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10 Mbps Ethernet Technology and the Challenges Facing
Automotive Microcontrollers
Vector Automotive Ethernet Symposium 2019
Harald Zweck, Expert Automotive Communication
Agenda
10Mbps Ethernet – Introduction
The technology behind 10Mbps Ethernet and PLCA
Examples and options for Hardware implementations
Relation to other Ethernet standards
The standardization ecosystem and the most recent status
Outlook: Integration into the Automotive communication world
1
2
3
4
5
6
2 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
Agenda
10Mbps Ethernet – Introduction
The technology behind 10Mbps Ethernet and PLCA
Examples and options for Hardware implementations
Relation to other Ethernet standards
The standardization ecosystem and the most recent status
Outlook: Integration into the Automotive communication world
1
2
3
4
5
6
3 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
Trend in In-Vehicle-Networking
Growing number of network technologies over time
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
1000
10000
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Bus
Point-to-Point
Ethernet
Discontinued
K-LINE
PWM
J1850 LIN
D2B
Byteflight MOST-25
MOST-50
USB 2.0
LVDS APIX
HDMI 1.2 USB 3.0
100BASE-T1
MOST-150 1000BASE-T1
CAN 2.0
CAN FD
USB 3.1
APIX-2
SENT
PSI-5
FlexRay
VAN
HDBaseT
CXPI
GPOF
Taken from: Dr. Matheus, BMW Automotive Ethernet Congress, Munich, February 2017
4 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
Trends in In-Vehicle-Networking
New Technologies are based on Ethernet
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
1000
10000
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Bus
Point-to-Point
Ethernet
New Technologies
PWM
LIN
MOST-25 MOST-50
USB 2.0
LVDS APIX
HDMI 1.2 USB 3.0
100BASE-T1
MOST-150 1000BASE-T1
GPOF
CAN 2.0
CAN FD
USB 3.1
APIX-2
SENT
PSI-5
FlexRay
HDBaseT
CXPI
2.5..10G Ethernet
Taken from: Dr. Matheus, BMW Automotive Ethernet Congress, Munich, February 2017
5 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
Trends in In-Vehicle-Networking
The Baud Rate Gap
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
1000
10000
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Bus
Point-to-Point
Ethernet
New Technologies
PWM
LIN
USB 2.0
LVDS APIX
HDMI 1.2 USB 3.0
100BASE-T1
MOST-150 1000BASE-T1
GPOF
CAN 2.0
CAN FD
USB 3.1
APIX-2
SENT
PSI-5
HDBaseT
CXPI
2.5..10G Ethernet
Taken from: Dr. Matheus, BMW Automotive Ethernet Congress, Munich, February 2017
2Mbps < gap < 100Mbps
6 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
Summary
Cost level close to CAN / FlexRay
Baud rates faster than CAN / FlexRay
Technology with smooth integration into Ethernet
› Targets of 10Mbps* Ethernet technology
10Mbps: 10 Megabits per second
7 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
Some Clarifications
› The new 10Mbps Ethernet technology is called in IEEE 802.3: 10Base-T1S
› 10Base => 10Mbps speed grade
› T1 => physical layer is single twisted pair (unshielded)
› S => short range (favorite solution for Automotive purposes)
› 10Base-T1S and PLCA (“Physical Layer Collision Avoidance”) and (old) 10Base-T are different
› The presentation covers 10Base-T1S multidrop version
› The multidrop physical layer supports bus architectures (similar to CAN)
› The presentation does not cover 10Base-T1L point to point version
› The P2P long range version targets industrial applications
8 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
Agenda
10Mbps Ethernet – Introduction
The technology behind 10Mbps Ethernet and PLCA
Examples and options for Hardware implementations
Relation to other Ethernet standards
The standardization ecosystem and the most recent status
Outlook: Integration into the Automotive communication world
1
2
3
4
5
6
9 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
The technology behind 10Mbps Ethernet and PLCA*
› 10BASE-T1S supports bus architectures similar to CAN
› PLCA* based networks have one special node which controls the traffic on the bus
-> Head Node
MCU
Ethernet 10Base-T1S
PHY
MCU
Ethernet 10Base-T1S
PHY
MCU
Ethernet 10Base-T1S
PHY
MCU
Ethernet 10Base-T1S
PHY
MCU
Ethernet 10Base-T1S
PHY
MCU
Ethernet 10Base-T1S
PHY
MCU
Ethernet 10Base-T1S
PHY
MCU*
Ethernet 10Base-T1S
PHY
