PADM-GP 2132: ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND SOCIAL IMPACT

Time: Tuesdays 4:55-6:35 (Our Tuesday September 24th class will be rescheduled for Saturday the 28th at 11:00 a.m.)Location: Meyer 261Professor: Paul C. Light, Paulette Goddard Professor Of Public Service, Robert F. Wagner School Of Public Service, New York UniversityEmail: paul.light@nyu.eduPhone: (301) 642-4150 Office Hours: Wednesdays, 1:00-3:00

OVERVIEW

This course is designed to provide a deep introduction to the challenges facing social agents in the quest for a more just, tolerant, healthy, equitable, and educated world. Although the course will focus more deeply on organizational dynamics, its primary focus is on social change.

The course starts with the premise that social impact is the product of a simple logic chain that runs from:

1. The world as it is (which contains a variety of inputs such as your own purpose, work style, and the problem that you care about)

2. The world as it should be (which contains a variety of activities for change such as the tool you pick, the way you imagine the future and handle uncertainty, and the intervention you choose for changing the world)

3. The world as it will be (which contains early outputs such as how you will test your intervention, decide where to strike for maximum impact, scale to greatest impact, and deliver on your promises)

4. The world as it must be (which contains outcomes such as the proof that your intervention is working, your strategy for defending your success from inevitable resistance, and your eventual decision to pass the torch).

These four worlds frame the many discrete steps in the cycle of social impact that will be covered in this course.

The field of social change, if it can be called a field at all, has long focused on celebrating success, which is a perfectly understandable strategy for calling problem solvers to action. But the lack of a control group of less successful efforts has limited the pursuit of leverage points that either accelerate or block impact. As a result, the field has generated long lists of recommendations for creating new worlds, some of which are no doubt important, and others that have no statistically significant relevance.

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This course will search for rigorous recommendations regarding creating social change as leaders begin the difficult journey to impact. Students will explore these issues through a variety of readings, and their own project work on a problem they wish to solve. Readings will be tailored specifically to show students how they can make a difference, and what they need to know and do to create the world that they imagine.

This search for ways to make a difference will anchor the final paper. Students will focus on a single idea for addressing a problem—large or small, local or international, domestic or foreign policy directed, etc.—that they seek to address. The paper will examine the first two steps of social impact by design: (1) the world as it is, and (2) the world as it should be.” As such, it will focus on each student’s personal view of the world, the evidence to support an effort to change the world (complete with statistics on the research, and the cause problem chain), the choice of a path to change, and the intervention. Students will organize the paper around the first eight sections of the course by answering each question in order. The paper will be due on the last day of class, and should not exceed 20 pages (4,000 words).

BOOKS

Paul C. Light, The Search for Social Entrepreneurship (Full PDF available on NYU Classes)

Paul C. Light, Sustaining Innovation (Complimentary copy provided by Professor Light—pick up your copy the week before class from Jessica Holmes at Wagner 3rd floor)

GRADES

Final grades will be based on three class deliverables.

1. 20 percent for full participation, including attendance (unless excused in advance) and active engagement in class discussions.

2. 20 percent for a final exam in the form of a letter to yourself that I will mail to you in five years.

3. 60 percent for the final project paper.

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READINGS

All readings are on dropbox.com and NYU Classes. All readings are required. You do not need to understand every statistical equation in the academic articles, but should read the introduction, literature review, discussion of findings, and conclusion. You should also try to understand the main statistical findings to the best of your ability.

Session One/September 3: Course Mottos

Course Mottos

1. It Depends

Jason R. Pierce, and Herman Aguinis, “The Too-Much-of-a-Good-Thing Effect in Management,” Journal of Management, 2013

Margaret E. Ormiston, and Elaine M. Wong, “License to Ill: The Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility and CEO Moral Identity on Corporate Social Irresponsibility,” Personnel Psychology, 2013

2. Form Follows Function

Emma Green, “Innovation: The History of a Buzzword,” The Atlantic, June 20 2013

3. Organization Is Just Another Variable

Paul C. Light, Sustaining Innovation, chapters 1 and 2 (Pick up your copy from the front desk at #3 Washington Square Village—corner of Bleecker and LaGuardia Place)

Paul C. Light, The Search for Social Entrepreneurship, chapter 4 (Section on organizations)

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THE WORLD AS IT IS

Session Two/September 10: Committing to Change (Why do we care?)

