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8/18/2019 10WaterCycle.ppt
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GEOG 445/645
Climatology
Water Balance, Soil
Hydrology,
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GEOG 445/645: Climatology Axel Kleidon
•Assignment ! due
•Assignment " #anded out on Tuesday•W#at a$out your term pro%ect&
Annoucements
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GEOG 445/645: Climatology Axel Kleidon
'n t#e climatic mean, (uxes in and out o) t#e "
$oxes $alance*
Water Balance
Ocean Land
Atmosphere
6!"4 ## 6"
$
$
all (uxes in ++!
m"
-
yr
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GEOG 445/645: Climatology Axel Kleidon
Water $alance )or t#e atmosp#ere*
change in precipitable water
= evapotranspiration - precipitation
- divergence of moisture
transport
in t#e climatic mean* no net accumulation
Atmospheric Water Balance
IN
OUT
CHANGE
IN
OUT
div
v ⋅ q( )= − P − E ( )
dPW
dt = E − P − div
rv ⋅ q( )
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GEOG 445/645: Climatology Axel Kleidon
%ean &recipitation .mm-d/
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GEOG 445/645: Climatology Axel Kleidon
%ean E'aporation .mm-d/
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Climatological %ean &(E )mm/day*
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Water Balance
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Water Balance
#ttp*--0001nodc1noaa1go2-3eneral-456C7cdrom1#tml
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atmosphere:
7 .P - E/* remo2al o) moisture, sin8 )oratm1 moisture
.9di2ergence o) moisture transport:/
7 net release o) latent #eat
ocean:
7 .P - E/* )res#0ater (ux .; ri2er $asindisc#arge/
7 a
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Land +ur,ace -ydrology
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.he +oil matri
o2erall soil moisture as*
7 moist air space
7 0ater #eld $y ad#esi2e )orces
7 0ater #eld $y capillary )orces7 ground 0ater
Land +ur,ace -ydrology
=arc#er, P#ysiological Plant Ecology
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6i
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Matric Potential
descri$es t#e a$ility o)t#e soil to #old moisture.i1e1 #o0 muc# 0or8 isrequired to release0ater/
Field capacity descri$est#e amount o) moisture#eld a)ter 0etting
Permanent Wilting Point
descri$es moisturecontent at 0#ic# plantsare una$le to extractmoisture
Land +ur,ace -ydrology
=arc#er, P#ysiological Plant Ecology
Permanent Wilting Point .PWP/
?ield Capacity .?C/
Sand=oam
2olumetric moisture content
9 @ a t r i c P o t e n t i a l :
. @ P a /
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Plant Available Water
(PAWis t#e di
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-o0 deep is thesoil1
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2eep 3oots in Amaonia
Nepstad et al. (1994) Nature
SE Amazonia
top 30 cm: 69% of biomass
top 2 m: 98% of biomass
18 m: rooting depth
“deep roots”
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2eep 3oots and E'apotranspiration
M J J A S O N D J F
20
0
Preci-pitation(mm)
Leaf Area(%)
0
PlantAvailableSoil Water
(mm)
200
0
200
400
0
0 - 2m
2 - 8m
preent-!a"climate mo!el
#!eep root$
!r" eaon
Nepstad et al. (1994)
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-180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
0 100 200 300 400 500Soil Moisture Depletion (mm)
after Kleidon and Heimann (1998) Predicted PAW6
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Simulated e
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GEOG 445/645: Climatology Axel Kleidon
Simulated e
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Simulated e
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GEOG 445/645: Climatology Axel Kleidon
+oil -ydrology
•soil texture determines t#e a$ility o) soil to#old moisture
•coarser texture 7D less a$ility to retainmoisture
•ner texture 7D 0ater #eld more tig#tly $ysoil matrix
•climatologically rele2ant dept# is set $y t#edept# o) t#e rooting >one
•soil moisture capacity acts as a $u
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.ranspiration
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GEOG 445/645: Climatology Axel Kleidon#ttp*--0001$at#1ac1u8-ceos-plants+1#tml
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GEOG 445/645: Climatology Axel Kleidon
=ea) cross7section*
.ranspiration
Conducti2ity H
=arc#er, P#ysiological Plant Ecology
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E
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Estimating E'aporation 3ates
!ow to estimate evaporation from sparse data"
sur)ace energy $alance .land/*E G +-= .S 7 SH 7 3/
Penman equation .)or saturated sur)ace/*
7 Bo0en ratio
7 Saturated sur)ace*
7 yields*
7 re0rite energy $alance* B =1
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GEOG 445/645: Climatology Axel Kleidon
&enman Euation
Estimating e2aporation )rom a saturated
sur)ace*
0it#*
also pro2ides estimate )or potential evaporation E = E air
=
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GEOG 445/645: Climatology Axel Kleidon
9Buc8et: @odel* Concept
7 actual evapotranspiration as t#e minimum o)atmosp#eric demand .or potential e2aporation/ andsoil moisture supply
- soil moisture storage and seasonality in
precipitation*
limit o) no storage* e2apotranspirationmirrors precipitation
7 o2erall 0ater $udget .0it# sucent storage/*
potential evapotranspiration (PE# $ precipitation (P
=$ arid, E# is 0ater limited
potential evapotranspiration (PE# % precipitation (P
GD #umid, E# is radiation limited
Annual Balance 7ariations
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GEOG 445/645: Climatology Axel Kleidon
Budy8o .+IJ/* atio ET-P as a )unction o)
A6-P
Annual Balance 7ariations
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Annual Balance 7ariations
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+easonal 7ariations
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+ummary
7water budgets& land, atmosp#ere, ocean, sin8s
.con2ergence/ and sources .di2ergence/ o)atmosp#eric moisture transport7land surface hydrology * land sur)ace (uxes, soil#ydrology .eld capacity, permanent 0iltingpoint, plant a2aila$le 0ater/, role o) roots andclimatic e