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8/13/2019 104622162 Religious Function in Minoan Archaeology Analysis of Religious Function in Sunken Rooms Pillar Room
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Religious Function in Minoan Archaeology
Analysis of religious function in Sunken Rooms, Pillar Rooms and Tripartite
Shrines in palatial and villa complexes
By W. . !ane "#$%yer
Student &$' ()(*)+)
Supervisor' $r. -arleton !ones
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Abstract
A common perception of the Neopalatial period on Crete is the religious supremacy of the palatial
elite over the villa complexes. This paper explores the architectural evidence for this by discussing
three features associated with ritual activity: Sunken Rooms !illar Rooms and Tripartite Shrines. "brief background is given on #ron$e "ge %inoan archaeology and %inoan religion. This is followed
by a detailed description of Sunken Rooms !illar Rooms and Tripartite Shrines within selected
complexes. The key factors are where they are located within the complexes and how this affects their
perception by the %inoan people. &t was found that although palatial and villa complexes share
Sunken Rooms they are positioned differently within the complexes. &n palatial complexes they are
interconnected with other ritual features while in villa complexes they are secluded rooms set aside.
!illar Rooms were found to be 'uite diverse in both palatial and villa complexes. " seemingly
common trait is their association with storage areas( however there were exceptions to this too.
Tripartite Shrines were found in areas directly facing an open court in both palatial and villa
complexes. The shrine is found in a central location in the palatial complex while it is found in the
northwest corner of the villa complex. &t was discovered that although both palatial and villa
complexes share these three feature they were perceived differently depending on whether they were
found in a palatial or villa complex. Therefore based on the three features discussed in this paper no
evidence for palatial religious dominance over villa complexes was found.
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Contents
"bstract page ii
)ist of illustrations iv
"cknowledgements v
&ntroduction
1. Chapter One: Background +
Beginnings of inoan Archaeology +
-hronology +
Terminology +
inoan Religion /
2. Chapter Two: Sunken Rooms )
Sunken Rooms in Palatial -omplexes )
Sunken Rooms in 0illa -omplexes 1
3. Chapter Three: illar Rooms (
Pillar Rooms in Palatial -omplexes (
Pillar Rooms in 0illa -omplexes +
4. Chapter Four: Tripartite Shrines 2
A Tripartite Shrine in a Palatial -omplex 3 4nossos 2
A Tripartite Shrine in a 0illa -omplex 3 0athypetro *
5. Chapter Fi!e: Conclusions 5
Sunken Rooms' 6vidence -ompiled 5
Sunken Rooms' -onclusion 5
Pillar Rooms' 6vidence -ompiled 1
Pillar Rooms' -onclusion
Tripartite Shrines' 6vidence -ompiled
Tripartite Shrines' -onclusion +(
-oncluding Remarks +(
*igures ++
#ibliography +,
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"llustrations
Figures
&ntro. ap of Bron7e Age -rere page++
Plan of 4nossos in the 8eopalatial period +/
+ 8orth%est Sunken Room at 4nossos sho%ing a possi9le procession route +/
/ Plan of Throne Room and Service Section at 4nossos +2
2 Plan of Phaistos in the 8eopalatial period +2
) Phaistos detail of the Sunken Rooms +)
* Plan of the :ouse of the -hancel Screen in the 8eopalatial period +)
5 Plan of 0athypetro, first phase during the 8eopalatial period +*
1 An isometric reconstruction of the Royal 0illa, 9y 4nossos +*
An isometric plan of Tylissos :ouse - +5
( The so;called resco at 4nossos +1
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Acknowledgements
& %ish to thank my supervisor $r. -arleton !ones, ?@ecturer in the $ept. of Archaeology,
8& =al%ay for his help and guidance throughout the research period of this dissertation.
& %ould also like to extend my appreciation to $r. !oanna $ay ?Teaching >ello% in the $ept
of -lassics, 8& =al%ay for her patience and advice.
& %ould also %ish to thank the staff in the &nter;@i9rary @oans "ffice of the !ames :ardiman
@i9rary at 8& =al%ay.
