11 1 Bio Metrics Architectures

8/8/2019 11 1 Bio Metrics Architectures

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Biometrics Systems

Adapted from B. Cukic


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Biometric Systems

Segment OrganizationIntroductionSystem architecture


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BiometricsEngineering Definition and ApproachesDefinition, Criteria for SelectionSurvey of Current Biometrics and Relative PropertiesIntroduction to socio-legal implications and issues

Introduction


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Recap Identification in the 21 st

CenturyDispersion of people from their Natural IDCentersSocial units have grown to tens of thousandsor millions/billions.Need to assure associations of identity withend-to-end transactions without physicalpresence

Project your presence (ID) instantly,accurately, and securely across any distance


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Identification MethodsWe need to achieve this recognitionautomatically in order to

authenticate our identity.Identity is not a passive thing, butassociated with an act or intentinvolving the person with thatidentitySeek a manageable engineeringdefinition.


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Biometric IdentificationPervasive use of biometric ID is enabled bya utomated systems

Enabled by inexpensive embedded computing andsensing.Computer controlled acquisition, processing, storage,and matching using biometrics.

Biometric systems are one solution toincreasing demand for strong authentication of actions in a global environment.

Biometrics tightly binds an event to an individual

A biometric can not be lost or forgotten,however a biometric must be enrolled.


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What is an Automated Biometric

System?An automated biometric system usesbiological, physiological or behavioral

characteristics to automaticallyauthenticate the identity of an individualbased on a previous enrollment event.For the purposes of this course, humanidentity authentication is the focus. But ingeneral, this need not necessarily be the case.


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Characteristics of a Useful

BiometricIf a biological, physiological, or behavioralcharacteristic has the following properties

UniversalityUniquenessPermanenceCollectability

.then it can potentially serve as abiometric for a given application .


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Useful Biometrics1. Universality

Universality : Every person shouldpossess this characteristicIn practice, this may not be the caseOtherwise, population of

nonuniversality must be small < 1%


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Useful Biometrics2. Uniqueness

Uniqueness : No two individuals possess the

same characteristic.Genotypical Genetically linked (e.g.identical twins will have same biometric)Phenotypical Non-genetically linked,

different perhaps even on same individualEstablishing uniqueness is difficult to proveanalyticallyMay be unique, but uniqueness must bedistinguishable


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Useful Biometrics3. Permanence

Permanence : The characteristic does not

change in time, that is, it is time invariantAt best this is an approximationDegree of permanence has a major impact on thesystem design and long term operation of biometrics. (e.g. enrollment, adaptive matchingdesign, etc.)Long vs. short-term stability


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Useful Biometrics4. Collectability

Collectability : The characteristic can be

quantitatively measured.In practice, the biometric collection must be :

Non-intrusiveReliable and robust

Cost effective for a given application


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Current/Potential

BiometricsVoiceInfrared facialthermographyFingerprintsFaceIrisEarEKG, EEGOdor

GaitKeystroke dynamicsDNASignatureRetinal scanHand & finger geometrySubcutaneous bloodvessel imaging

What is consensus evaluation of currentbiometrics based on these four criteria?


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System-Level CriteriaOur four criteria were for evaluation of theviability of a chosen characteristic for use asa biometricOnce incorporated within a system thefollowing criteria are key to assessment of agiven biometric for a specific application:

PerformanceUser AcceptanceResistance to Circumvention


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en ra r vacy,Sociological, and Legal

Issues/ConcernsSystem Design and Implementation must adequatelyaddress these issues to the satisfaction of the user,the law, and society.

Is the biometric data like personal information (e.g. such asmedical information) ?Can medical information be derived from the biometric data?Does the biometric system store information enabling apersons identity to be reconstructed or stolen?Is permission received for any third party use of biometric

information?


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entra r vacy,Sociological, and Legal

Issues/Concerns (2)Continued:

What happens to the biometric data after theintended use is over?Is the security of the biometric data assured duringtransmission and storage?

Contrast process of password loss or theft with that of abiometric.How is a theft detected and new biometric recognized?

Notice of Biometric Use. Is the public aware abiometric system is being employed?


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Automated Biometric Identification: A ComprehensiveAutomated Biometric Identification: A ComprehensiveViewView

BiometricSignature

Acquisition

Camera(s),

Si CMOSSystem-on-a- chip

Lab on a chip,Implantable

med.device

Data ReductionClassification

Processing

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Minutiaextractio

n

Filtering,FFT,

wavelets,

Fractals

Template StorageDatabase SearchMatch, Retrieval

Databases,

Time series

dataData Mining

StatisticalModeling

Arrhythmia,

SIDS,

Identity

BiologicalAgents,

Microbialpathogens..