Paul C. Light, Search for Social Entrepreneurship, chapter 4 (Section on entrepreneurs only)

C. Daniel Batson, Nadia Ahmad, and Jo-Ann Tsang, “Four Motives for Community Involvement,” Journal of Social Issues, 2002

Matthijs Baas, Carsten K.W. De Dreu, and Bernard A. Nijstad, “Creative Production by Angry People Peaks Early On, Decreases Over Time, and Is Relatively Unstructured,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2011 (Browse for main findings)

Matt McGue and Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr., “Genetic and Environmental Influences on Human Behavioral Differences,” Annual, Review of Neuroscience, 1998 (Browse if you have time)

Session Three/September 17: Cause and Effect (What is the problem? What is the cause? What have we already tried? And why do we need something more or different?)

1. What is the problem? What is the cause?

Government Accountability Office, Prospective Evaluation Methods: The Prospective Evaluation Synthesis, 1990, preface, chapters 1 and 4

2. What have we already tried? Why do we need something more?

Paul C. Light, A Government Ill Executed: The Decline of the Pubic Service and How to Reverse It, chapter 1

Paul C. Light, “Government’s Greatest Priorities of the Next Half Century,” Brookings Institution, 2001

Session Four/September 28: Confronting Reality (What stands in our way?)

(This class will be held on Saturday, September 28 at 9:00 a.m. in Rudin)

1. The Problem with Problems

Horst W. J. Rittel and Melvin M. Webber, “Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning,” Policy Sciences, 1973

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2. The Current Crisis (Browse if you wish)

Frank Rich, “The Stench of Washington,” New York, 2013

Thomas E. Mann & Norman J. Ornstein, “Finding the Common Good in an Era of Dysfunctional Governance,” Daedalus, 2013

Russell J. Dalton, “Citizenship Norms and Political Participation in America: The Good News Is…the Bad News Is Wrong,” Center for the Study of Democracy, Occasional Paper 2006-01, 2006 (Read for an alternative view of the state of the world)

3. The Global Context

Paul C. Light, Global Trust in Government, Memo prepared for the Volcker Alliance for Effective Governance, Salzburg Seminar, fall, 2013

Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi, “The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodological and Analytical Issues,” September 2010 (After reading about the indicators and aggregating methodology, visit http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/mc_countries.asp, and see how the indicators work by selecting countries, regions, and/or the world to examine the ratings

4. The Social “Ecosystem ”

Paul Bloom and Gregory Dees, “Cultivate Your Ecosystem,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2008

Session Five/October 1: Managing Uncertainty (What does the future hold?)

Paul C. Light, The Four Pillars of High Performance, chapter 1

Arnoud De Meyer, Christoph H. Loch and Michael T. Pich, “Managing Project Uncertainty: From Variation to Chaos,” MIT Sloan Management Review, 2002

Muhammad Amer, Tugrul U. Daim, Antonie Jetter, “A Review of Scenario Planning,” Futures, 2013

THE WORLD AS IT SHOULD BE

Session Six/October 8: Design Thinking (How do we dream?)

Tim Brown, “Design Thinking,” Harvard Business Review, 2009

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Andrew B. Hargadon and Yellowlees, “When Innovations Meet Institutions: Edison and the Design of the Electric Light,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 2001 (Browse and note similarities to Brown’s “Design Thinking” and timing—ask whether Brown “borrowed” without attribution?)