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"ntroduction
This paper %ill examine specific aspects of the religious relationship 9et%een Bron7e Age
palatial and villa complexes on the island of -rete ?&ntro. . The topic is incredi9le 9road
and diverse therefore, & have limited the area of study and the time frame. This paper deals
%ith the palatial complexes of 4nossos found in the Pediada ?central north -rete and
Phaistos in the esara ?central south -rete. 0illa complexes have varying forms, ur9an
villas, manorial villas associated %ith a small village or to%n and country villas %hich stand
alone in the countryside ?Betancourt 5, . &n this paper the ur9an villas of the :ouse of
the -hancel Screen and the Royal 0illa 9y 4nossos, the manorial villas of :agia Triada in
the esara, Tylissos found norht%est of 4nossos and 0athypetro in the Pediada %ill 9e
disscussed. The period is the 8eopalatial period ca. 5)(;2)( B-. This topic %ill focus on
three types of inoan architectural featuresC the Sunken Room ?lustral 9asin, the Pillar
Room ?pillar crypt and the Tripartite Shrine. The goal of this paper is to discover if the
palatial and villa complexes %ere perceived in the same %ay in these three features 9y
examining %here and ho% they are found %ithin the various sites mentioned a9ove.
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C#AT$R O%$
Background
BEGINNINGS OF MINOAN ARCHAEOLOGY
Sir Arthur 6vans %as the first person to undertake maDor excavations of Bron7e Age -rete
in ((. The excavation at 4nossos and several other sites spanned many years and
produced the excavation report
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-rete revolve around an imperial mode. :e descri9es the complexes as palaces %ith entrance
halls, grand staircases, courtyards and gardens, attri9utes of 6nglish aristocratic architecture.
-adogan in his 5* 9ook
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presumed to 9e of ritual function found %ithin the palatial and villa complexes %ill 9e
discussed in detail in this paperC Sunken Rooms, Pillar Rooms and Tripartite Shrines.
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-:APT6R TW"
Sunken Rooms
Sunken Rooms are a specific architectural feature %ithin the inoan complexes. They are
partially enclosed spaces. They contain a sunken floor %ith a succession of steps circling a
central column leading do%n from the ground level. The average si7e of these rooms is
approx. +.) x +m. The room is visi9le from the main levelC in most cases a lo% %all encloses
the room allo%ing the activities carried out %ithin to 9e seen from a9ove. This feature is
usually a9sent of any artefacts. "n occasion small clay vessels thought to contain oils have
9een found %ithin the Sunken Room ?6vans +, 2. &nitially it %as thought these rooms
%ere some form of 9athing room, ho%ever, %ater could not have taken a maDor part in its
design as the Sunken Room is not %aterproof. Additionally, ne% evidence of Sunken Rooms
richly adorned %ith fresco paintings at -hania in %estern -rete on the interior %alls further
discourages the idea of a 9athing area ?:itchcock +(((, *.
S8468 R""S &8 PA@AT&A@ -"P@6H6S
T%o Sunken Rooms at 4nossos are discussed in this paper ?>ig. . The north%est Sunken
Room %as found close to the north entrance of the palatial complex. The second Sunken
Room %as found in the Throne Room %est of the central court.
The north%est Sunken Room at 4nossos is one of the deepest so far discovered. &t lies at a
depth of +m %ith a total of sixteen steps leading to the 9ottom. This Sunken Room is t%ice
as deep as any other Sunken Room in the 8eopalatial period ?:itchcock, +(((, 1(. 6vans
originally dated this room to the latter stages of the Protopalatial period 9ased on artefactual
remains found %ithin the room. Since 6vans initial discovery the connection 9et%een these
artefacts and the Sunken Room has 9een Euestioned. :o%ever, the evidence is unconvincing
either %ay therefore it is 9eing included in this paper. The access to this Sunken Room can
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9e controlled. When entering the main area of the complex from the north entrance the
Sunken Room can 9e 9y;passed on the %ay to the central court. A portico divides the room
to the east of the Sunken Room in t%o. This portico in theory could physically and visually
cut off access to the Sunken Room and force the visitor to move straight on through the
complex. :itchcock suggests this deli9erate control of access could 9e used in a ritual
procession. The proposed procession is sho%n in plan ?>ig. +. &n this scenario %hen the
person reaches the Sunken Room an activity is performed %here a transformation %ill occur.
