomposition of organic

manures with the combined application of both inorganic and organic sources of

nutrients. The increasing the uptake of the micronutrients by the crop due to the

availability of cationic micronutrient concentration in soil solution.

Rachna et. al. (2012) reported near Araku valley, India At each location,

samples from three sites in triplicates from four successive layers (0 - 5 cm, 5 - 10 cm,

10 - 15 cm and 15 - 20 cm depth) were collected. Concentrations of Total Nitrogen (TN),

Total Available Sulphur (TAS),Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Total Available

Phosphorous (TAP), C:P, C:N and C:S decreased along the soil layers, while N:P

increased.

Rai, N. and Bansiwal, K. (2008) reported that the vermiwash is brown watery

extract of vermicompost with rich volume of worms in it. It is non toxic and eco-friendly.

Vermiwash contains Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, Calcium and hormones such

as auxin, cytokinine, some other secretions and many useful microbes like

heleroprophic bacteria, fungi etc. The quality of vermiwash produced by earthworms

depends on the vermicompost that is used. The vermiwash has pH 7.5. 0.001%

organic carbon, 423.5 ppmpotassium, 316.88 ppmsodium, 133.6 ppm calcium, 86.73

ppmmagnesium, 0.04 ppmcopper and 0.99 ppm zinc concentrations.

Ravusaheb et.al. (2010) noted that yrield were significantly higher in RDF +

FYM+Azospirillum + Trichoderma with IPM(296.5kg/ha) over other treatments. Available

soil N,P, K and microbial counts (viz., bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) were

significantly higher in treatments supplemented with organic manures in combination of

either FYM (1/3) + vermicompost (1/3) + green manuring (1/3) equivalent to

recommended dose of nitrogen + FYM + organic pest management and FYM (1/3) +

vermicompost (1/3) + green manuring (1/3) equivalent to recommended dose of

nitrogen +organic pest management over RDF alone with chemical plant protection.

Among the microbial population decreased trend of bacterial and fungal population was

noticed from 30 to 50 DAS, however, actinomycetes population was increased. Similarly

yield, available soil N, P, K and microbial counts were significantly higher with two

sprays of panchagavya at 30 DAS and flowering stage and one spray of panchagavya

at 30 DAS over no spray of panchagavya. These enhanced available soil N, P, K and

microbial counts helped in enhancing the sesame crop yield.

Richard et. al.( 2012) reported that due to greater immobilization of Nitrogen Soil

organic C:N > 20 shows reduced nitrogen availability, although the breakpoint can be as

high as 30.

Sivakumar V. and Ponnusami V.(2011) observed the spacing show a important

role in nutrient up taking by plants. Closer spacing higher nitrogen uptake and wider

spacing lowest nitrogen uptake (184.16 kg/ha) and (73.10 kg/ha) respectively. The

nitrogen uptake (139.68 kg/ha) followed by panchagavya 3% sprayed plants (125.39

kg/ha). The lower uptake (105.84 kg/ha) in control.

Subha et al. (2011) observed that all the nutrients present in vermiwash were

easily available to plants from soil. This was the basic reason behind this the vermiwash

treated plants show more uptakes of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash.

Tejada and Gonzalez (2003). observed increased amount of chlorophyll content

in panchagavya treated plant. Since chlorophyll synthesis in the plants is directly related

to the availability of the physiologically active Fe, N, P and S micronutrients in plants

available form. The chlorophyll formation in the leaves by presence of these nutrients to

plants. The increased in carotenoids and chlorophyll ‘a’, ‘b’ content in green leaves in

rice due to foliar application of organic solution

Tharmaraj et.al.(2011) noted that the 77ppm phosphorous in vermiwash treated

plot as compare to control plot value 64 ppm in rice cultivated soil. Maximum potassium

content was 195 ppm and 180ppm as compare to control value.

V.A.Nayak et.al. (2013) This treatment was also found superior for increasing

and sustaining the availability of nutrients (N, P2O5, K2O and S) in soil and safflower

quality (oil content, protein content and test weight) followed by (½ RDF + vermiwash

spray + Azotobacter + PSB + CDUS at critical growth stage) and T6 (Vermicompost @

2.5 mg/ha + vermiwash + Azotobacter + PSB + CDUS at critical growth stage.

Wilfred et.al. (1985) observed that in the in tropical deserts the soil

carbon/nitrogen ratios range from <10 and in cool >20. The C/N ratios varies from 10–

15 and 15-20 in warm and cool life zones.

