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11-1
Chapter 11Chapter 11
EndorsementsEndorsements
Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
11-2
Celebrity SpokespersonCelebrity Spokesperson
• Second Special Case of Sponsorship
• Referred to as Personality Sponsorship
• Used in Marketing of:– Sports Products – Nike & Tiger Woods– Nonsports Products – Sony & Peyton Manning
11-3
Matching ProcessMatching Process
• Celebrity (Personality) Needs to Fit:
– The Target Market
– The Product
– The Brand
11-4
Types of Personalities UsedTypes of Personalities Used
• Entertainer (Bon Jovi & Duracell Batteries)
• Politician (Bob Dole & Pepsi-Cola)
• Dignitary (Sarah Ferguson & Weight Watchers)
• Athlete (LeBron James & Bubblicious)
11-5
Endorsement ApplicationsEndorsement Applications
• “I Use It, So Should You”
• Drop in Figure 11.1 Here
11-6
Endorsement ApplicationsEndorsement Applications
• “I Am an Expert, and I Think that You Would Be Smart to Use this Product”
• Drop in Figure 11.2 Here
11-7
Endorsement ApplicationsEndorsement Applications
• “I Think Its Cool, So You Should Use It”
• Drop in Figure 11.3 Here
11-8
Athletes as EndorsersAthletes as Endorsers
• Prominent Roles in Society
• Recent Concerns Regarding Legal and Moral Transgressions
• Longevity Concerns – Injury & Retirement
11-9
Let’s Sell Some WheatiesLet’s Sell Some Wheaties
• The Wheaties Brand Has A Long History of Using An Endorsement Strategy to Influence the Demand for Its Cereal
www.wheaties.com/history/champions_list.aspx
11-10
Factors Favoring UseFactors Favoring Useof Athletes as Endorsersof Athletes as Endorsers
• More Effective with Sport-Specific Products (i.e. Tiger Woods & Nike Golf)
• Recognition Can Help Cut through Clutter
• Meaningful Recognition Rates for Association between Athlete and Brand
11-11
Top 10 Athlete Endorsers Top 10 Athlete Endorsers in the United Statesin the United States
• Drop in Table 11.1 Here
11-12
Factors ImpactingFactors ImpactingEndorsement EffectivenessEndorsement Effectiveness
• Endorser:– Is a High Achiever– Has Believability/Credibility– Is Known– Is Likable/Popular/Admired– Is Recognizable– Provides Ease of Recall– Is Congruent with Target Market– Is Physically Attractive– (Provides Prospect for) Continuity
11-13
High AchieverHigh Achiever
• Winners Have Greater Impact on Consumers
• Winners Are More Expensive– David Beckham, Michael Jordan, Serena
Williams, Tiger Woods, Lorena Ochoa, Roger Federer
11-14
Believability/CredibilityBelievability/Credibility
• Trust What They Say - Sincerity
• Accept Their Endorsement as Informed– PGA’s Arnold Palmer
11-15
KnownKnown
• Target Market Familiarity with Endorser
• Know the Name Even if the Face Is Not Quickly Placed by Consumer
• Athletes Who Compete in Popular Sports– Soccer’s Ronaldinho; Tennis’ Roger Federer
11-16
Likable/Popular/AdmiredLikable/Popular/Admired
• Use of Athletes Not in this Category Might Have Negative Impact on Sales & Image
• Regional Implications – One Country versus Another; One City versus Another– NHL’s Wayne Gretzky Has Broad Popularity– NBA’s Bruce Bowen Has Regional Popularity
11-17
RecognizableRecognizable
• Not Only the Name, but also the Face
• Athletes in Some Sports Have Advantage– Absence of Protective Equipment– Close Proximity to Fans at Event (and On TV)
• NBA’s LeBron James
11-18
Provides Ease of RecallProvides Ease of Recall
• Recall of the Product by the Consumer
• In Retail Store, Consumer Will Remember the Relationship between an Athlete and the Endorsed Product
• Michael Jordan & Hanes Underwear
11-19
Is Congruent with Target MarketIs Congruent with Target Market
• Similar Demographic Profile
• Similar Lifestyle – Regardless of Demographics
• Allen Iverson’s “Street Cred”
11-20
Is Physically AttractiveIs Physically Attractive
• Consumers Rate Ads Featuring Attractive Endorser Higher
• They Also Rate Product Higher
• Maria Sharapova
11-21
Continuity ProspectsContinuity Prospects
• Like Traditional Sponsorship, Impact is Maximized Over Long Term
• Risk Involved for Both Parties
• NBA’s Kobe Bryant
11-22
Selection ProcessSelection Process
• Like Traditional Sponsorships, an Endorsement – AKA a Personality Sponsorship – Should Be Evaluated Prior to Making Any Substantial Investment
• Reduce the Risk of Making an Inappropriate Selection for the Spokesperson for Your Product
11-23
Selection ProcessSelection Process
• Set Budget for Personality Sponsorships
• Identify Potential Spokespersons that Match the Values Characteristic of the Marketer
• Evaluate Each Potential Spokesperson Using an Objective Measurement Tool
11-24
Selection Process – Q ScoresSelection Process – Q Scores
• Some Marketers Use Independent Consulting Services such as Q Scores from Marketing Evaluations, Inc. for Information to Assist in this Process
www.qscores.com
11-25
Selection Process – Q ScoresSelection Process – Q Scores
• Examples of Recent Q Scores (Typically Range between 0 and 60)
– Tiger Woods 45-52– Michael Jordan 45-52– Serena Williams 25-31– Jennie Finch 25-31
11-26
Selection Process – AssessmentSelection Process – Assessment
• Select Relevant Endorser Criteria
• Assign Weight to Each Criterion
• Assign Rating to Each Criterion Using an Appropriate Rating Scale
• Determine Overall Assessment for Each
11-27
Selection Process – AssessmentSelection Process – Assessment
• Drop in Table 11.3 Here
11-28
Problems with Celebrity EndorsersProblems with Celebrity Endorsers
• The Criminal
• The Prima Donna
• The Fading Star
• The Lightning Rod
• The Tongue-Tied
11-29
Other Potential Problems Involving Other Potential Problems Involving Celebrity EndorsementsCelebrity Endorsements
• Ambush Marketing• Costs• Misrepresentation of Use• Endorsement Conflicts• Conflicts with Sport Regulatory Bodies• (Impact on) Amateur Status• Unwholesome Nonsports Products• Overexposure
11-30
Closing CapsuleClosing Capsule
• Endorsements Represent a Special Case of Sponsorship – Personality Sponsorship
• May be Used for Marketing of Both Sports and Nonsports Products
• Primary Emphasis in this Chapter Was on Nonsports Products (Domain-Focused Strategies)
11-31
Closing CapsuleClosing Capsule
• Personalities Employed May be Local, Regional, National, International or Global
• May be Athletes, Entertainers, Politicians, Dignitaries, Recognized Personalities
• Help Cut through Advertising Clutter
• Not Devoid of Risk