Mary Bryna Sanger and Martin A. Levin, “Using Old Stuff in New Ways: Innovation as a Case of Evolutionary Tinkering,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 1992

Paul C. Light, Sustaining Innovation, chapter 4

Session Seven/October 22: Four Tools for Social Change (What tool do we need?): (1) Social Exploring, (2) Social Inventing, (3) Social Advocacy, and (4) Social Delivery

PICK AT LEAST THREE OF THE TOOLS LISTED BELOW AND READ THE ENTIRE SET OF READINGS ACCORDINGLY:

SOCIAL EXPLORING(We need to learn more about the problem and the solutions)

1. Get the Facts Right: Social Fact Checking

Brendan Nyhan and Jason Riefler, “Misinformation and Fact-Checking: Research Findings from Social Science,” New America Foundation, February 2012.

Paul C. Light, “Investigations Done Right and Wrong: Government by Investigation, 1945-2012,” Brookings Institution Issue Brief, December 2013.

Paul C. Light, Government by Investigation: Congress, the President, and the Search for Answers,” Brookings Institution, 2014, chapters 2 and 3.

2. Build a Better Measure: Estimate the Social Value

Melinda T. Tuan, “Measuring and/or Estimating Social Value Creation: Insights Into Eight Integrated Cost Approaches,” paper prepared for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 2008

Melinda T. Tuan, “Profiles of Eight Integrated Cost Approaches to Measuring and/or Estimating Social Value Creation,” slide presentation, 2008

3. Speak Data to Power: Measure the Impact

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Robert D. Behn, “Why Measure Performance? Different Purposes Require Different Measures,” Public Administration Review, 2003

Mary Bryna Sanger, “From Measurement to Management: Breaking through the Barriers to State and Local Performance,” Public Administration Review, 2008

Warren S. Stone, and Gerard George, “On the Folly of Rewarding A, While Hoping for B: Measuring and Rewarding Agency Performance in Public-Sector Strategy,” Public Productivity & Management Review, 2007

PICK AT LEAST TWO OF THE FOLLOWING CASE STUDIES AND READ ACCORDINGLY:

Jonathan Bauchet, et al., Latest Findings from Randomized Evaluations of Microfinance, Poverty Action Lab, December, 2011

Mark D. Anderson, “Does Information Matter? The Effect of The Meth Project on Meth Use Among Youths,” Journal of Health Economics, 2010

Doug McAdam, and Cynthia Brandt, “Assessing the Effects of Voluntary Youth Service: The Case of Teach for America,” Social Forces, 2008

4. Search for Answers: Social Impact Reporting

Lisa Lynch, “We’re Going to Crack the World Open: Wikileaks and the Future of Investigative Reporting,” Journalism Practice, 2010

Brant Houston, “The Future of Investigative Journalism,” Daedalus, 2010

Nicholas Smith, and Erica Dawon, “Climategate, Public Opinion, and the Loss of Trust,” Anthony A. Leiserowitz, Edward W. Maibach, Connie Roser-Renouf, American Behavioral Scientist, 2013

5. Protect the Independent Voice: Public Opinionating

Amitai Etzioni, “Reflections of a Sometime-Public Intellectual,” PS, 2010

Henry A. Giroux, “Higher Education Under Siege: Implications for Public Intellectuals,” Thought and Action, 2006

Laura Bettencourt Pires, “Public intellectuals—Past, Present, and Future,” Comunicação & Cultura, 2009

Ellen Barry, “Battling Superstition, Indian Paid with His Life,” New York Times, August 24, 2013

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6. Imagine It First: Preotyping & Prototyping

Alberto Savoia, Preotype It: Make Sure You Are Building the Right IT before You Build IT Right, electronic edition, 2011

Jeffrey A. Drezner and Meilinda Huang, On Prototyping: Lessons from RAND Research, 2009

7. Confront the Bias Against Creativity: Find the Concealed Barriers

Jennifer S. Meuller, Shimul Melwani, and Jack A. Goncalo, “The Bias Against Creativity: Why People Desire But Reject Creative Ideas,” Psychological Science, 2012

8. Understand the Chaos: Social Sensemaking

Sally Maitlis, and Scott Sonenshein, “Sensemaking in Crisis and Change: Inspiration and Insights From Weick (1988), Journal of Management Studies, 2010

Lars Fugsland, and Jan Mattsson, “Making Sense of Innovation: A Future Perfect Approach,” Journal of Management & Organization, 2011