Head Node
2500 cm
PLCA*: Physical Layer Collision Avoidance MCU*: Microcontroller Unit
10 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
10 cm
The technology behind 10Mbps Ethernet and PLCA
› 10BASE-T1S uses PLCA (“Physical Layer Collision Avoidance”) to resolve contentions
MCU*
Head Node
MCU
MCU
MCU
MCU
ID 0
ID 1
ID 2
ID 3
ID 4
› Each node gets an ID assigned
› The head node has always the ID 0
› There is no relation to MAC / IP / VLAN addresses of the node
MCU*: Microcontroller Unit
11 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
The technology behind 10Mbps Ethernet and PLCA
› The PLCA* technology (basic functionality)
MCU
Head Node
MCU
MCU
MCU
MCU
ID 0
ID 1
ID 2
ID 3
ID 4
› PLCA* runs “cycles” on the shared medium
0 0 1 2 .. N
› Within a cycle each node is assigned a transmit opportunity (TO)
› During its TO the node is allowed to transmit data
Shared medium
(twisted pair wires)
Cyclic repetition
Node ID
time
MCU*: Microcontroller Unit
12 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
PLCA*: Physical Layer Collision Avoidance
The technology behind 10Mbps Ethernet and PLCA
› PLCA* and half-duplex operation
› Each cycle starts with a “beacon” sent by the head node
› A node can skip its transmit opportunity by leaving the time slot untouched
› During the time window with its node ID the node can transmit data
› The transmitting node will typically enlarge the time window
› A node can insert “idle” in its time window to extend the time slot
to compensate MAC delays
› A node can burst high priority messages
0
2
2
4 4
N
13 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
PLCA*: Physical Layer Collision Avoidance
0 0 1 2 .. N 0 1 2 3 4 5 .. N 0 4 0 0
0 0
The technology behind 10Mbps Ethernet and PLCA
› PLCA* and half-duplex operation
› Minimum size of a time slot: The client does not use its slot
› Maximum size of a time slot: The client sends idle and the maximum sized Ethernet frame
› Minimum size of a bus cycle: beacon + (minimum time slot * number of clients)
› Maximum size of a bus cycle: All clients (incl. the head node) send maximum sized packet
0 0 1 2 .. N 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 .. N 0 4
Minimum bus cycle Minimum time slot Maximum time slot
14 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
PLCA*: Physical Layer Collision Avoidance
Agenda
10Mbps Ethernet – Introduction
The technology behind 10Mbps Ethernet and PLCA
Examples and options for Hardware implementations
Relation to other Ethernet standards
The standardization ecosystem and the most recent status
Outlook: Integration into the Automotive communication world
1
2
3
4
5
6
15 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
Examples and options for Hardware implementations
› Example implementation 10Base-T1S Analog PHY
(“Transceiver”)
› PLCA is integrated into the microcontroller MAC
› Cost efficient PHY with analog circuits only
› Low pin count interface to MCU
› New interface between MAC and PHY required
Microcontroller
Ethernet PLCA-MAC
Interface
To / from Bus
16 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
PLCA*: Physical Layer Collision Avoidance
Analog circuit
10Base-T1S
Interface
Analog PHY
“Transceiver”
Examples and options for Hardware implementations
› Example implementation 10Base-T1S MAC-PHY
› MAC-PHY: PLCA function plus PHY
› The MAC-PHY contains digital plus analog functionality
› The interface between MC and PHY is an Automotive SPI
To / from Bus
SPI
SPI Interface
Microcontroller
17 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
PLCA*: Physical Layer Collision Avoidance
Ethernet PLCA-MAC
SPI Interface
10Base-T1S
Analog circuit
Examples and options for Hardware implementations
› Example implementation 10Base-T1S MAC-PHY
› MAC-PHY: PLCA function plus PHY (“Transceiver”)
› The MAC-PHY contains digital plus analog functionality
› MC and PHY communicate via a standard MII interface
To / from Bus
18 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
PLCA*: Physical Layer Collision Avoidance
Microcontroller
Ethernet MAC
MII
Ethernet PLCA-MAC
MII
10Base-T1S
Analog circuit
Agenda
10Mbps Ethernet – Introduction
The technology behind 10Mbps Ethernet and PLCA
Examples and options for Hardware implementations
Relation to other Ethernet standards