The person then exits 9y the second door ?south side, through the south door%ay of the
portico and continues on through the complex ?:itchcock +(((, 1. The structural control
here could also allo% access to the Sunken Room from outside %hile still 9locking access to
the main complex.
A Sunken Room is also found at 4nossos %ithin the Throne Room ?>ig. /. This room is
located in the %estern Euarter of the complex. The room is lavishly decorated %ith frescos of
griffins and palm trees ?highly reconstructed. A stone chair is positioned centrally against
the north %all hence the name of the room
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8iemeier certainly supports this function for the Service Section and Throne Room. :e
suggests these rooms %ere used for the preparation of the priestess. "ne of the rooms
sho%ed evidence of food preparation %hich 8iemeier comments is not exclusive of ritual
activity ?8iemeier 15, **. &n this scenario, the candidate performs certain actions
throughout these rooms 9efore entering the &nner Sanctuary, the room immediately to the
%est of the Throne Room. This is %here the supposed epiphany of the goddess no% appears
in the door%ay of the Throne Room flanked 9y t%o griffins ?i9id. This motif should not 9e
understated. The stone seat itself is flanked 9y griffins and palm trees. The seals found at
4nossos and even the fresco at Heste / in Akrotiri, Thera confirms the association 9et%een
deities and
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religious nature rather than a purely secular function this %ould have 9een lost on the
ycenaeans or of little importance to their society.
At Phaistos ?>ig. 2 9oth Sunken Rooms are found in the %estern part of the complex. The
area is accessed through an elongated corridor %hich can 9e 9locked off at %ill. The area is
Euite a complicated system ?>ig. ). &t reEuires the person to move through a snake;like
pattern do%n and up through the different rooms. The door leading from the first Sunken
Room to the second is Euite narro% and difficult to pass through ?:itchcock +(((, 1.
:itchcock comments that the %hole south half of the %est %ing is devoted to these Sunken
Rooms and there is no other reason to 9e in this part of the complex ?i9id. An opening in the
corridor allo%s the first Sunken Room to 9e 9ypassed. Therefore, entering the first Sunken
Room %ould have to 9e a deli9erate act. >or :itchcock, the purposeful nature of the layout is
a sym9olic re;enactment of a Dourney ?:itchcock +(((, 1.
S8468 R""S &8 0&@@A -"P@6H6S
Although only a fe% examples %ere given a9ove Sunken Rooms are Euite common in
palatial complexes. Both at 4nossos and Phaistos there are t%o or more rooms per complex.
This is in contrast %ith the general lack of Sunken Rooms in villas. &n most cases %here they
are found, they are filled in during the 8eopalatial period at the same time more %ere 9eing
9uilt at Phaistos ?:itchcock +(((, 1. :itchcock proposes that the action of filling up the
Sunken Rooms in the villas sho%s a fundamental change in the function of villas in the
8eopalatial period ?:itchcock +(((, (+. nlike their palatial counterparts there appears to
9e no association %ith inoan hall systems or an enactment of a cult of epiphany %ithin the
villas. &nstead, Sunken Rooms appear to 9e Dust a secluded part of the villa, a space set aside.
:agia Triada and Tylissos :ouse - possess no Sunken Room in this period. :o%ever, not
all villas shared this change. South of 4nossos lies
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villa has 9oth a Sunken Room and a Pillar Room ?see 9elo%. Although the room is
positioned to the front of the 9uilding its access is not direct. 6ntrance to the anteroom is
from the main hall from the same side as the entrance ?>ig. *. There is no reason to enter
this part of the villa if not to access the Sunken Room.
There is a possi9le Sunken Room at the complex 0athypetro. The Sunken Room is found in
the north%est section of the complex. The site has t%o main phases in the 8eopalatial period.
$uring the first, access is restricted to the room. There is a separate entrance to the complex
from the north%est. This leads into a straight corridor at the very end of %hich lies the
Sunken Room on the left. As seen in previous examples, approaching the Sunken Room is
the only reason for venturing this far inside the complex. :o%ever, in the second phase the
east %all at the end of the corridor is opened allo%ing access to the main hall and the rest of
the complex ?>ig. 5.