Tom Stannard, “A ‘Fruitless Obsession with Accuracy’: The Uses of Sensemaking in Public Sector Performance Management,” Local Government Studies, 2011

9. Shape the Solution in Real Time: Formative Evaluation

James A. A. Gamble, A Developmental Evaluation Primer, 2008

10. Track the Advocacy: Evaluating Advocacy

Steven Teles and Mark Schmitt “The Elusive Craft of Evaluating Advocacy,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2011

Ivan Barkhorn, Nathan Huttner, and Jason Blau, “Assessing Advocacy,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2013

11. Scrape the World Clean: Exploit the Big Data

Purdue Big Data Working Group, “Challenges and Opportunities with Big Data: A Community White Paper Developed by Leading Researchers Across the United States,” November, 2012

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United Nations Global Pulse, “Big Data for Development: Challenges & Opportunities,” May, 2012

SOCIAL INVENTION(We need a new idea)

12. Create A New Combination of Ideas: Social Entrepreneurship (Invention)

Paul C. Light, The Search for Social Entrepreneurship, chapter 1

Peter A. Dacin, M. Tina Dacin, and Margaret Matear, “Social Entrepreneurship: Why We Don’t Need a New Theory and How We Move Forward From Here,” Academy of Management Perspectives, 2010

13. Let Business Do It: Philanthrocapitalism

The Bradley Center for Philanthropy and Civic Renewal, “Philanthrocapitalism: Savior or Emperor? A Debate,” 2009

Michael Edwards, Just Another Emperor, Demos, 2008, chapters 1 and 2

READ THROUGH THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES AS A CASE STUDY ON PHILANTHROCAPITALISM:

Ataur Rahman Belal, Stuart Cooper, “The Absence of Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting in Bangladesh,” Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 2011

Stephanie Clifford, and Steven Greenhouse, “Fast and Flawed Inspections of Factories Abroad,” New York Times, September 1, 2013

14. Let Funders Do It: Venture/Strategic Philanthropy

National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, REAL RESULTSWhy Strategic Philanthropy is Social Justice Philanthropy, NCRP, 2013 (Short introduction to the concept)

Karen Mass, and Kellie Liket, “Talk the Walk: Measuring the Impact of Strategic Philanthropy,” Journal of Business Ethics, 2011

David Bornstein, “The Real Future of Clean Water,” New York Times, Opinionator, August 21, 2013

Marc Parry, Kelly Field, and Beckie Supiano, “The Gates Effect,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, July 14, 2013

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Christian Seelos & Johanna Mair, “Innovation Is Not the Holy Grail,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2012

15. Let a Miracle Worker Do It: Lone Wolf Inventing

Pino Audia and Christopher Rider, “A Garage and an Idea: What More Does an Entrepreneur Need?” California Management Review, 2005

Jasjit Singh, and Lee Fleming, “Lone Inventors as Sources of Breakthroughs: Myth or Reality?” Management Science, 2010

Elizabeth Watson, “Who or What Creates? A Conceptual Framework for Social Creativity,” Human Resource Development Review, 2007

16. Build an Idea Generator: Structured Creativity

A. Brennan, and L. Dooley, “Networked Creativity: A Structured Management Framework for Stimulating Innovation,” Technovation, 2005

Doris C. C. K. Kowaltowski, Giovana Bianchi, and Vale´ria Teixeira de Paiva, “Methods that May Stimulate Creativity and Their Use in Architectural Design Education,” International Journal of Technology Design Education, 2010

Teresa M. Amabile, Sigal Barsade Jennifer S. Mueller, and Barry M. Staw, “Affect and Creativity at Work,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 2005

17. Let Collaboration Do It: Collaborative Social Entrepreneurship

A Wren Montgomery, Peter A. Dacin, M. Tina Dacin, “Collective Social Entrepreneurship: Collaboratively Shaping Social Good,” Journal of Business Ethics, 2012

Grace Davie, “Social Entrepreneurship: A Call for Collective Action,” OD Practitioner, 2011