Zandonadi et. al. (2007) noted that due to increased population or biomass of

microbial in the CLV-treated plots shows higher organic carbon of the soil.

2.3 EFFECT OF ORGANIC INPUTS ON BIOLOGICAL

PARAMETER

Achilya et.al.(2003) have also observed that the after application panchgavya

soil micro-organisms increase the crop production. This fermented preparation having

several kind of biological activities i.e. growth hormones, vitamins and organic acids

secretions etc. Which improves the fertility of soil by microbial activity also reported by

(Yadav A.K. 2005).

Ali (2011) observed that Microbes such as Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum,

Phosphorous solubilizing bacteria, Trichoderma and Pseudomonas present in

panchagavya act as liquid bio fertilizer and bio-pesticides

Beaulah et. al.(2002b) reported that the organic manure applied with

Panchagavya by sprayed the quality parameters viz. carotene content, crude fiber,

ascorbic acid, protein, and shelf life in annual moringa were higher compare to control..

Dalal, et. al. ( 2014) noted that the enhancement in biological properties of the soil.

Total microbial count increases by using the organic fertilizers, shown the indication of

healthy soil. Results of this experiment showed that chemical fertilizers were less

suitable as compared to organic fertilizers. The vegetables can be grown successfully

with organic fertilizers.

Dubey et.al. (2003) noted that in Madhya Pradesh and some part of

Maharastra, banyan tree soil has been applied in the organically as well as

conventionally cultivated fields. With the application of only banyan tree soil, very good

growth, productivity has been harvested and comparatively long duration of barseem

crop survivable has been experienced by the organic farmers in Haryana

E. Leo et.al.(2013) have done study to characterize the three different organic

preparations viz panchagavya, vermicompost, and farmyard manure with respect to

microbiological quality and impacts on early crop growth. and observed that among the

three preparations, panchagavya had the highest population of total bacteria

(22��109 cfu/ml), actinomycetes (60��104 cfu/ml), phosphate solubilizers

(103��106 cfu/ml), fluorescent pseudomonads (151��105 cfu/ml), and nitrifiers

(5.4�×�106 cfu/ml). Dehydrogenase activity (6.61 µg /g/ h) and microbial biomass

carbon (89.6 µg/g) . The short-term plant growth test with cajanus cajan seeds treated

with panchagavya showed enhanced length of root (19.4 cm) and shoot (16.9 cm)

length , dry mass (147 mg), leaf area (14.57 cm2), chlorophyll content (23 spad units),

and photosynthetic activity (18.8 µmol /m2/s) after 15 days of sowing.

Fokkema et. al.,(1979) noted that the natural buffer against plant pathogens.

Provided by saprophytic yeast on plant surfaces.

Gopakkali Pradeep and Sharanappa (2014) noted that by 3 sprays of 3%

panchagavya and vermiwash. The 3 sprays of panchagavya (3%) + enriched

biodigested liquid manure (EBDLM) at 125 kg N equivalent (eq.)/ha show the bacteria

(37.0 × 106 cfu/g soil), fungi (23.2 × 103 cfu/g soil) and Actinomycetes (13.2 × 103 cfu/g

soil) population as compared to the control.

Gupta et.al. (2011) Vermiwash is a watry extract collected by saturate the

vermicomposting substrate. A total of 53 bacteria were isolated and 18 of these isolated

were selected as efficient phosphate solubilizer on the basis of qualitative assay.

Kalyan K. Mondal(2008) observed that the in panchagavya the bacteria P.

fluorescens and Serratia drastically reduced the colony count of wilt bacterium (2 x102

cfu from initial count 2.6 x 107 cfu/ml) when individually co-cultivated with R.

solanacearum in vitro.

Lalitha et. al.,(2000) was observed that the vermiwash is major contributor of

micronutrient to soil. Vermicompost and vermiwash are also enriched in certain

metabolites and vitamins that belongs to the B group or provitamin D which also help to

enhance plant growth.

Lourduraj and Yadav (2005) reported to indicate the beneficial microorganisms

in the vermiwash such as nitrobactor (1.12 x 103cfu/ml), nitrosomonas (1.01 x 103cfu/ml)

and total fungi (1.46 x 103cfu/ml) as the predominant microbes found in vermiwash.