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-:APT6R T:R66
illar Rooms
Pillar Rooms are another unusual feature of inoan architecture. They are found in 9oth
palace and villa complexes. The rooms have no %indo%s and are therefore Euite dark. The
only prominent feature of these rooms is the pillar 3 generally centrally positioned. The
average si7e of these rooms is approx. 2.+ x )m. &n some cases small depressions or 9asins
are found either side of the pillar. Artefacts have 9een found in some of the Pillar Rooms.
Pillar Rooms have 9een linked to storage areas given their close proximity to storage
maga7ine %ithin the complexes, perhaps suggesting some sort of protection shrine. A
num9er of la9rys marks ?dou9le;axes have 9een incised on the pillars in these rooms.
&t has 9een commonly accepted these pillars may 9e capturing the cave sym9olism of
stalactites and stalagmitesC
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?see 9elo%. &t is thought that perhaps this %as used for some form of li9ation ?arinatos
5, 2. asses of animal 9one %ere found underneath the floor of this Pillar Room
?:allager 15, 5/. The 9est %ay of gaining access to the maga7ines is through a complex
system of rooms and corridors, passing through the Pillar Rooms. The pillars have la9rys
marks incised as do some of the maga7ine rooms closest to the Pillar RoomsC :allager
suggests these rooms may have dealt directly %ith ceremonial o9Dects, a type of sanctuary
store ?:allager 15, 5). :allager suggests that %e are seeing the architectural remains of
a harvest festival ceremony. The harvest %ould 9e 9rought into the %est %ing %here it %ould
9e catalogued in the Room of the -olumn Bases, south of the ig. 2. There is a pillar centrally positioned in the
corridor of the maga7ines. &ts structural significance is in relation to the upper floor 9ut
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:itchcock prefers to see this as a dual function seeing the
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+(((, )(;). This is Euite an assem9lage of 9ron7e artefacts and :itchcock suggests this
Pillar Room acted as divine protection over the collection ?:itchcock +(((, ).
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-:APT6R >"R
Tripartite Shrines
Tripartite shrines are an assumed feature of ceremonialGritual function. The feature can 9e
relatively simpleC structure consists of three sections and can 9e composed of either
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A TR&PART&T6 S:R&86 &8 A 0&@@A -"P@6H ; 0AT:MP6TR"
At 0athypetro the potential Tripartite Shrine is found to the northeast of the complex ?>ig.
5. An open court lies to the %est of the structure ending in a covered portico. The site has
several phases during the 8eopalatialC some destruction occurred possi9ly earthEuake
damage. &n the second phase, renovations appear to have limited access to the shrine, it
seems accessi9ility 9ecame only possi9le through the meandering halls and rooms of the
complex rather than direct access from the outside ?$riessen F Sakellarakis 15, 52. As
mentioned a9ove tripartite shrines are still de9ated in inoan archaeology. :o%ever,
$riessen F Sakellarakis 9elieve 0athypetro is the only structure %hich matches the inoan
iconography, miniature fresco at 4nossos and the Lakros rhyton, a ceremonial o9Dect found at
the palatial complex of Lakros in eastern -rete depicting a Tripartite Shrine at a peak
sanctuary ?$riessen F Sakellarakis 15, 5+. Sha% has argued that generally Tripartite
Shrines %ere a temporary device used at seasonal times for some ceremonial purpose ?Sha%
51, 221. :o%ever, $riessen F Sakellarakis stress they found no evidence for a temporary
structure from their field%ork at 0athypetro, instead they found the 9uilding materials to 9e
Euite %ell made and noted the polished though fragmented stone horns of consecration found
9et%een the portico and the shrine to further indicate the importance of the structure ?i9id.