18. Build the Right Team and Run the Team Right: Social Teaming

Jennifer S. Mueller, “Why Individuals in Larger Teams Perform Worse,” Organization Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2012

Julia Minson, and Jennifer S. Mueller, “The Cost of Collaboration: Why Joint Decision Making Exacerbates Rejection of Outside Information,” Psychological Science, 2012

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Anto J. Villado, and Winfred Arthur, J., “The Comparative Effect of Subjective After-Action Reviews On Team Performance on a Complex Task,” Journal of Applied Sociology, 2013

19. Create a New Voice: Social Alliances

Priscilla Wohlstetter, Joanna Smith, and Courtney L. Malloy, “Strategic Alliances in Action: Toward a Theory of Evolution,” Policy Studies Journal, 2005

Christine Mahoney, “Networking vs. Allying: The Decision of Interest Groups to Join Coalitions in the US and the EU,” Journal of European Public Policy, 2007

20. Create a New Kind of Business: “B Corps”

William H. Clark, Jr., and Larry Vranka, et al., “The Need and Rationale for the Benefit Corporation,” 2013, published by bcorporation.net (Spend a few moments visiting the website to get a sense of the movement)

Visit www.bcorporation.net and read the sections titled “What are B Corps,” “Why B Corps Matter,” “Why Become a B Corp,” and “B the Change.” Then drill around to find “How to Become a B Corp” and “The B Corp Declaration”

21. Increase Accountability: Measure and Improve Ethical Conduct

Gael M. Mcdonald, “An Anthology of Codes of Ethics,” European Business Review, 2009

John C. Lere, and Bruce R. Gaumnitz, “Changing Behavior by Improving Codes of Ethics,” American Journal of Business, 2007

Eric D. Raile, “Building Ethical Capital: Perceptions of Ethical Climate in the Public Sector,” Public Administration Review, 2013

22. Embrace the Standard: Adopt ISO 26000

ECOLOGIA, Handbook for Implementers of ISO 26000: Global Guidance Standard on Social Responsibility, May 2011

Zdenka Zenko and Matjaz Mulej, “Diffusion of Innovative Behavior with Social Responsibility,” Kybernetes, 2011

Janet Jacobsen, “The Quality Professional’s Role in ISO 26000,” The Journal for Quality and Participation, 2001

SOCIAL ADVOCACY

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(We have the right idea, but it needs to be adopted and diffused)

23. Strengthen the Soft Wiring: Activate the Empathy

Francis B. M. de Waal, “The Antiquity of Empathy,” Science, 2012

Stephanie D. Preston, and Frans B. M. de Waal, “Empathy: Its Ultimate and Proximate Bases,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2002 (Read main article and browse responses)

C. Daniel Batson, “The Naked Emperor: Seeking a More Plausible Genetic Basis for Psychological Altruism,” Economics and Philosophy, 2010

Sara H. Konrath, Edward H. O'Brien and Courtney Hsing, “Changes in Dispositional Empathy in American College Students Over Time: A Meta-Analysis, Personality & Social Psychology Review, 2011

24. Change the Story: Social Narrative

Christina Tangora Schlachter, “The New Transformation of the Public Sphere: Discourse through Documentary,” The Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 2009

Watch the Norman Lear Center’s TED talk on Food, Inc. at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pb0FZPzzWuk&feature=youtu.be

Ignite Good, Ignite Good Core Team Training: Public Narrative as Leadership, Team Workshop Participant Guide, 2013

PICK ONE OF THE FOLLOWING CASE STUDIES AND READ ACCORDINGLY:

Sargent, James D, “Smoking in Movies: Impact on Adolescent Smoking,” Adolescent Medicine Clinics, 2005

Christopher E. Clarke 1, Jeff Niederdeppe, and Helen C. Lundell, “Narratives and Images Used by Public Communication Campaigns Addressing Social Determinants of Health and Health Disparities,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2012

25. Use the Network: Social Media

Sebastián Valenzuela, “Unpacking the Use of Social Media for Protest Behavior: The Roles of Information, Opinion Expression, and Activism,” American Behavioral Scientist, 2013

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Clay Shirky, “The Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere, and Political Change,” Foreign Affairs, 2011