Meena et.al., (2000) Panchagavya contained Pseudomonas and saprophytic

yeast, which might have contributed to plant protection because Pseudomonas on plant

surfaces have found to induced pathogenesis –related proteins, siderophores,

antibiotics and HCN in groundnut and rice thus enabled it use as bio-control agents.

Naik and Sreenivasa (2009) observed that panchagavya contains bacteria

having biological deterrent activities and producing plant growth promoting substances.

Poul et al. (2004) conducted an experiment to study the effect of inorganic and

organics nutrient sources on yield , growth and nutrient uptake by tomato on a

calcareous Vertisol at Parbhani. The results shoes that the liquid organics application

such as cow dung and urine slurry, Zatpatkhat along with inorganics observed higher

uptake of N, K and P which varied from 1.25 to 1.26 g/plant, 0.07 to 0.08 g /plant and

0.84 to 0.86 g/ plant, respectively compared to the RDF (1.05, 0.06 and 0.8 g/plant N,

P2O5 and K2O, respectively).

Prabhu (2006) reported that presence of large number of beneficial

microorganisms that help in plant growth and protects it from a number of infestations. It

was also reported that vermiwash improves the germination percentage of the seeds

and seedling vigor of seeds such as cowpea and paddy crops.

Sharma (1976) has studies on rice –wheat-green gram cropping system with

various organic amendments such as Azolla, Blue Green Algae, and Farm Yard

Manure and observed that rice grain yield increased by 116.8% over control and

increases soil fertility.

Singh.et. al.(2011) noted that the shady soil of wild old Banyan tree with

natural habitat of enormous birds and animals. Where they release the excreta and

soil is undisturbed .This soil contains huge amount of microbes i.e. fungus, bacteria,

actinomycetes molds, protozoa, algae. All these microorganisms liberate no. of

minerals, production of antibiotic substrate, synthesis Plant Growth Promoter,

cellulolytic decomposer and other pathogenic management causes and drives

congenial environment to soil. Application of 20kg/acre shady soil incubated with

vermicompost for three days. After this the incubated soil applied as a fertilizer on

barsim (Trifolium alexandrinum) and other fodder crops .After 35 days the growth of

biomass of fodder is excellent. Biomass and dry matter is found 1.5 times then

conventional practices.

V.A.Nayak et.al. (2013) the application of farm yard manure, vermicompost,

vermiwash spray, cowdung urine slurry and biofertilizers (Azotobacter + PSB) with or

without inorganic fertilizers. The experiment indicated that (Full RDF + vermicompost @

5 Mg ha-1 + vermiwash spray + Azotobacter + PSB + CDUS at critical growth stage)

was found most superior treatment for increasing grain as well as dry matter yield.

Vasantkumar et.al. (2006). Besides the microbial buildup the preparation helps in

mineralization of nutrients, decomposition of organic matter and microbial soil ecology.

It contains huge quantity of microbes .

Vajantha et.al. (2013) recorded that the N ,K, S and P in soil with the effect of

panchagavya made from cow and buffalo products sprayed to plants and applied to

soil with different concentrations (3 and 5 per cent to plant and 9 and 15 per cent to soil)

at different intervals (3 sprays - 30, 60 and 90 DAS; 4 sprays - 20, 40, 60 and 80 DAS)

and Kharif 2008. The available nutrients viz., N, K S, and P was highest with @ 15% to

soil.

Whipps et. al. (1990) observed that the soil environment could have changed by

the vermiwash application, the rhizosphere microflora acts in such a way that

synthesized enzymes or metabolites that could alter the integrity of root cells or the

permeability of their membrane leading to significant increase in the root exudates.

Xu et al.(2001) observed the in panchagavya the presence of beneficial and

effective microorganisms naturally occurring predominantly lactic acid bacteria,

actinomycetes, yeast, certain fungi besides beneficial photosynthetic bacteria and

proven biofertilizer such as azospirillum, acetobacter, and phosphobacteria were

detected in panchagavya. Effective microorganisms increase yield and growth of crops

and improve soil quality, by synthesizing phyto hormones such as auxins and other

growth regulators that might have simulated the growth.

Zambare et.al.(2008) observed that Vermiwash contain Soluble Nitrogen,

Phosphorus and Potash as main nutrients and contain enzyme amylases, cocktail of

proteases, urease and phosphatase. It contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria like

Agrobacterium sp. Azotobactror sp., and Rhizobium sp. and some phosphate

solublizing bacteria.