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-:APT6R >&06
Conclusions
SUNKEN ROOMS: EVIDENCE COMPILED
T%o Sunken Rooms %ere discussed at 4nossos in this paper. The north%est Sunken Room
%as designed in such %ay that access could 9e gained %ithout having to enter the rest of the
complex. &n contrast to this the Sunken Room %ithin the Throne Room is an integral part of
the room and found %ithin the heart of the %est %ing of the complex. &t has 9een suggested
that the relationship 9et%een this Sunken Room and the adDoining Service Section may have
9een to ena9le an enactment of an epiphany cult. The Sunken Rooms at Phaistos are similar
to the north%est room in 4nossos. These rooms are secluded %ithin the %est %ing. Access
is prolonged and indirect. The villas during this period have a marked decline in the num9er
of Sunken Rooms. Tylissos :ouse - and :agia Triada 9oth lack Sunken Rooms. The villa
complexes %here %e find Sunken Rooms ?:ouse of the -hancel Screen and at 0athypetro
are secluded sections of the complex. Access is allo%ed solely for the use of the room. &n
the :ouse of the -hancel Screen, the Sunken Room is found in a %hole section of its o%n,
accessed through a single door in the main hall. At 0athypetro access could have 9een
directly from outside the complex, at least in its first phase.
SUNKEN ROOMS: CONCLUSION
At :agia Triada, the a9sence of Sunken Rooms in this period along %ith the additional
rooms at Phaistos ?the closest palatial complex to :agia Triada could have something to do
%ith an overall social change. :itchcock remarks on the tempting nature of the evidence
suggesting provisionally that perhaps the palatial complexes are assuming the religious
purposes from the villas ?:itchcock +(((, 1(. :o%ever, %e have seen a9ove that although
Sunken Rooms are lacking in the villas they are found in the :ouse of the -hancel Screen
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and at 0athypetro. The Sunken Rooms in palatial complexes like the one in the Throne
Room at 4nossos are integral to the function of the room. &n palatial complexes Sunken
Rooms %ere part of interconnecting rooms and ritual activity. The Sunken Rooms %hen
found in the villa complexes are private, intimate locations. They are situated in self;
contained apartments of the villa complex. Access to the main 9uilding is rarely necessary
and if it is as in the case of the :ouse of the -hancel Screen only to the main hall. Although
the features are architecturally the same, they are not 9eing used in the same %ays.
PILLAR ROOM: EVIDENCE COMPILED
Pillar Rooms %ere consistently found in connection %ith maga7ines and other forms of
storage. At 4nossos there %ere t%o Pillar Rooms side 9y side. These rooms seem to 9e part
of an overall ritual area ?0at Room,
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PILLAR ROOMS: CONCLUSION
The Pillar Room has incredi9le variations throughout the examples found a9ove. &t is seen
in a secular storage area, a ritual storage and an isolated room in a villa complex. &t is a very
adapta9le motif and it seems each complex has its o%n slant on the theme. Perhaps a main
purpose is to create this cave;like scenario and that is the common link 9et%een them all.
-ave sanctuaries %ere slightly different in the Protopalatial period too, regional differences
applied. Perhaps regional factors %ere still important in the 8eopalatial period and %ere
9eing expressed in the varying forms of Pillar Rooms found %ithin the palatial and villa
complexes.
TRIPARTITE SHRINES: EVIDENCE COMPILED
The Tripartite Shrine is a controversial element of inoan archaeology. The tripartite
system is certainly seen in inoan iconography as %ell as on mainland =reece. :o%ever,
identifying this shrine archaeologically has proved divisive. &t has 9een argued that the
architectural remains at 4nossos for the shrine are not valid, %hile others disagree on the
details and maintain the essentials are present. -ertainly the area it is found in connection
%ith is already defined as
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gathering such as the -entral -ourt at 4nossos and the court to the %est of the Tripartite
Shrine at 0athypetro. At 4nossos the proposed Tripartite Shrine is positioned centrally on
the %est side of the -entral -ourt. At 0athypetro, the potential Tripartite Shrine is in the
north%est corner of the complex. $uring the second phase access %as restricted. The
Tripartite Shrine is 9y no means as prolific as the Sunken and Pillar Rooms 9ut they are
perceived to 9e a part of the inoan ritual landscape.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
As seen through the examples a9ove, the inoans certainly conveyed a deli9erate purpose
through architecture using materials to o9struct and guide the person in a %ay they choose.
This seems to 9e the dominant feature consistent in all the palatial and villa complexes.