Pew Research Center, Civic Engagement in the Digital Age, 2013 (Browse for key findings)

26. Change Public Opinion: Social Persuasion

Shannon K. Vaughan, and Shelly Arsneault, “Not-for-Profit Advocacy: Challenging Policy Images and Pursuing Policy Change,” Review of Policy Research, 2008

Alan S. Gerber, James G. Gimpel, Donald P. Green, and Daron R. Shaw, “How Large and Long-lasting Are the Persuasive Effects of Televised Campaign Ads? Results from a Randomized Field Experiment,” American Political Science Review, 2011

27. Agitate the Status Quo: Social Protest

Gene Sharp, “198 Methods of Nonviolent Action,” 1973

Gene Sharp, Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential, 2005, chapters 1-3

Doug McAdam, and Sidney Tarrow, “Nonviolence as Contentious Interaction,” PS (Political Science & Politics), 2000

28. Turn Up the Political Heat: Social Lobbying

Andreas Dür, and Gemma Mateo, “Gaining Access or Going public? Interest Group Strategies in Five European Countries,” European Journal of Political Research, 2013

Frederick J. Boehmke, Sean Gailmard and John W. Patty, “Business as Usual: Interest Group Access and Representation Across PolicyMaking Venues,” Journal of Public Policy, 2013

David C. Kimball, Frank R. Baumgartner, Jeffrey M. Berry, Marie Hojnacki, Beth L. Leech, and Bryce Summary, “Who Cares about the Lobbying Agenda,” Issue Groups & Advocacy, 2012 (Browse the tables and conclusion)

29. Sell the Idea: Framing for Impact

Conor McGrath, “Framing Lobbying Messages: Defining and Communicating Political Issues,” Journal of Public Affairs, 2007

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Alan S. Gerber, James G. Gimpel, Donald P. Green, Daron S. Shaw, “How Large and Long-lasting Are the Persuasive Effects of Televised Campaign Ads? Results from a Randomized Field Experiment,” American Political Science Review, 2011

Dennis Chong, and James N. Druckman, “Dynamic Public Opinion: Communication Effects over Time,” American Political Science Review, 2010

30. Launch a Netwar: Social Swarming

David Ronfeldt, John Arquilla, Graham E. Fuller, and Melissa Fuller, The Zapatista Social Netwar in Mexico, RAND Corporation, 1998, chapters 1 and 7 (Browse 2-6 to get a sense of how the Zapatista conflict was fought and won)

Steven Metz, “The Internet, New Media, and the Evolution of Insurgency,” Parameters, 2012

John Arquilla, “The New Rules of War,” Foreign Policy, 2010

31. Put Change on the Legislative Calendar: Agenda Setting

Jeffery A. Jenkins, and Justin Peck, “Building Toward Major Policy Change: Congressional Action on Civil Rights, 1941–1950,” Law and History Review, 2013

Michelle Wolfe, Bryan D. Jones, and Frank R. Baumgartner, “A Failure to Communicate: Agenda Setting in Media and Policy Studies,” Political Communication, 2013.

32. Put Change on the Judicial Docket: Social Litigation

Peter D. Jacobson, and Kenneth E. Warner, “Litigation and Public Health Policy Making: The Case of Tobacco Control,” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 1999

Bethany Blackstone, “An Analysis of Policy-Based Congressional Responses to the U.S. Supreme Court’s Constitutional Decisions,” Law & Society Review, 2013

Mary Anne Case, “Are Plain Hamburgers Now Unconstitutional? The Equal Protection Component of Bush v. Gore as a Chapter in the History of Ideas About Law,” The University of Chicago Law Review, 2003 (browse just for an interesting take on Bush v. Gore)

33. Put Change in the Headlines: Impact Journalism

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C.W. Anderson, Emily Bell, and Clay Shirky, Post-Industrial Journalism: Adapting to the Present, Columbia Journalism School, Tow Center for Digital Journalism, 2012, Introduction, Sections 1, 3, Conclusion.