.

MAT

CH?

ActionLogical/Phys.

Access (IA,

medical, bio)

BiometricSignatureSelection

Iris, Hand,Face,

Voice,Electro-

physiological

Musculo-skeletal,

Molecular, DNA

Identification Process


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Biometric Systems

Segment OrganizationIntroductionSystem Architecture


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System Architecture

ApplicationAuthentication Vs. Identification

Enrollment, Verification ModulesArchitecture Subsystems


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Biometric ApplicationsFour general classes:

Access (Cooperative, known subject)Logical Access (Access to computer networks,systems, or files)

Physical Access (access to physical places orresources)

Transaction LoggingSurveillance (Non-cooperative, known subject)Forensics (Non-cooperative or unknown subject)


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Biometric Applications (2) Transactions via e-commerceSearch of digital librariesComputer loginsAccess to internet and local networksDocument encryptionCredit cards and ATM cardsAccess to office buildings and homesProtecting personal property

Tracking and storing time and attendanceLaw enforcement and prison managementAutomated medical diagnosticsAccess to medical and official records.


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System ArchitectureArchitecture Dependent on Application:

Identification: Who are you?

One to Many (millions) match (1:Many)One to few (less than 500) (1:Few)Cooperative and Non-cooperative subjects

Authentication: Are you who you say youare?

One to One Match (1:1) Typically assume cooperative subject

Enrollment and Verification Stages commonto both.


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System Architecture (2)Enrollment : Capture and processing of userbiometric data for use by system in subsequentauthentication operations.

Acquire and DigitizeBiometric Data

ExtractHigh Quality Biometric

Features/Representation

FormulateBiometric

Feature/Rep TemplateDatabase

TemplateRepository

Authentication/Verification : Capture and

processing of user biometric data in order torender an authentication decision based on theoutcome of a matching process of the stored tocurrent template.

Acquire and DigitizeBiometric Data

ExtractHigh Quality Biometric

Features/Representation

FormulateBiometric

Feature/Rep Template

TemplateMatcher

Decision

Outp ut


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System Architecture (4)Authentication Application:Verification/Authentication Mode/Stage Architecture

BiometricData Collection

TransmissionQuality

Sufficient?

Yes

Template Match

DecisionConfidence?

Signal Processing,Feature Extraction,

Representation

No

Database

Generate Template

Additional image preprocessing,adaptive

extraction/representation

Require new acquisition of biometric

Approx 512 bytes of data per template

No Yes


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Architecture SubsystemsData Collection

Transmission

Signal Processing/Pattern MatchingDatabase/StorageDecision

What comprises these subsystems andhow do they interact with otherelements (what are their interface andperformance specifications?)


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Architecture Subsystems

(2)Data Collection Module

Biometric choice, presentation of biometric, biometric data collection by sensorand its digitization.

Biometric Data Collection

TransmissionBiometric Presentation Sensor

Recollect

Signal ProcessingFeature ExtractionRepresentation


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(3) Transmission Module

Compress and encrypt sensor digital data, reverse process.

Recollect

Biometric Data Collection Transmission

Biometric Presentation Sensor

C o m p r e s s i o n

T r a n s m i s s i o n

D e c o m p r e s s

E n c r y p t i o n

D e c r y p t i o

nSignal Processing,

Feature Extraction,Representation


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(4)Signal Processing/Matching Module

Be aware of potential transmission prior to match

TransmissionSignal Processing


C o m p re s s i o n


D e c o m p r e s s

E n c r y p

t i o n

D e c r y p

t i o n

Yes

No

Template MatchDatabase

Generate Template

Reprocess

QualityControl

Recollect

DecisionConfidence? No Yes


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Architecture SubsystemsDatabase moduleIn what form is biometric stored? Template or raw data?



C o m p re s s i o n


E x p a n s i o n

E n c r y p

t i o n

D e c r y p

t i o n

Yes

No

Template Match

Generate Template

Reprocess

DecisionConfidence?

QualityControl

Recollect

Biometric Template : A fileholding a mathematicalrepresentation of the

identifying features extractedfrom the raw biometric data.

Database Templates

Images

No Yes


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Architecture SubsystemsDecision moduleIs there enough similarity to the stored information to declare a match with a certainconfidence ?



C o m p

r e s s i o

n

T r a n s m i s s i o

n

D e c o m p r e s s

E n c r y p

t i o n

D e c r y

p t i o n

Reprocess

Decision

Confidence?

DecisionConfidence?

QualityControl

Recollect

Database Templates

Images

Template Match

Generate Template

No

No

Yes

Yes

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11 1 Bio Metrics Architectures