:o%ever, even architectural standards are not maintained for palatial or villas complexesC
they seem to have their o%n slant on the features. Palatial complexes use the features in
conDunction %ith other ritual elements. &n the villa complexes the features are more secluded,
a separate entity. The :ouse of the -hancel Screen and 0athypetro 9oth contain Sunken
Rooms in secluded locations. Again, their Pillar Rooms are either self contained ?Tylissos
:ouse - and Royal 0illa at 4nossos or associated %ith minimal and selective storage
?:ouse of the -hancel Screen and :agia Triada.
The extensive 8eopalatial 9uilding %ith the additional villa and larger palatial complexes
have lead scholars to propose a palatial dominance over the land. =iven the close proximity
of many villas to palatial complexes ?Tylissos is 9ut /km from 4nossos it is difficult to
9elieve these villa complexes could remain independent of palatial control ?Rehak F
Mounger +((, /5. The goal of this paper %as to explore the relationship of three features
?Sunken Rooms, Pillar Rooms and Tripartite Shrines in 9oth palatial and villa complexes
and to discover if there is any evidence of one complex sho%ing supremacy over the other. &
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have found no evidence for religious dominance 9y palatial rulers over villa complexes.
&nstead, villa complexes are using the features in a different %ay to their palatial counter;
parts. These features may have 9een kno%n to the inoan people 9ut they %ere perceived
and used differently 9ased on %hich complex they %ere found in and possi9ly %here they
%ere located regionally.
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Figures
&n the plans 9elo% the follo%ing key applies' Sunken Rooms highlighted in yello%
Pillar Rooms highlighted in 9lue
Tripartite Shrines highlighted in red
&ntro. . AP "> BR"8L6 A=6 -R6T6 ?$rahman +((1&
1 www.s!"#$s.s%&.#"!'"()*+)$,-')#(.*+/0)&ss#" 31 M)(&* 2,,
http://www.students.sbc.edu/drahman08/paper.htmlhttp://www.students.sbc.edu/drahman08/paper.htmlhttp://www.students.sbc.edu/drahman08/paper.html8/13/2019 104622162 Religious Function in Minoan Archaeology Analysis of Religious Function in Sunken Rooms Pillar Room
28/35
>&=. . P@A8 "> 48"SS"S &8 T:6 86"PA@AT&A@ P6R&"$+
>&=. +. 8"RT:W6ST S8468 R"" AT 48"SS"S S:"W&8= A P"SS&B@6 PR"-6SS&"8 R"T6 ?:itchcock
+((1/
2A&ss#": 3, A(/ 2,,
3A&ss#" 2, A(/ 2,,
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29/35
>&= /. P@A8 "> T:R"86 R"" A8$ S6R0&-6 S6-T&"8 AT 48"SS"S ?"dyssey Adventures2
>&= 2. P@A8 "> P:A&ST"S &8 T:6 86"PA@AT&A@ P6R&"$ ?Pre7iosi F :itchcock , fig. )5
4Accessed' /( arch +((
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>&=. ) P:A&ST"S $6TA&@ "> T:6 S8468 R""S ?:itchcock +(((, fig. +)
>&=. *. P@A8 "> :"S6 "> T:6 -:A8-6@ S-R668 &8 T:6 86"PA@AT&A@ P6R&"$ ?6vans +1, fig. ++2
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>&=. 5. P@A8 "> 0AT:MP6TR", >&RST P:AS6 $R&8= T:6 86"PA@AT&A@ P6R&"$ ?$riessen F Sakellarakis
15, fig. *
>&=. 1. R"MA@ 0&@@A, A8 &S"6TR&- R6-"8STR-T&"8 ?arinatos 5, fig. 2
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>&=. . TM@&SS"S :"S6 -, &S"6TR&- P@A8 ?Pre7iosi F :itchcock , fig. *1
>&=. (. T:6 S";-A@@6$ T:6 "8TA&8S# S6A@&8= >"8$ 86AR T:6 TR&PART&T6
S:R&86 AT 48"SS"S ?Pre7iosi F :itchcock , fig. ))a
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>&=. +. T:6 =RA8$STA8$ >R6S-" AT 48"SS"S?texas'
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