SOCIAL DELIVERY (We need to implement and fine-tune the ideas we already have)

34. Start with the Basics: Teach for Engagement

Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools, Guardian of Democracy: The Civic Mission of Schools, 2011, entire

John R. Rachal, “We’ll Never Turn Back: Adult Education and the Struggle for Citizenship in Mississippi’s Freedom Summer,” American Educational Research Journal, 1998

35. Learn and Do: Service Learning

Commission on Youth Voting and Civic Knowledge, All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement, Report of the Commission on Youth Voting and Civic Knowledge, 2013

Christine I. Celio, Joseph Durlak, and Allison Dymnicki “A Meta-analysis of the Impact of Service-Learning on Students,” Journal of Experiential Education, 2011

Sara E. Helms, ”Involuntary Service: The Impact of Mandated Service in Public Schools,” Economics of Education Review, 2013

36. Put Your Assets in Play: Invest in Social Impact

Antony Bugg-Levine, and Jed Emerson, “Hype or Promise,” (Social Impact Investing), America’s Quarterly, 2011

Sasha Dicter, Robert Katz, Harvey Koh, and Ashish Karamchandani, “Closing the Pioneer Gap,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2013

37. Do Well While Doing Good: Embrace Corporate Social Responsibility

Sandra Waddock, “Building the Institutional Infrastructure for Corporate Social Responsibility,” Harvard University Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative, Report 32, 2006

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Herman Aguinis and Ante Glavas, “Review and Research Agenda: What We Know and Don’t Know About Corporate Social Responsibility,” Academy of Management, 2012

Ataur Rahman Belal, and Stuart Cooper, “The Absence of Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting in Bangladesh,” Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 2011

38. Spread the Invention: Social Diffusion

Everett M. Rogers, Arvind Singhal, and Margaret M. Quinlan, “Diffusion of Innovation,” in Don Stacks and Michael Salwen, eds. An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research, 2008

Atul Gawande, “Slow Ideas: Some Ideas Spread Fast. How Do You Speed the Ones that Don’t?” New Yorker, July 29, 2013 (Excellent story-telling)

39. Strengthen the Nonprofit Delivery System: Capacity Building

Heather McLeod Grant and Leslie R. Crutchfield, “Creating High-Impact Nonprofits,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2007

Paul Light, “The Spiral of Sustainable Excellence,” in Paul Light, Sustaining Performance: The Case for Capacity Building and the Evidence to Prove It, 2004

40. Faithfully Execute the Laws: Redesign Government

Paul C. Light, A Government Ill Executed: The Decline of the Pubic Service and How to Reverse It, introduction, chapters 1-5

Paul C. Light, Endeavors, Achievements, and Breakdowns, Memo prepared for the Volcker Alliance for Effective Government, Salzburg Conference, 2013

41. Get Better Together: Bond and Bridge

Robert D. Putnam, “The Strange Disappearance of Civic America,” American Prospect, 1996

Robert D. Putnam, “Bowling Together,” American Prospect, 2002

Thomas H. Sander and Robert D. Putnam, “Still Bowling Alone? The Post-9/11 Split,” Journal of Democracy, 2010

Robert D. Putnam, “Crumbling American Dreams,” New York Times, August 3, 2013

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The Saguaro Seminar, Better Together: The Report of the Saguaro Seminar, 2006 (Browse for evidence and recommendations)

42. Put Yourself in Play: Run for Office

Cherie D. Maestas, Sarah Fulton, Sandy L. Maisel, and Walter J. Stone, “When to Risk It? Institutions, Ambitions, and the Decision to Run for the U.S. House,” American Political Science Review; May 2006

Richard L. Fox, and Jennifer L. Lawless, “To Run or Not to Run for Office: Explaining Nascent Political Ambition,” American Journal of Political Science, 2005

Richard L. Fox, and Jennifer L. Lawless, “If Only They’d Ask: Gender, Recruitment, and Political Ambition,” Journal of Politics, 2010

43. Grow the Impact: Social Scaling

Christiana Weber, Arne Kröger, Kathrin Lambrich, “Scaling Social Enterprises: A Theoretical and Empirically Grounded Framework,” Academy of Management Annual Meeting, 2012

Sarah H. Alvord, L. David Brown, Christine W. Letts, “Social Entrepreneurship and Societal Transformation: An Exploratory Study,” The Journal of Applied Behavior Science, September 2004

Session Eight/October 29: The Intervention (What is our solution?)