The standardization ecosystem and the most recent status
Outlook: Integration into the Automotive communication world
1
2
3
4
5
6
19 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
Relation to other IEEE Standards
› Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
› PLCA* is an extension of CSMA/CD
› CSMA/CD can be used to manage special exceptions
like e.g. SW or HW failures
Microcontroller
Ethernet MAC
Head Node
Microcontroller
Ethernet MAC
Microcontroller
Ethernet MAC
Microcontroller
Ethernet MAC
20 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
PLCA*: Physical Layer Collision Avoidance
Relation to other IEEE Standards
› 802.1AS Time Synchronization Microcontroller
Ethernet MAC
Time Master
Microcontroller
Ethernet MAC
Time Slave
Head Node
Microcontroller
Ethernet MAC
Time Slave
› PLCA* is not compatible to parts of the 802.1AS standard
=> not a technical issue
=> issue of how the 802.1AS standard works
› Several solutions currently in discussion (status as of today)
21 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
PLCA*: Physical Layer Collision Avoidance
Relation to other IEEE Standards
› 802.1Qbv (Time Aware Shaper - TAS)
› 802.1Qav (Credit Based Shaper - CBS)
› Shapers are independent of PLCA*
› But: PLCA* will have an impact on shaper effects
Microcontroller
Ethernet MAC
Transmit Queue
CBS
TAS
Transmit Queue
CBS
TAS
PLCA
22 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
PLCA*: Physical Layer Collision Avoidance
Agenda
10Mbps Ethernet – Introduction
The technology behind 10Mbps Ethernet and PLCA
Examples and options for Hardware implementations
Relation to other Ethernet standards
The standardization ecosystem and the most recent status
Outlook: Integration into the Automotive communication world
1
2
3
4
5
6
23 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
10Base-T1S related Standardization Eco System
IEEE 802.3cg
Ethernet 10Base-T1S PHY
10Base-T1S
Interface
To / from Bus
IEEE 802.3cg
OPEN TC6 / TC14
OPEN TC14
Microcontroller
Ethernet PLCA-MAC
Interface
Ethernet Driver & Stack AutoSAR ?
IEEE 802.3cg
› New SW components for PLCA: AutoSAR ?
› PLCA: IEEE 802.3cg, Clause 148
› SPI interface MAC to PHY: OPEN TC6/TC14 JWG
› Analog PHY interface MAC to PHY: OPEN TC14
› MII interface: Standard available
› Standardization activities for 10Mbps Ethernet
› 10Base-T1S: IEEE 802.3cg, Clause 147
› Test suite 10Base-T1S: OPEN TC14
› EPL*: IEEE 802.3cg, Clause 147
EPL*: Electrical Physical Layer
24 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
PLCA*: Physical Layer Collision Avoidance
Timeline of Standardization Eco System (Assumptions)
Planned:
IEEE 802.3cg
Release to Revcom
2019
H1 H2
2020
H1
We are here
Planned:
IEEE 802.3cg
Board approval
25 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
Agenda
10Mbps Ethernet – Introduction
The technology behind 10Mbps Ethernet and PLCA
Examples and options for Hardware implementations
Relation to other Ethernet standards
The standardization ecosystem and the most recent status
Outlook: Integration into the Automotive communication world
1
2
3
4
5
6
26 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
Integration into Automotive Microcontroller Ecosystem
› PLCA* compatible driver stacks – “Transceiver Interface”
› TSN drivers may have to be adapted to PLCA
› PLCA needs a driver set
› Transceiver Interface needs a new driver set
Microcontroller
Driver for Native Interface
Ethernet MAC
Transmit Queue
CBS
TAS
Transmit Queue
CBS
TAS
PLCA
Transceiver Interface
Driver for PLCA
Driver for TSN
Ethernet Stack
27 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
PLCA*: Physical Layer Collision Avoidance
Integration into Automotive Microcontroller Ecosystem
› PLCA* compatible driver stacks – SPI Interface
› Stack and MAC-PHY will communicate via SPI using a
special protocol
› The protocol will provide access to MAC-PHY control
› The protocol will provide access to MAC-PHY data
› A new driver stack is required for MAC-PHY the protocol
Microcontroller
Driver for SPI Interface
SPI HW Unit
SPI Interface
Driver for MAC-PHY Control
Driver for Protocol Conversion
Ethernet Stack
28 2019-04-02 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2019. All rights reserved.
PLCA*: Physical Layer Collision Avoidance