Paul C. Light, The Search for Social Entrepreneurship, chapter 4 (Section on ideas)

The Copenhagen Consensus Center, Guide to Giving, 2010, “Introduction,” “About This Guide,” and browse one of the problem chapters of your choice (“Combating Hunger,” “Child Health,” or “Education and Empowerment”)

Session Nine/November 5: Testing Assumptions (Will it work?)

James Dewar, Assumption Based Planning: A Planning Tool for Very Uncertain Times, chapters 1-6

THE WORLD AS IT WILL BE

Session Ten/November 12: Creating Leverage (Where will we strike? And do “punctuations” matter?)

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Paul C. Light, The Search for Social Entrepreneurship, chapter 4 (Section on opportunities)

David S. Meyer, “Protest and Political Opportunities,” Annual Review of Sociology, 2004

Frank R. Baumgartner, “Some Thoughts on Reform Miracles,” paper presented at the Reform Miracles International Seminar, May 27-28, 2005

James L. True, Bryan D. Jones, and Frank R. Baumgartner, “Punctuated-Equilibrium Theory Explaining Stability and Change in Public Policymaking,” draft chapter to appear in Paul Sabatier, ed., Theories of the Policy Process, 2007 (Browse for main points, avoid statistical analysis)

Session Eleven/November 19: Building a Base (Where will we work?)

Fariborz Damanpour, “Organizational Innovation: A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Determinants and Moderators,” The Academy of Management Journal, 1991 (Browse for main findings)

Paul C. Light, Sustaining Innovation, chapter 6

Paul C. Light, Sustaining Nonprofit Performance, chapter 6

Session Twelve/November 26: Scaling (How will we grow? And what is growth anyway?)

Gregory J. Dees, Beth Battle Anderson, and Jane Wei-Skillern, “Scaling Social Impact,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2004

Paul Bloom and Brett Smith, “Identifying the Drivers of Social Entrepreneurial Impact: Theoretical Development and an Exploratory Empirical Test of SCALERS,” Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 2010

William Foster & Gail Fine, “How Nonprofits Get Really Big,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2007

Peter Kim & Jeffrey Bradach, “Why More Nonprofits Are Getting Bigger,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2012

Session Thirteen/December 3: Execution (How will we deliver on the promises we make?)

Paul C. Light, Sustaining Innovation, chapters 7 and 8

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Paul C. Light, The Four Pillars of High Performance, chapter 4 (Warning: very long chapter; give yourself enough time)

J. Gregory Dees, “Enterprising Nonprofits,” Harvard Business Review, 1998.

THE WORLD AS IT MUST BE

Session Fourteen/December 10: Proof (How will we know we are successful if we are?

Geoff Mulgan, “Measuring Social Value,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2011

Christopher Deeming, “Trials and Tribulations: The ‘Use’ (and ‘Misuse’) of Evidence in Public Policy,” Social Policy & Administration, 2013

Lisbeth B. Schorr, “Broader Evidence for Bigger Impact,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2013

Session Fifteen/For Final Exam: Defense (How will we defend our gains?)

Paul C. Light, “From Endeavor to Achievement and Back Again,” in Stephen Conn, ed., The Case for Big Government, 2012

George Packer, “Change the World: Silicon Valley Transfers Its Slogans—and Its Money to the Realm of Politics,” New Yorker, 2013

Session Sixteen/For Final Exam: Succession Planning (How will we let go?)

Frances Kunreuther, Phyllis Segal, and Stephanie Clohesy, The Leadership in Leaving, buildingmovement.org, 2008

Robert C. Giambatista, W. Glenn Rowe, and Suhaib Riaz, “Nothing Succeeds like Succession: A Critical Review of Leader Succession Literature since 1994,” The Leadership Quarterly, 2005

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